On Wednesday, April 29, 2015 at 3:15:44 AM UTC-7, Jeroen Demeyer wrote:
>
> No, it's not, the trailing coefficient is O(5^20): 
>
> sage: R.<x> = Qp(5)[] 
> sage: f = x^2 
> sage: parent(f[0]) 
> 5-adic Field with capped relative precision 20 
>
Note the capped *relative* precision. These are "floats*. That's to say 
that elements are represented as p^v*u where u is a unit  represented by an 
element in Z/p^rZ with r<=20 ... except that 0 admits representations like 
that for any v as long as r=0. Apparently we ended up having an "exact" 
zero in Qp(5).

So it is correct *in this case* that you can actually positively conclude 
that f is a square, since it's a monomial of degree 2. This is such a 
special case, however, that it doesn't make sense to support it in 
factorization, so we don't. I suspect that after removing content from the 
polynomial, factorization first moves to a (capped?) absolute precision 
representation, i.e., effectively we probably work with factorization of 
polynomials in (Z/p^nZ)[x], where f cannot be distinguished from 
polynomials that come from the square-free locus.

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