Re: Secondary Grounding

2001-06-01 Thread fwest


Hi Chris,

As usual, Rich is correct that removing more then one ground connection
would be an improper single fault test.

However, Rich's comment...

>A single-fault test is with one ground open (a meaningless
>test when there is a second ground in place)...

Is not quite accurate, the test is only meaningless if you have already
verified that both grounds are fully contiguous throughout the equipment.
I have once or twice ran across multiple ground connections in larger IT
equipment where one of the grounds did not have continuity throughout the
equipment.  In that case, removing the good ground does expose you to a
higher leakage current, as the second ground is poorly constructed and not
functioning.  For that reason, it is crucial that your verify ground
performance for each ground, throughout the equipment, prior to single
fault testing.

Best Regards,

Frank W.

---[From the computer of...]-
Mr. Frank West
Sr. Engineer
TUV Rheinland
7853 SW Cirrus Dr.
Beaverton, OR. 97008
T 503-469-8880 Ext 205
F 503-469-8881
fw...@us.tuv.com




 
Rich Nute   
 
 To: 
chris.maxw...@nettest.com 
Sent by:   cc: 
emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org   
owner-emc-pstc@majordomSubject: Re: Secondary 
Grounding  
o.ieee.org  
 

 

 
06/01/2001 01:55 PM 
 
Please respond to Rich  
 
Nute
 

 

 








Hi Chris:


Consider a product with two, independent protective
grounding/earthing connections.  This may be by
means of two power cords (as is done for uptime
reliablity by employing parallel power supplies) or
by means of one power cord and a separate ground
connection (as, for example, by mounting in a
grounded rack).

>   Safety standards call for single fault testing.  For Class I equipment,
one
>   of the single fault test conditions is removal of the ground
connection.

Agreed.  The disconnection of one ground is a single-
fault condition.

>   I'm curious how most test labs would reconcile the two statements
above.  My
>   guess is that they would interpret removal of ground to mean removal of
all
>   ground connections.  So putting on an extra ground wire wouldn't help.
It
>   would just make the safety engineer disconnect another wire to perform
the
>   test.

I don't agree.  The requirement is that of a single-
fault condition.  If normal operation employs
redundant grounding, then a single-fault condition
is that of failure of one ground connection.

>   "What if the product is used in a building or environment with an
unreliable
>   ground?"  or "How can you garantee that the product's ground  potential
will
>   always be equal to the potential of the floor where the user is
standing"

If the ground within the building installation is
subject to failure, then the fault is that of the
building installation, not of the product.  So, it
would be nonsense to require a product single-fault
"no-ground" test on that basis.

A faulty ground in the building installation allows
cumulation of leakage currents from all equipment to
be available on each and every grounded equipment,
a truly dangerous situation because the cumulative
leakage current could be in the hundreds of
milliamperes!

(Ironically, the equipment with a faulty ground would
be the only safe equipment in such a situation!)

I was recently invited to comment on the subject of
single-fault testing requirements for products with
multiple power cords.  My argument was based on the
idea that any product with multiple power cords is
"professional" equipment where the advantage of such
equipment is only achieved by connecting to multiple
power sources.  So, this

RE: Secondary Grounding

2001-06-01 Thread Richard Meyette
A solution for rack mounted ITE equipment is to have an earth ground
terminal on the AC inlet or DC power terminal block that is connected to the
chassis.

As a second grounding means, the chassis can be provided with two threaded
holes for the connection of a Listed grounding lug for bonding the equipment
to the metal mounting rack of other suitable grounding point.

This ensures that the equipment can reliably grounded, even if the grounding
conductor from the supply source is unreliable.

The Listed grounding lug would need to be supplied with the equipment.

Richard Meyette
Terawave Communications
30680 Huntwood Avenue
Hayward, CA 94544
Phone: 510-401-6622
Fax: 510-401-6628
Email: rmeye...@terawave.com


-Original Message-
From: Chris Maxwell [mailto:chris.maxw...@nettest.com]
Sent: Friday, June 01, 2001 12:12 PM
To: emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org
Subject: RE: Secondary Grounding



Hmm, 

This question centers around whether two separate ground cables equals
double protection.

Safety standards call for single fault testing.  For Class I equipment, one
of the single fault test conditions is removal of the ground connection.

I'm curious how most test labs would reconcile the two statements above.  My
guess is that they would interpret removal of ground to mean removal of all
ground connections.  So putting on an extra ground wire wouldn't help.  It
would just make the safety engineer disconnect another wire to perform the
test.  

Seems to me that there would be no way to talk them in to this one.  No
matter how many ground wires you put on, or how well you secure them, they
could always say,

"What if the product is used in a building or environment with an unreliable
ground?"  or "How can you garantee that the product's ground  potential will
always be equal to the potential of the floor where the user is standing"

I don't have a comeback for that.  If anyone does have a comeback; I'd
nominate them for the "Safety Compliance Engineer Hall of Fame" ;-)  (I'd
also want them to be my lawyer.)

!PLEASE NOTE THE NEW EMAIL ADDRESS
Chris Maxwell
Design Engineer
NetTest
6 Rhoads Drive, Building 4
Utica,NY 13502
email: chris.maxw...@nettest.com
phone:  315-266-5128
fax: 315-797-8024










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Re: Secondary Grounding

2001-06-01 Thread Rich Nute




Hi Chris:


Consider a product with two, independent protective
grounding/earthing connections.  This may be by 
means of two power cords (as is done for uptime
reliablity by employing parallel power supplies) or
by means of one power cord and a separate ground
connection (as, for example, by mounting in a 
grounded rack).

>   Safety standards call for single fault testing.  For Class I equipment, one
>   of the single fault test conditions is removal of the ground connection.

Agreed.  The disconnection of one ground is a single-
fault condition.

>   I'm curious how most test labs would reconcile the two statements above.  My
>   guess is that they would interpret removal of ground to mean removal of all
>   ground connections.  So putting on an extra ground wire wouldn't help.  It
>   would just make the safety engineer disconnect another wire to perform the
>   test.  

I don't agree.  The requirement is that of a single-
fault condition.  If normal operation employs 
redundant grounding, then a single-fault condition
is that of failure of one ground connection.

>   "What if the product is used in a building or environment with an unreliable
>   ground?"  or "How can you garantee that the product's ground  potential will
>   always be equal to the potential of the floor where the user is standing"

If the ground within the building installation is
subject to failure, then the fault is that of the
building installation, not of the product.  So, it
would be nonsense to require a product single-fault
"no-ground" test on that basis.  

A faulty ground in the building installation allows
cumulation of leakage currents from all equipment to 
be available on each and every grounded equipment, 
a truly dangerous situation because the cumulative
leakage current could be in the hundreds of 
milliamperes!

(Ironically, the equipment with a faulty ground would
be the only safe equipment in such a situation!)

I was recently invited to comment on the subject of
single-fault testing requirements for products with
multiple power cords.  My argument was based on the
idea that any product with multiple power cords is
"professional" equipment where the advantage of such
equipment is only achieved by connecting to multiple
power sources.  So, this is normal operation.  A
single-fault test is with one ground open (a meaningless
test when there is a second ground in place).  I
recommended a leakage current test with one power
cord connected which would simulate the situation 
where the redundancy was not used, and there was a
fault in the grounding system.


Best regards,
Rich



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spacings for En 50021

2001-06-01 Thread Sotherden, Jim (IndSys, GEFanuc, NA)

We use En 50021 for our Class 1 Zone 2 compliance.  In the preliminary
version, the creepage and clearences were equal to the UL standards UL 840
and UL 508.  When the EN version was adopted, the creepage and clearences
for pollution degree 2 were eliminated, what luck thats the spacings that we
use.  Does any one have any idea why the distances for pollution degree 2
were eliminated.  I asked UL and they do not seem to know.

Thanks
 

Jim Sotherden
Agency Coordinator/Test Engineer
Technology Compliance Team
GE Fanuc 
804-978-.6224
804-978-5588 fax




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X ray safety interlocks.

2001-06-01 Thread Chaplis, Bob


 All,

  Paragraph C4 in cfr 1020.40 States: " Each door of a cabinet X-Ray
system shall  have a minimum of two safety interlocks.
One, but not both of the required interlocks shall be such that the door
opening results in physical disconnection of the energy supply circuit to
the high voltage generator, and such disconection shall not be dependent
upon any moving part other than the door".

  I see this as an end result and not stating explicitly the "how" to
accomplish the end results. If that is correct, can a low voltage relay be
used to control another relay which has a set of contacts that when
activated, removes the energy supply circuit to the 
high volatage generator? This combination would make up "one" of the two
safety interlocks required. This may seem a round about way to have two
interlock circuits but its the design that was inherited when my Company
purchased the product line from another manufacturer. Currently Im in the
process of filling out the initial report for the FDA and Im curious if this
design is acceptable and not require a change to meet the intent of
paragraph C4.


 Bob Chaplis

Genrad. 

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RE: Secondary Grounding

2001-06-01 Thread Chris Maxwell

Hmm, 

This question centers around whether two separate ground cables equals
double protection.

Safety standards call for single fault testing.  For Class I equipment, one
of the single fault test conditions is removal of the ground connection.

I'm curious how most test labs would reconcile the two statements above.  My
guess is that they would interpret removal of ground to mean removal of all
ground connections.  So putting on an extra ground wire wouldn't help.  It
would just make the safety engineer disconnect another wire to perform the
test.  

Seems to me that there would be no way to talk them in to this one.  No
matter how many ground wires you put on, or how well you secure them, they
could always say,

"What if the product is used in a building or environment with an unreliable
ground?"  or "How can you garantee that the product's ground  potential will
always be equal to the potential of the floor where the user is standing"

I don't have a comeback for that.  If anyone does have a comeback; I'd
nominate them for the "Safety Compliance Engineer Hall of Fame" ;-)  (I'd
also want them to be my lawyer.)

!PLEASE NOTE THE NEW EMAIL ADDRESS
Chris Maxwell
Design Engineer
NetTest
6 Rhoads Drive, Building 4
Utica,NY 13502
email: chris.maxw...@nettest.com
phone:  315-266-5128
fax: 315-797-8024










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RE: UL Mark

2001-06-01 Thread Griffith, Monty J

Properly the UL mark should go on last because it doesn't comply until all
the processes are complete.  However You can apply the mark before hipot but
a hipot failure should never occur.  A unit that does not pass should be
sent back through the process until it passes however many times it takes.
You should have a method to control this to make sure a failing unit never
ships.  Some products have the mark stamped in the metal enclosure before
the unit is even assembled so when you put it on is not the issue.  The
issue is that you never ship a non compliant unit with the UL mark on it.
Your MFG or ISO9000 procedures should reflect and control this.

Monty Griffith
Test Engineer
Intergraph Government Solutions
Federal Hardware Engineering Dept.
170 Graphics Drive
Madison, AL 35758
Ph: 256 730-4265
FX: 256 730-6816
Email: mjgri...@ingr.com

 -Original Message-
From:   Dave Wilson [mailto:dwil...@alidian.com] 
Sent:   Friday, June 01, 2001 11:12 AM
To: 'emc-p...@ieee.org'
Subject:UL Mark


Can anybody tell me where it is defined at what point in production it is
permissible to apply the UL mark? Can it only be done after the hi-pot has
passed? Or is it OK to have the label applied before the test as long as the
units are clearly marked as having failed hi-pot?

Thanks in advance,

Dave Wilson
Alidian Networks Inc.



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Re: UL Mark

2001-06-01 Thread Rich Nute




Hi Dave:


>   Can anybody tell me where it is defined at what point in production it is
>   permissible to apply the UL mark? Can it only be done after the hi-pot has
>   passed? Or is it OK to have the label applied before the test as long as the
>   units are clearly marked as having failed hi-pot?

You should direct this question to UL.  :-)

This is one of those questions that if you 
should ask UL, you must be prepared to live 
with the worst-case answer.  This is a
question that is better not asked because...

Strictly speaking, the UL mark goes on *AFTER* 
the product meets all the UL requirements, 
including passing the hi-pot test.  I believe
this is specified in the front matter of your 
UL FUS Procedure.

But, putting the UL mark on AFTER these processes
implies a stick-on label and a specific production
step. 

These two implications may not be compatible with 
your production sequences.  And, such implications
would prohibit molding the mark into a plastic
part (which many of us do).

In real life, the mark can go on at any step in 
the production process.  In practice, UL looks the 
other way in terms of the sequence step in which
the mark is applied.

If UL had any doubts about your product and the
quality of your production, UL would probably
insist that the mark be applied AFTER the hi-pot
test.


Best regards,
Rich



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[Fwd: RE: ESD Question]

2001-06-01 Thread David Heald

Forwarded for Mike Hopkins.

 Original Message 
Subject: RE: ESD Question
List-Post: emc-pstc@listserv.ieee.org
Date: Wed, 30 May 2001 16:06:48 -0400
From: Mike  Hopkins 
To: "'Chris Maxwell'" ,"'Sandy
Mazzola'", emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org

There is an amendment to IEC 61000-4-2 in process that is intended to
clarify the issue of connector pins. I basically states that for
connectors
with metal shells, a contact mode discharge is performed to the shell.
For
plastic connectors, an air discharge is done in the vicinity of the
connector -- if a break-down to a pin occurs in either case, tough luck.
There was never any intention that discharges be done to individual pins
in
a connector.

Some other specific exclusions include ESD sensitive connectors -- scope
inputs, etc... that are marked as ESD sensitive and there is reference
to
that in the product documentation. Also excluded are battery contacts
which
might be contacted when the batteries are changed but are not accessed
during operation of the product.

Hope this is helpful..

Best Regards,

Mike Hopkins
KeyTek
(member IEC SC77B WG9, which is the working group responsible for IEC
61000-4-2)

-Original Message-
From: Chris Maxwell [mailto:chris.maxw...@nettest.com]
Sent: Wednesday, May 30, 2001 2:07 PM
To: 'Sandy Mazzola'; emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org
Subject: RE: ESD Question



Hi Sandy,

Have you seen the sunshine in your end of New York?  If you have, send
it
back!!

Personally, I have never seen a product that required air or contact ESD
testing on the individual pins of connectors.  I can only speak for
products
tested to EN 50082-1(Generic Immunity), EN 50082-1(Generic
Immunity/Heavy
Industrial), ETS 300-386-1(Telcom EMC) and EN 61326-1 (Test ,
Measurement
and Control Equipment EMC).

The basic standard which covers ESD testing itself (for the product and
product family standards mentioned above) is EN 61000-4-2.  EN 61000-4-2
is
also the basic standard which EN 55024 references for ESD testing.   EN
61000-4-2 gives no definite example or statement regarding discharge to
individual connector pins.  It just says to discharge to all locations
normally accessible by the customer (paraphrased).  So, this can be
rationalized either way.Apparantly, the authors of EN 55024 have
already
done the rationalization for you.  

What I have typically seen  and performed is ESD testing whereby direct
contact discharges are made to the shells of connectors (i.e. D-subs
)
but not to the individual pins.

Since EN 61000-4-2 gives no exact direction, I think that there has been
a
"general consensus of interpretation" (my own words) that ESD is not
required on individual pins.  I have heard some myth/horror stories that
say
otherwise from people selling ESD hardened connectors, IC's  but
they
turned out to be exaggerations.   

Having said that, I must add the caveat that there may be standards and
products that are an exception, especially in the military, aerospace or
medical fields.  I just haven't seen any. 

!PLEASE NOTE THE NEW EMAIL ADDRESS
Chris Maxwell
Design Engineer
NetTest
6 Rhoads Drive, Building 4
Utica,NY 13502
email: chris.maxw...@nettest.com
phone:  315-266-5128
fax: 315-797-8024
  

> -Original Message-
> From: Sandy Mazzola [SMTP:mazzo...@symbol.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, May 30, 2001 9:30 AM
> To:   emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org
> Subject:  ESD Question
> 
> Hi all,
>   
>In EN 55024: 1998  Page 9 Paragraph 4.2.1,  I found the following
> statement:  "The  application of electrostatic discharges to the contacts
> of open connectors is not required by this publication"
> 
>  My question is  twofold has everybody interpreted this to mean that
> no air discharges or contact discharges are required to the connector or
> pins of the open connector.
> And secondly  if the answer to the above is no discharges  of any type are
> required, what other publications would require  either air or contact
> discharges to open connectors.
> 
> Thanks
> 
> Sandy Mazzola  
> 
> Santo Mazzola
> Regulatory Engineer
> Symbol Technologies Inc
> 1 Symbol Plaza
> Holtsville, N. Y. 11742-1300
> Phone:  (631) 738-5373
> Fax:  (631) 738-3318
> E-mail: mazzo...@symbol.com
> 
>  << File: Sandy Mazzola.vcf >> 

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UL Mark

2001-06-01 Thread Dave Wilson

Can anybody tell me where it is defined at what point in production it is
permissible to apply the UL mark? Can it only be done after the hi-pot has
passed? Or is it OK to have the label applied before the test as long as the
units are clearly marked as having failed hi-pot?

Thanks in advance,

Dave Wilson
Alidian Networks Inc.



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Re: Surge Test Question

2001-06-01 Thread Patrick Lawler

I've also seen this effect when testing component power supplies
(off-line switch-mode converters, 50-500W).

The problem became apparent when a customer added another EMI
filter ahead of our power supply, creating a system we didn't
anticipate.  The power supply alone passed the test, but the
additional EMI filter and power supply would not pass the
common-mode surge test.

When I sketched the AC input circuit of the composite system, I
realized the surge generator was simply pulsing into several
common-mode inductors and primary-ground capacitors - the circuit
had no load!

I set the surge generator to a relatively low voltage (200V), and
connected an oscilloscope probe from the power supply AC input
terminal to chassis.  I saw the 200V surge ring to almost 400V!
If this had been a 2kV common-mode surge, I expect that the power
supply would see about 4kV primary-ground, which it was clearly
not designed for. 

I think performing this simple test would be your best indication
of surge voltages seen in your system.  Since it involves
primary-connected components, be sure to observe proper safety
precautions.

brian_ku...@leco.com wrote:
>When troubleshooting surge problems on products  we often see the surge pulse 
>to
>be much higher after the line filter (testing the AC Mains with Line-Earth 
>surge
>pulses according to EN61000-4-5). 
>
>Can someone explain the science behind this and what effect the load might 
>have?
>Can this increase in the surge potential be anticipated ahead of time so proper
>clearances can be designed in?

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RE: EMC/RFI Gaskets

2001-06-01 Thread Dick Grobner

I would have to state that the polymeric material would be listed under the
manufacture of that material (not necessarily the EMI gasket manufacturer)
and the shield effectiveness data would be from the manufacturer of the EMI
gasket. You should be able to contact the EMI gasket manufacture for this
information. This is what I have experienced in the past.
Good Luck!

-Original Message-
From: Peter Merguerian [mailto:pmerguer...@itl.co.il]
Sent: Friday, June 01, 2001 8:03 AM
To: "EMC-PSTC (E-mail)" <
Subject: EMC/RFI Gaskets
Importance: High



Dear All,

While UL does its' own research, under what UL category one can find
polymeric insulated RFI/EMI gaskets that have been previously evaluated for
flammability and shielding effectiveness? 



PETER S. MERGUERIAN
Technical Director
I.T.L. (Product Testing) Ltd.
26 Hacharoshet St., POB 211
Or Yehuda 60251, Israel
Tel: + 972-(0)3-5339022  Fax: + 972-(0)3-5339019
Mobile: + 972-(0)54-838175






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RE: EMC/RFI Gaskets

2001-06-01 Thread Robert Tims (EMX)
Hi Peter,

Gaket material are covered as Recognized Plastics material. They are in the 
"yellow books", just like regular plastics material (QMFZ2). Some gasket 
material were Recognized under that QMFZ2 category, but there is also a special 
category (Q) that covers gaskets in particular. I cannot remember what that 
category code is, but the temp and flammability rating are similar to QMFZ2, 
either solid plastics or foam plastics (i.e. UL 94).

I hope this helps. If you still have troubles searching them down, send me an 
email, and I'll shake out some cobwebs and help you out...

BR,

Bob Tims
Engineering Project Leader
Ericsson Internet Applications Inc.
Woodbury, NY 11797
robert.t...@ericsson.com

-Original Message-
From: Peter Merguerian [mailto:pmerguer...@itl.co.il]
Sent: Friday, June 01, 2001 9:03 AM
To: "EMC-PSTC (E-mail)" <
Subject: EMC/RFI Gaskets
Importance: High



Dear All,

While UL does its' own research, under what UL category one can find
polymeric insulated RFI/EMI gaskets that have been previously evaluated for
flammability and shielding effectiveness? 



PETER S. MERGUERIAN
Technical Director
I.T.L. (Product Testing) Ltd.
26 Hacharoshet St., POB 211
Or Yehuda 60251, Israel
Tel: + 972-(0)3-5339022  Fax: + 972-(0)3-5339019
Mobile: + 972-(0)54-838175






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EMC/RFI Gaskets

2001-06-01 Thread Peter Merguerian

Dear All,

While UL does its' own research, under what UL category one can find
polymeric insulated RFI/EMI gaskets that have been previously evaluated for
flammability and shielding effectiveness? 



PETER S. MERGUERIAN
Technical Director
I.T.L. (Product Testing) Ltd.
26 Hacharoshet St., POB 211
Or Yehuda 60251, Israel
Tel: + 972-(0)3-5339022  Fax: + 972-(0)3-5339019
Mobile: + 972-(0)54-838175






---
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[Fwd: JISC to U.S. Code equivalency]

2001-06-01 Thread Dave Heald

Forwarded for Leslie Wood.  Please CC Leslie (lesliew...@aol.com) on
replies.
Dave Heald

 Original Message 
Subject: JISC to U.S. Code equivalency
List-Post: emc-pstc@listserv.ieee.org
Date: Thu, 31 May 2001 20:49:00 EDT
From: lesliew...@aol.com
To: emc-p...@majordomo.ieee.org

Hi!

Is there a good resource for determining the equivalency between JISC &
US 
Electrical Code?

Thanks,
Leslie Wood

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