Github user davies commented on a diff in the pull request:

    https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/7197#discussion_r34013254
  
    --- Diff: 
unsafe/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/unsafe/types/UTF8String.java ---
    @@ -106,92 +105,126 @@ public int length() {
        * @param until the position after last code point, exclusive.
        */
       public UTF8String substring(final int start, final int until) {
    -    if (until <= start || start >= bytes.length) {
    +    if (until <= start || start >= size) {
           return UTF8String.fromBytes(new byte[0]);
         }
     
         int i = 0;
         int c = 0;
    -    for (; i < bytes.length && c < start; i += numBytes(bytes[i])) {
    +    for (; i < size && c < start; i += numBytes(getByte(i))) {
           c += 1;
         }
     
         int j = i;
    -    for (; j < bytes.length && c < until; j += numBytes(bytes[i])) {
    +    for (; j < size && c < until; j += numBytes(getByte(i))) {
           c += 1;
         }
     
    -    return UTF8String.fromBytes(Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, i, j));
    +    byte[] bytes = new byte[j - i];
    +    copyMemory(base, offset + i, bytes, BYTE_ARRAY_OFFSET, j - i);
    +    return UTF8String.fromBytes(bytes);
       }
     
       public boolean contains(final UTF8String substring) {
    -    final byte[] b = substring.getBytes();
    -    if (b.length == 0) {
    +    if (substring.size == 0) {
           return true;
         }
     
    -    for (int i = 0; i <= bytes.length - b.length; i++) {
    -      if (bytes[i] == b[0] && startsWith(b, i)) {
    +    byte first = substring.getByte(0);
    +    for (int i = 0; i <= size - substring.size; i++) {
    +      if (getByte(i) == first && matchAt(substring, i)) {
             return true;
           }
         }
         return false;
       }
     
    -  private boolean startsWith(final byte[] prefix, int offsetInBytes) {
    -    if (prefix.length + offsetInBytes > bytes.length || offsetInBytes < 0) 
{
    +  private long getLong(int i) {
    +    return UNSAFE.getLong(base, offset + i);
    +  }
    +
    +  private byte getByte(int i) {
    +    return UNSAFE.getByte(base, offset + i);
    +  }
    +
    +  private boolean matchAt(final UTF8String s, int pos) {
    +    if (s.size + pos > size || pos < 0) {
           return false;
         }
    +
         int i = 0;
    -    while (i < prefix.length && prefix[i] == bytes[i + offsetInBytes]) {
    -      i++;
    +    while (i <= s.size - 8) {
    +      if (getLong(pos + i) != s.getLong(i)) {
    +        return false;
    +      }
    +      i += 8;
         }
    -    return i == prefix.length;
    +    while (i < s.size) {
    +      if (getByte(pos + i) != s.getByte(i)) {
    +        return false;
    +      }
    +      i += 1;
    +    }
    +    return true;
       }
     
       public boolean startsWith(final UTF8String prefix) {
    -    return startsWith(prefix.getBytes(), 0);
    +    return matchAt(prefix, 0);
       }
     
       public boolean endsWith(final UTF8String suffix) {
    -    return startsWith(suffix.getBytes(), bytes.length - 
suffix.getBytes().length);
    +    return matchAt(suffix, size - suffix.size);
       }
     
       public UTF8String toUpperCase() {
    +    // this is locale aware
         return UTF8String.fromString(toString().toUpperCase());
       }
     
       public UTF8String toLowerCase() {
    +    // this is locale aware
         return UTF8String.fromString(toString().toLowerCase());
       }
     
       @Override
       public String toString() {
         try {
    -      return new String(bytes, "utf-8");
    +      // this is slow
    +      return new String(getBytes(), "utf-8");
    --- End diff --
    
    When we do the copy in `getBytes`, `base` could be not a `byte[]`, so we 
still need the copy. There is a case that we could avoid the copy, `base` is 
`byte[]`, and `offset` is not pointed to the first byte, do we still need to 
optimize this case? We can do it later. 


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