Sound help?
My mind is somewhat boggled when it comes to getting sound support working on my machine. I have a Dell laptop with Woody using a self-compiled 2.4.24 kernel. I have i810_audio.o and sound.o explicitly loaded, with all their respective dependencies. esd loads automatically with Gnome. Using XMMS' eSound plugin, everything works great. After I kill esd, XMMS' OSS plugin works great as well. But there's two problems that I'm trying to figure out: 1. Gnome's mixer applet doesn't work. Sure, it loads fine, and displays a volume slider, but changing it has no effect whatsoever. The mute button doesn't work either. This is with and without esd running. 2. Sound in Enemy Territory doesn't work. The console messages when the game loads say sound system is muted, even though the mixer applet is not muted, and XMMS works fine. The game complains about /dev/dsp when I have esd running, so I kill esd before I run the game. Any advice, please? -- Joel Konkle-Parker Webmaster [Ballsome.com] E-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Phone [662-518-1636] -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Sound help?
Joel Konkle-Parker wrote: My mind is somewhat boggled when it comes to getting sound support working on my machine. I have a Dell laptop with Woody using a self-compiled 2.4.24 kernel. I have i810_audio.o and sound.o explicitly loaded, with all their respective dependencies. Sorry to reply to my own message... esd loads automatically with Gnome. Using XMMS' eSound plugin, everything works great. After I kill esd, XMMS' OSS plugin works great as well. But there's two problems that I'm trying to figure out: 1. Gnome's mixer applet doesn't work. Sure, it loads fine, and displays a volume slider, but changing it has no effect whatsoever. The mute button doesn't work either. This is with and without esd running. Ignore this. Gnome's mixer applet controls the volume of the console beeps through the sound card just fine. I guess XMMS doesn't pay attention to the system mixer setting. 2. Sound in Enemy Territory doesn't work. The console messages when the game loads say sound system is muted, even though the mixer applet is not muted, and XMMS works fine. The game complains about /dev/dsp when I have esd running, so I kill esd before I run the game. This complaint is still good. Anybody know why it says sound system is muted? Any advice, please? -- Joel Konkle-Parker Webmaster [Ballsome.com] E-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Phone [662-518-1636] -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sound help
Hi- I installed Debian on a new Dell 4600. I have been having problems with sound. I did a bunch of research on the web and posted a few questions. So far I have been able to get sound working by removing the SB Live that Dell shipped which doesn't work under Linux. (special version just for Dell supposedly!) I enabled the on-board sound and everything seems fineexcept, after the machine is running for a while, the sound just stops working! I look in all of the logs that I know about and can't seem to get any feedback on why this is happening. I follow the Microsoft solution and reboot and my sound comes back for a while. If I leave XMMS running, I get to keep sound for a while longer but after a while it goes out there too. HELP!!!grin Any feedback would be helpful By the way it is Debian Unstable and I have arts turned off in KDE. Kevin -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
lost sound ,help
I'm a new one who use The Debian.I installed it but I can't make sound card work ,can you tell me the command file name of the setup of the sound device,and path ,thank you wood -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: lost sound ,help
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I'm a new one who use The Debian.I installed it but I can't make sound card work ,can you tell me the command file name of the setup of the sound device,and path ,thank you wood Debian, not being quite so consumer oriented as some of the other distros, doesn't have a single command to setup the sound device. It's considerably more complicated than that. If it's a PCI device, run lspci to find out what type of device it is. Then run modconf to insert the correct module for that device. Assuming you get that far, you can then run your sound applications. Kent -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sound Help needed
I have an older pentium 100 class PC with some strange no-name sound card in it. The chips say they're Crystal 4231 but I don't see modules for them in modules selection on the Debian cds. Would Debian.org have them? What other mods can I use and can they be added after my system is already up and running? Thanks in advance. mw -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Sound Help needed
Wathen, Metherion said: I have an older pentium 100 class PC with some strange no-name sound card in it. The chips say they're Crystal 4231 but I don't see modules for them in modules selection on the Debian cds. Would Debian.org have them? What other mods can I use and can they be added after my system is already up and running? assuming your running the default kernel(2.2.20 I think), I yanked this from the kernel documentation: To configure the Crystal CS423x sound chip and activate its DSP functions, modules may be loaded in this order: modprobe sound insmod ad1848 insmod uart401 insmod cs4232 io=* irq=* dma=* dma2=* This is the meaning of the parameters: io--I/O address of the Windows Sound System (normally 0x534) irq--IRQ of this device dma and dma2--DMA channels (DMA2 may be 0) On some cards, the board attempts to do non-PnP setup, and fails. If you have problems, use Linux' PnP facilities. To get MIDI facilities add insmod opl3 io=* where io is the I/O address of the OPL3 synthesizer. This will be shown in /proc/sys/pnp and is normally 0x388. if your running 2.4.x the procedure may be slightly different. nate -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] with a subject of unsubscribe. Trouble? Contact [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Sound Help needed
This one time, at band camp, Wathen, Metherion said: I have an older pentium 100 class PC with some strange no-name sound card in it. The chips say they're Crystal 4231 but I don't see modules for them in modules selection on the Debian cds. Would Debian.org have them? What other mods can I use and can they be added after my system is already up and running? Thanks in advance. mw Double check wwhat the kernel thinks the card is using lspci. If it is in fact a Crystal 4231, there's a module named cs4231 that works for this card. Use modconf to insert it. HTH, -- |Stephen Gran | Generally speaking, the Way of the warrior | |[EMAIL PROTECTED] | is resolute acceptance of death. -- | |http://www.lobefin.net/~steve | Miyamoto Musashi, 1645 | msg14672/pgp0.pgp Description: PGP signature
Sound help required
Hi guys, Need some helpI have an Opti sound card...detected under Windows as that and it works fine in Windowsunder Debian i've installed MAD16 as the driverlsmod shows MAD16, UART401, ad1848, sound, soundcore, soundlowwhen I use play to play a wav file...I can hear the sound only if I turn up the volume right to full (it works fine in Windows)and if I use the -v option of play with values even as high as 1000 or 1 the volume increases just a little but there's a lot of noiseeven if I'm not trying to play wav files with play i have similar results. I have tried meddling with sound card setups using isapnp and isapnp.confbut now I've removed any isapnp.conf filethe results remain. If I try to cat /dev/sndstat, this is what i get: OSS/Free:3.8s2++-971130 Load type: Driver loaded as a module Kernel: Linux debian 2.2.17 #1 Sun Jun 25 09:24:41 EST 2000 i586 Config options: 0 Installed drivers: Card config: Audio devices: 0: MAD16 WSS (82C930) (DUPLEX) Synth devices: Midi devices: Timers: 0: System clock Mixers: 0: MAD16 WSS (82C930) Please I dont know what else to dohelp would be appreciated. Thanks ppl __ Do You Yahoo!? Yahoo! Shopping - Thousands of Stores. Millions of Products. http://shopping.yahoo.com/
Re: Newbie sound help
Peter, Nils, I've identified the sound chip in question, it's a Crystal CS4236. The settings in WinNT can be seen in this picture: http://www.netg.se/~hugge/images/Sound.jpg . The alsa-related stuff I've nstalled from the CDs can be seen in this excerpt from root's .bash_history (commented by me): http://www.netg.se/~hugge/html/root_bash_hist.txt . I also made a copy of the output from alsaconf (minus all the curses-stuff!), where you can see that a file is missing: http://www.netg.se/~hugge/html/alsaconf.txt . Finally the file created by alsaconfig is in http://www.netg.se/~hugge/html/alsa.txt . So far I haven't compiled anything, as the module already exists. If I run /etc/init.d/alsa start I get this text: Starting sound driver: snd-card-cs4236 failed. Feels like I'm getting close, but at the same time, maybe I have missed something really obvious, just don't know what yet. Ideas, anyone? -- .~. /V\ // \\ /( )\ ^`~'^ hugge
Re: Newbie sound help
Peter Hugosson-Miller [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: I did notice that on my potato CD's there are some packages called alsa* (Advanced Linux Soound Architecture?). For example, alsa-base, alsaconf, alsautils. From the little I've read, they seem to be backward compatible with OSS. Is this so, and in that case, how does alsa fit in with your excellent instructions? Is alsa ready yet, or is it still very much a 'work-in-progress'? I have a SB Live! card and installed alsa 0.5.8b by myself, because the older version that was part of potato before the release didn't include support for this card. Don't know which version is part of the released potato now. I checked the DRIVERS file of alsa and saw some references to Cirrus Logic / Crystal Semiconductors drivers. Maybe this is your chip?! All I can say is that my sound system works fine. For the chips it supports I can recommend alsa. Installing it by yourself has the disadvantage, that all utilities that rely on the alsa-lib must (probably) be recompiled also, so check if your chip is supported by the version that comes with potato now! HTH Nils
Re: Newbie sound help
Peter, Many thanks for your help, I think I'm on the right track now. I did notice that on my potato CD's there are some packages called alsa* (Advanced Linux Soound Architecture?). For example, alsa-base, alsaconf, alsautils. From the little I've read, they seem to be backward compatible with OSS. Is this so, and in that case, how does alsa fit in with your excellent instructions? Is alsa ready yet, or is it still very much a 'work-in-progress'? Peter Jay Salzman wrote: peter, step 1 is to figure out which driver you need. here are various things you can do to that end: a. go to deja.com's power search and do a search on linux crystal sound and see what turns up. b. go to /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sound and do a grep Crystal *. c. install the 4Front OSS demo, let it detect your soundcard. see what it says. your crystal could be a repackaging of a more known chipset. once you figure out the driver, you may or may not need to recompile the kernel. if your sound card is crystal.o, then all you need to do is: locate crystal.o if it's there, you can modprobe -a /the/crystal.o/path/crystal.o and place the module name in /etc/modules so it gets loaded at boot. if it's not there, you can either compile the kernel or just the module itself. btw, if you continue to have trouble, do look at 4front's OSS sound driver. it's commercial, but is very cheap (like 10 or 20 bucks). they did an _excellent_ job, and are very good about getting back to you within a few hours after emailing them a question. they provide a good service and are an excellent example of how commercial products can exist in an open source world. i used them for a long time before figuring out all this stuff on my own. :) pete -- Best regards, Peter Hugosson-Miller Linux - the choice of a GNU generation!
Newbie sound help
Hi all! I've got my new potato system up and running, Gnome works fine and it all looks great! Haven't fired up NT on my home box for 3 whole days! I'm starting to feel braver now, and guess it's time to start to look at sound. From what I've been able to find browsing the web, and from reading various magazines, I will need to re-compile my kernel before I can use sound (my Xpert7 machine uses an on-board Crystal chipset). Could someone please point me at a newbie-oriented site that takes me through the steps in language that even I could understand? T.I.A. -- Best regards, Peter Hugosson-Miller To every rule there is an exception, and vice versa.
Re: Newbie sound help
peter, step 1 is to figure out which driver you need. here are various things you can do to that end: a. go to deja.com's power search and do a search on linux crystal sound and see what turns up. b. go to /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sound and do a grep Crystal *. c. install the 4Front OSS demo, let it detect your soundcard. see what it says. your crystal could be a repackaging of a more known chipset. once you figure out the driver, you may or may not need to recompile the kernel. if your sound card is crystal.o, then all you need to do is: locate crystal.o if it's there, you can modprobe -a /the/crystal.o/path/crystal.o and place the module name in /etc/modules so it gets loaded at boot. if it's not there, you can either compile the kernel or just the module itself. btw, if you continue to have trouble, do look at 4front's OSS sound driver. it's commercial, but is very cheap (like 10 or 20 bucks). they did an _excellent_ job, and are very good about getting back to you within a few hours after emailing them a question. they provide a good service and are an excellent example of how commercial products can exist in an open source world. i used them for a long time before figuring out all this stuff on my own. :) pete On Mon, 6 Nov 2000, Peter Hugosson-Miller wrote: Hi all! I've got my new potato system up and running, Gnome works fine and it all looks great! Haven't fired up NT on my home box for 3 whole days! I'm starting to feel braver now, and guess it's time to start to look at sound. From what I've been able to find browsing the web, and from reading various magazines, I will need to re-compile my kernel before I can use sound (my Xpert7 machine uses an on-board Crystal chipset). Could someone please point me at a newbie-oriented site that takes me through the steps in language that even I could understand? T.I.A. -- Best regards, Peter Hugosson-Miller To every rule there is an exception, and vice versa. -- Unsubscribe? mail -s unsubscribe [EMAIL PROTECTED] /dev/null
sound help
To all, I'm trying to get sound working on my laptop. Windows reports it as a Yamaha Opl3-SAx WDM Driver The sound howto says that the Yamaha Opl3-Sax sound chip is supported. So I went to my misc directory for my kernal modules and saw three opl3 modules. I tried modprobe all of them. The opl3.o module is the only one that modprobed sucessfully. But when I cated /dev/sndstat it came up with nothing. The sound howto talks about how to compile the drivers into the kernel, but I'd like to use modules if possible. I couldn't find any docs on the debian web page for configuring sound. I've configured sound before but it was useing redhat's sndconfig program. So my question is: am I useing the right module, and how do I get this to work. Thanks for all your help. Bob
Re: sound help
Thanks to Chanop Silpa-Anan I've now got all my modules loaded according to /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sound/OPL3-SA2. When I go to play something like I don't even get a crackle over my speakers. So, how do start trouble shotting this? Thanks again. oh below is the output of cat /dev/sndstat Thanks again. mars:/lib/modules/2.2.10/misc# cat /dev/sndstat OSS/Free:3.8s2++-971130 Load type: Driver loaded as a module Kernel: Linux mars 2.2.10 #2 Wed Jun 16 00:23:31 EST 1999 i686 Config options: 0 Installed drivers: Card config: Audio devices: 0: MS Sound System (CS4231) (DUPLEX) Synth devices: 0: Yamaha OPL3 Midi devices: 0: MPU-401 0.0 Midi interface #1 Timers: 0: System clock 1: MS Sound System (CS4231) Mixers: 0: OPL3-SAx and AD1848 (through MSS) 1: MS Sound System (CS4231) Bob On Sun, 22 Aug 1999, Bob C. Ruddy wrote: -To all, - I'm trying to get sound working on my laptop. Windows reports it as a -Yamaha Opl3-SAx WDM Driver The sound howto says that the
Re: SOUND HELP
On Wed, 24 Mar 1999, Craig T. Hancock wrote:
I don't undersand what I am doing wrong if anyone can help I would greatly
appricate
it
If I am getting this right, you have a Soundblaster 16 *Plug and Play* ?
In any case, that's what I have. If that is correct, you might need to
compile all the sound parts of the kernel as modules because you need to
configure the PnP card before you can actually have the kernel support it.
This is usually done with a tool like isapnp (the isapnptools package).
I'm not saying that the following is the right way or the only way to do
it, especially because I never was able to get the FM synthesizer to work.
(If anyone has a clue about getting the synthesizer/midi part to work,
please respond to this mailing-list!!)
This is how I did it:
First, I got the isapnptools package installed.
Then I ran pnpdump /etc/isapnp.conf and uncommented the appropriate
lines in it. Here's the essential part of my isapnp.conf (comment- and
blank lines removed):
(READPORT 0x0203)
(ISOLATE PRESERVE)
(IDENTIFY *)
(VERBOSITY 2)
(CONFLICT (IO FATAL)(IRQ FATAL)(DMA FATAL)(MEM FATAL)) # or WARNING
(CONFIGURE CTL00f0/-1 (LD 0
(INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E)))
(DMA 0 (CHANNEL 1))
(DMA 1 (CHANNEL 5))
(IO 0 (SIZE 16) (BASE 0x0220))
(IO 1 (SIZE 2) (BASE 0x0330))
(IO 2 (SIZE 4) (BASE 0x0388))
(NAME CTL00f0/-1[0]{Audio })
(ACT Y)
))
(CONFIGURE CTL00f0/-1 (LD 1
(IO 0 (SIZE 1) (BASE 0x0200))
(NAME CTL00f0/-1[1]{Game})
(ACT Y)
))
(WAITFORKEY)
In other words, I uncommented the first block for every device (I left the
comment lines marked with `#', though... ;-), and I also uncommented the
(ACT Y) part.
Now, when I boot (or run isapnp /etc/isapnp.conf), I get the following:
lspci not found, so PCI resource conflict not checked
Board 1 has Identity 6d ff ff ff ff f0 00 8c 0e: CTL00f0 Serial No -1
[checksum 6d]
CTL00f0/-1[0]{Audio }: Ports 0x220 0x330 0x388; IRQ5 DMA1 DMA5
--- Enabled OK
CTL00f0/-1[1]{Game}: Port 0x200; --- Enabled OK
(The PCI stuff is because I don't have PCI slots in this old 486DX33.)
The 'Game' part is not really necessary - I don't have a joystick anyway.
If running the isapnp didn't work properly, you might need to either
select a different 'block' from the pnpdump, or different settings for the
IRQ, DMA or IO (as suggested by pnpdump in the comments).
Note that if your kernel already has the sound support compiled in (or the
modules for the sound is loaded), isapnp might have problems allocating
the IRQs, DMAs or IOs because the kernel already is occupying them.
And now we're ready to compile the sound support into the kernel.
I did this with modules. Here's the sound part:
bakh:/usr/src/linux# grep -e CONFIG_SOUND .config|grep -v -e '^#'
CONFIG_SOUND=m
CONFIG_SOUND_OSS=m
CONFIG_SOUND_SB=m
CONFIG_SOUND_ADLIB=m
CONFIG_SOUND_SOFTOSS=m
CONFIG_SOUND_YM3812=m
CONFIG_SOUND_VMIDI=m
The four last lines (ADLIB, SOFTOSS, YM3812 and VMIDI) are just my
attempts to get the midi/FM synth stuff working, you don't really need
those. If you're wondering what I really selected in make menuconfig:
M Sound card support
M OSS sound modules
M 100% Sound Blaster compatibles (SB16/32/64, ESS, Jazz16) support
M Generic OPL2/OPL3 FM synthesizer support
M SoftOSS software wave table engine
M FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support
M Loopback MIDI device support
(Again, the last four are only my failed attempts to get the FM synth/midi
stuff working)
The kernel compiled and installed should give (I left out the
non-essential modules) these sound modules in /lib/modules/2.2.3/misc:
soundcore.o sb.o uart401.o sound.o
Having these modules in place, I created a file: /etc/modutils/sound
and put these lines in there:
alias char-major-14 sb
post-install sb /root/bin/volume 66
options soundcore -k
options sound -k dmabuf=1 traceinit=1
options uart401 -k
options sb -k io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
The post-install line loads a volume program that sets the volume to 66%
since I don't have any volume controls on my cheapo speakers. You could
do the same, but you'd need to compile the volume-tarball or use some
other utility (like aumix).
Then I ran update-modules (So it was added into the /etc/conf.modules
automatically).
Then rebooted.
Now upon boot, isapnp should be run automatically, and depending on what
is in your /etc/modules, the sound modules might be loaded automatically.
In any case, a cat /dev/sndstat should load them. You should get output
like this (when the modules are loaded):
Sound initialization started
Sound initialization complete
Soundblaster audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996
SB 4.16 detected OK (220)
Sound Blaster 16 (4.16) at 0x220 irq 5 dma 1,5
Sound Blaster 16 at 0x330 irq 5 dma 0,0
The cat /dev/sndstat (or /proc/sound) should yield:
OSS/Free:3.8s2++-971130
Load type: Driver loaded as a module
Kernel: Linux bakh 2.2.3 #1 Tue Mar 23 02:55:19 CST 1999 i486
Config
SOUND HELP
Maybe you can help me with this but I am using kernel 2.2.3 and I still can't get sound to work I originall used OSS to find out what my settings were for sound and this is what it should be OSS/Linux 3.9.2f (C) 4Front Technologies 1996-1999 License serial number: E0008 Open Sound System is licensed for evaluation purposes only. License will expire after: 05/1999 Options: ALL *** Activity time of this evaluation version is limited *** Build: 2.2.3-SMP Card config: Generic PnP support SoundBlaster PnP at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,1 OPL-2/OPL-3 FM at 0x388 SB MPU-401 at 0x330 irq 5 Audio devices: 0: Creative ViBRA16X PnP (4.16) Synth devices: 0: Yamaha OPL-3 Midi devices: 0: Sound Blaster 16 Timers: 0: System clock Mixers: 0: Sound Blaster Know when I complied these options into my kernel this is what I get OSS/Free:3.8s2++-971130 Load type: Driver compiled into kernel Kernel: Linux arrakis 2.2.3 #9 SMP Mon Mar 22 14:57:59 CST 1999 i686 Config options: 0 Installed drivers: Type 26: MPU-401 (UART) Type 2: Sound Blaster Type 29: Sound Blaster PnP Type 7: SB MPU-401 Card config: (Sound Blaster at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,1) (SB MPU-401 at 0x330 irq 5 drq 0) Audio devices: Synth devices: Midi devices: Timers: 0: System clock I don't undersand what I am doing wrong if anyone can help I would greatly appricate it Bob Nielsen wrote: On Mon, 22 Mar 1999, steven walsh wrote: On Mon, 22 Mar 1999, Ed Cogburn wrote: With 2.2, the config of sound drivers occurs outside the kernel config. You can no longer build the sound modules into the kernel, they must be built as modules. With sb16, for example I need a config line like: options sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330 It does? I did it all in make menuconfig and it worked fine. Yes, using 2.2.x The configuration of sound AS A MODULE has changed. It is still valid to compile sound support into the kernel (except possibly for PnP sound cards). Bob I went back and looked at menuconfig, and Bob's right. I don't know how I got it so screwed up. Anyway, when building the drivers as *modules* you don't get the opportunity to set the config options (irq,dma,etc). The config stuff is either put in 'modules.conf' or provided on the command line that loads the module, ie, insmod sb config options. When compiling into the kernel, nothing has changed. Sorry about the mistake. -- Ed C. -- Unsubscribe? mail -s unsubscribe [EMAIL PROTECTED] /dev/null
Sound, HELP!
Howdy all, I have been trying to get sound working on my Debian box all week. I've compiled a new Kernel with all the features and settings. But when I looked in /dev I couldn't find audio. Yes I have added /dev/audio support to the kernel. I don't know what to do. If I don't figure out what to do, I think I'll switch to Red Hat. TIA. Jeff __ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
Re: Sound, HELP!
On Thu, Dec 24, 1998 at 12:24:44AM -0400, Jeff Browning wrote: Howdy all, I have been trying to get sound working on my Debian box all week. I've compiled a new Kernel with all the features and settings. But when I looked in /dev I couldn't find audio. Yes I have added /dev/audio try cd /dev;./MAKEDEV audio also check the dmesg command to make sure the sound stuff really does work. -- Rafael Kitover [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Sound, HELP!
Jeff Browning [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: I've compiled a new Kernel with all the features and settings. But when I looked in /dev I couldn't find audio. Think of /dev as a regular directory containing pseudo symbolic links (the unix term is special files) pointing to driver code in the kernel. A new link doesn't magically appear simply because there is something to point to - one needs to create it explicitly. You use the 'mknod' command to do this. You will need to provide mknod with the major and minor device numbers by which the kernel knows the device. I don't have a reference at hand, but try to see if not 'man mknod' produces a pointer. Or else, there is a definitive listing somewhere in the kernel source tree. -- Henning Makholm http://www.diku.dk/students/makholm
