zhengruifeng opened a new pull request, #57390:
URL: https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/57390

   ### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
   
   Batch the creation of missing columns in pandas-on-Spark `concat` with 
`join="outer"` into one `withColumns` call.
   
   ### Why are the changes needed?
   
   The previous loop made one Python-to-JVM call and one projection per missing 
column. Batching independent literal-null expressions reduces driver overhead 
and avoids a deep projection chain for wide inputs without changing the result.
   
   ### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
   
   No.
   
   ### How was this patch tested?
   
   - Ran `git diff --check`.
   - No runtime test was run. Existing namespace tests cover outer 
concatenation with differing columns.
   
   ### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
   
   Generated-by: Codex (GPT-5)


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