>This reminds me of another probably dumb question I have:  Is a snap
>considered an optional ornament?  What I mean is, can you substitute it for
>2 eighths or for a dotted 8th-16 combination for effect, or is it only
>played when written?

You might substitute cuts/birls/triplets for a snap made up of two 
notes of the same pitch.

>For that matter, how much ornamentation in Scottish fiddling is improvised?

...

>  >listening to
>recordings of Cape Breton and Shetland fiddle music, styles that I
>understand are more similar to the way this music used to be played, I seem
>to hear much more improvisation.  This makes me wonder if Scottish fiddling
>used to be more similar in philosophy to Irish fiddling, and improvisation
>is an element that is going away as more classically-trained fiddlers
>embrace the music.  What do you guys think?

I think this is a complex question.  Generally the improvisation in 
Scottish-derived instrumental music takes place on a smaller scale 
than in Irish music.  Traditional Scottish fiddle music has a mixed 
parentage; there are Gaelic elements, Scots elements, elements of 
three centuries of European art music....It's not that suddenly more 
classically-trained fiddlers are embracing the music, because many of 
the fiddlers who were playing Scottish music throughout the ages were 
"trained."  There was quite a bit of improvisation in Baroque music, 
less and less in Classical music.

Cape Breton fiddlers don't improvise upon/change tunes like Irish 
musicians because there is a certain idea of what's correct and only 
in certain circumstances do you go beyond those boundaries.  It's 
also okay to be looser with certain tunes than others (such as 
certain old tunes passed on mainly by ear).  Also, it may be okay to 
purposefully improve a tune out of a book, and the improved version 
might become standard.  (These are just my observations.)  I don't 
know what's going on in Scotland these days but my impression is that 
there might be a crowd that tends toward using more classical 
techniques and tends more toward exactness, and there might be a 
crowd who look toward the Irish model, and there might be a crowd in 
the Highlands and Isles with a more Gaelic-oriented philosophy. 
These different groups probably have slightly different rules about 
improvisation.  Does this sound anything like reality to you people 
in Scotland?

- Kate D.

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