A few people, myself included, have struggled with this in the past.  While 
some recent PRs in webob and pyramid will adjust a response if 
"application/json" is in the HTTP_ACCEPT environment, I've run into a few 
situations where low-level clients don't (easily) have the ability to 
specify this  

Playing around, I figured out a somewhat streamlined way to handle this 
situation using 2 exception views:

    1. use a "dispatch" route to upgrade the response, to take advantage of 
recent Pyramid features
    2. optional - add a custom json renderer to tweak the content as needed

Example code is below:

    @view_config(context=HTTPException)
    def exception_view__dispatch(exc, request):
        """if we end with .json, serve json.
           the decision could be made by any request method/attribute"""
        if (request.path[-5:]).lower() == '.json':
            request.environ['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = "application/json"
            return exc
        return exc

    @view_config(context=HTTPException, renderer='json', 
accept="application/json")
    def exception_view__JSON(exc, request):
        """This view will generate a custom json error"""
        rval = {'error': exc.message,
                'status_code': None,
                }
        if exc.status_code is not None:
            request.response.status_code = exc.status_code
            rval['status_code'] = exc.status_code
        return rval

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