zhengruifeng commented on code in PR #36464:
URL: https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/36464#discussion_r872972240


##########
python/pyspark/pandas/groupby.py:
##########
@@ -2110,22 +2110,79 @@ def _limit(self, n: int, asc: bool) -> FrameLike:
         groupkey_scols = [psdf._internal.spark_column_for(label) for label in 
groupkey_labels]
 
         sdf = psdf._internal.spark_frame
-        tmp_col = verify_temp_column_name(sdf, "__row_number__")
+        tmp_row_num_col = verify_temp_column_name(sdf, "__row_number__")
 
+        window = Window.partitionBy(*groupkey_scols)
         # This part is handled differently depending on whether it is a tail 
or a head.
-        window = (
-            
Window.partitionBy(*groupkey_scols).orderBy(F.col(NATURAL_ORDER_COLUMN_NAME).asc())
+        ordered_window = (
+            window.orderBy(F.col(NATURAL_ORDER_COLUMN_NAME).asc())
             if asc
-            else Window.partitionBy(*groupkey_scols).orderBy(
-                F.col(NATURAL_ORDER_COLUMN_NAME).desc()
-            )
+            else window.orderBy(F.col(NATURAL_ORDER_COLUMN_NAME).desc())
         )
 
-        sdf = (
-            sdf.withColumn(tmp_col, F.row_number().over(window))
-            .filter(F.col(tmp_col) <= n)
-            .drop(tmp_col)
-        )
+        if n >= 0 or LooseVersion(pd.__version__) < LooseVersion("1.4.0"):
+
+            sdf = (
+                sdf.withColumn(tmp_row_num_col, 
F.row_number().over(ordered_window))
+                .filter(F.col(tmp_row_num_col) <= n)
+                .drop(tmp_row_num_col)
+            )
+        else:
+            # Pandas supports Groupby positional indexing since v1.4.0
+            # 
https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/whatsnew/v1.4.0.html#groupby-positional-indexing
+            #
+            # To support groupby positional indexing, we need add two columns 
to help we filter
+            # target rows:
+            # - Add `__row_number__` and `__group_count__` columns.
+            # - Use `F.col(tmp_row_num_col) - F.col(tmp_cnt_col) <= 
positional_index_number` to
+            #   filter target rows.
+            # - Then drop `__row_number__` and `__group_count__` columns.
+            #
+            # For example for the dataframe:
+            # >>> df = ps.DataFrame([["g", "g0"],
+            # ...                   ["g", "g1"],
+            # ...                   ["g", "g2"],
+            # ...                   ["g", "g3"],
+            # ...                   ["h", "h0"],
+            # ...                   ["h", "h1"]], columns=["A", "B"])
+            # >>> df.groupby("A").head(-1)
+            #
+            # Below is an example to show the `__row_number__` column and 
`__group_count__` column
+            # for above df:
+            # >>> sdf.withColumn(tmp_row_num_col, F.row_number().over(window))
+            #        .withColumn(tmp_cnt_col, F.count("*").over(window)).show()
+            # 
+---------------+------------+---+---+------------+--------------+---------------+
+            # |__index_level..|__groupkey..|  A|  
B|__natural_..|__row_number__|__group_count__|
+            # 
+---------------+------------+---+---+------------+--------------+---------------+
+            # |              0|           g|  g| g0| 17179869184|             
1|              4|
+            # |              1|           g|  g| g1| 42949672960|             
2|              4|
+            # |              2|           g|  g| g2| 60129542144|             
3|              4|
+            # |              3|           g|  g| g3| 85899345920|             
4|              4|
+            # |              4|           h|  h| h0|111669149696|             
1|              2|
+            # |              5|           h|  h| h1|128849018880|             
2|              2|
+            # 
+---------------+------------+---+---+------------+--------------+---------------+
+            #
+            # The limit n is `-1`, we need to filter rows[:-1] in each group:
+            #
+            # >>> sdf.withColumn(tmp_row_num_col, F.row_number().over(window))
+            #        .withColumn(tmp_cnt_col, F.count("*").over(window))
+            #        .filter(F.col(tmp_row_num_col) - F.col(tmp_cnt_col) <= 
-1).show()

Review Comment:
   Just get another idea: maybe we can use `F.lag` to get the next row
   
   ```
   sdf = (
       sdf.withColumn(tmp_lag_col, F.lag(F.lit(0), -1).over(window))
       .where(~F.isnull(F.col(tmp_lag_col)))
       .drop(tmp_lag_col)
   )
   ```



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