What do const, &, and * each mean?

When you look at documentation for an object, each argument can have a
lot of different markup, and I'm not confident with guesses at what
those mean, so I'll just ask:

What do const, &, and * each mean?  What does "blank" mean, where
there is no const at the head of the line, and no * or & ?  How about
the stuff after the = in the argument?  Is that just a "recommended
default"?  Does const only show up for things that are MObjects?

Why is it that something like these two argument lines:

 bool calculateExactHit = false,
 bool * wasExactHit = NULL,

Both seem to be booleans, but one has no markup, and what looks like a
"default suggestion" of false, which fits into the idea of a boolean,
whereas the second has a star between, and then has a "default
suggestion" of NULL.  Are those not default suggestions?  If they are
- I'd have to use  None not NULL in python, right?  Knowing what
const, & and * each means is the answer to all of these questions,
isn't it...
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Yours,
Maya-Python Club Team.
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