Github user liancheng commented on the pull request:
https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/2077#issuecomment-53654914
Stages within a job can also form a DAG instead of a tree, e.g.:
```scala
val a = sc.textFile("file").map(???).reduceByKey(???)
val b = a.filter(???).reduceByKey(???)
val c = a.map(???).reduceByKey(???)
val d = (b ++ c).reduceByKey(???)
d.collect()
```
Each RDD introduces a shuffle in the case above, and the stage DAG looks
roughly like:
```
ar,bm (The DAG grows from left to right)
/ \
am br,cr,dm - dr
\ /
ar,cm
```
where `xm` and `xr` means the mapper and reducer side of the shuffle
introduced by RDD `x` respectively.
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