[flashrom] Re-building after failed flash

[Clay Daniels]

I should have been more patient, but I used flashrom to attempt to install
a bios update from MSI, and it kept looping through the attempt giving an
error message about "unable to erase". I eventually got the pid # with top,
and killed the job. Everything seemed OK, so it was late and I shut the
computer down with the normal Ubuntu shutdown. The next day, it would not
boot. By not boot, the fan & lights came on, I thought I heard hard drives,
but absolutely no video. I messed with it for several days, then ordered a
new motherboard. After installing the new mb, hopefully correctly, I have
the same problem. I can't think of anything left undone. Is it possible a
failed flash can fry the video card? I re-used memory, etc, but the monitor
shows no activity.

When I built this computer in September 2019, the motherboard worked out of
the box, and already had a bios installed. I am assuming the new
motherboard has a bios installed too.

Any help appreciated,
Clay Daniels
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[flashrom] Re: Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org

[Clay Daniels]

Matt, your post to StackExchange is very impressive, as is your machine
with a Threadripper!
What shows the problem & the answer is this:
"FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x59 does not match known values."

You installed flashrom as a binary package or app, but by now we have fixed
the issues with the AMD boards with rev 0x59 flash chips even if it's not
reflected in the binary packages yet. You will need to go to the Downloads
page and get the source and compile it on your machine. The source you
download has the problem fixed. Go here:

*https://www.flashrom.org/Downloads *

Actually the page only tells you where  to go, not how to do it. After you
make sure have installed the requirements listed, you will want to download
thus:

*git clone https://review.coreboot.org/flashrom.git
*

Then navigate to the flashrom directory, do: *make* & *make install*

If that fails to compile, it's probably because you need one of the several
linux utilities or libraries. It's impossible to list exactly what is
needed as everyone's machine is different and often running different linux
flavors. Just fix the missing dependencies and you will get it to compile:-)

Then try `*$ sudo flashrom --programmer internal*` or `*#flashrom -p
internal*`

Best of luck, and let us know how it goes.

Clay

On Sun, Jan 3, 2021 at 3:37 PM Matt Rixman  wrote:

> Hi, I'm the asker of this question:
> https://superuser.com/questions/1613342/why-do-windows-updates-make-linux-run-slower-clearing-cmos-fixes-it
>
> I was hoping to use `flashrom` to gather before/after dumps, which I can
> (hopefully) compare to get to the bottom of my problem.
>
> When I run: `sudo flashrom --programmer internal`
> I get this:
>
> --- begin output ---
> flashrom  on Linux 4.19.0-13-amd64 (x86_64)
> flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>
> Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
> Found chipset "AMD FP4".
> Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x59 does not
> match known values.
> Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
> the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
> Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
> No EEPROM/flash device found.
> Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically.
> --- end output ---
>
> the output of lspci is attached.
>
> Thanks,
>
> Matt___
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[flashrom] Re: Reporting log

[Clay Daniels]

Lac, Edward has fixed flashrom to accommodate your 0x51 spi, so no need to
apply any patch. You can use either:

*git clone https://review.coreboot.org/flashrom.git
 *
or
*git clone https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom.git
*

then navigate to the resulting flashrom directory, and do:
*make*
*make install*
Then run flashrom:
*flashrom -p internal*
It should show your spi chip.

Best Regards,
Clay
BTW, my interest is because I have a similar AMD Zen Promontory chip (0x61)
as your 0x51 chip. Welcome to the club!

On Sun, Dec 20, 2020 at 7:03 PM Lac Onis  wrote:

> From a Lenovo Ideapad 3 15are05, on Ubuntu 20.04
> As suggested, I report the following log.
>
> I'd be happy to have a suggestion on how to flash the Bios.
> Thank you!
>
> *$ sudo flashrom -r DZCN19WW.original.ROM*
> flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-58-generic (x86_64)
> flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>
> Please select a programmer with the --programmer parameter.
> To choose the mainboard of this computer use 'internal'. Valid choices are:
> internal, dummy, nic3com, nicrealtek, gfxnvidia, drkaiser, satasii, atavia,
> it8212, ft2232_spi, serprog, buspirate_spi, dediprog, developerbox, rayer_spi,
> pony_spi, nicintel, nicintel_spi, nicintel_eeprom, ogp_spi, satamv, linux_mtd,
> linux_spi, usbblaster_spi, pickit2_spi, ch341a_spi, digilent_spi, 
> stlinkv3_spi.
>
> *$ sudo flashrom --programmer internal*
> flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-58-generic (x86_64)
> flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>
> Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
> Found chipset "AMD FP4".
> Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x51 does not 
> match known values.
> Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
> the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
> Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
> 
> You seem to be running flashrom on an unknown laptop. Some
> internal buses have been disabled for safety reasons.
>
> Laptops, notebooks and netbooks are difficult to support and we
> recommend to use the vendor flashing utility. The embedded controller
> (EC) in these machines often interacts badly with flashing.
> See the manpage and https://flashrom.org/Laptops for details.
>
> If flash is shared with the EC, erase is guaranteed to brick your laptop
> and write may brick your laptop.
> Read and probe may irritate your EC and cause fan failure, backlight
> failure and sudden poweroff.
> You have been warned.
> 
> No EEPROM/flash device found.
> Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically.
>
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[flashrom] Re: Reporting log

[Clay Daniels]

Lac, you probably installed flashrom from a binary package. The fix Edward
gives is intended to go into a source file sb600spi.c and then compiled to
produce the executable binary on your Lenovo Ideapad 3.

Go to: https://www.flashrom.org/Downloads

You will need to make sure you install the required dependent apps &
libraries, then download the source. My suggestion is from GitHub thus:

# git clone https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom.git

When you have the source downloaded, navigate to the flashrom directory you
have made and edit sb600spi.c to include your rev=0x51 chip. It's just a
one line edit.

Then, while in the flashrom directory, do
# make
stuff happens
# make install

Then try running:
# flashrom -p internal

Hope this helps,
Clay

On Mon, Dec 21, 2020 at 1:29 AM Lac Onis  wrote:

> Thank you! I understand the commit but not how to proceed. What should i
> do with this .c file?
> Kind regards
>
>
>
> Le lun. 21 déc. 2020 02 h 30, Edward O'Callaghan  a
> écrit :
>
>> Hi,
>>
>> Please try the following
>> https://review.coreboot.org/c/flashrom/+/48779 and let me know if it
>> works for you?
>>
>> Kind regards,
>> Edward.
>>
>>
>> On Mon, 21 Dec 2020 at 12:03, Lac Onis  wrote:
>> >
>> > From a Lenovo Ideapad 3 15are05, on Ubuntu 20.04
>> > As suggested, I report the following log.
>> >
>> > I'd be happy to have a suggestion on how to flash the Bios.
>> > Thank you!
>> >
>> > $ sudo flashrom -r DZCN19WW.original.ROM
>> > flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-58-generic (x86_64)
>> > flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>> >
>> > Please select a programmer with the --programmer parameter.
>> > To choose the mainboard of this computer use 'internal'. Valid choices
>> are:
>> > internal, dummy, nic3com, nicrealtek, gfxnvidia, drkaiser, satasii,
>> atavia,
>> > it8212, ft2232_spi, serprog, buspirate_spi, dediprog, developerbox,
>> rayer_spi,
>> > pony_spi, nicintel, nicintel_spi, nicintel_eeprom, ogp_spi, satamv,
>> linux_mtd,
>> > linux_spi, usbblaster_spi, pickit2_spi, ch341a_spi, digilent_spi,
>> stlinkv3_spi.
>> >
>> > $ sudo flashrom --programmer internal
>> > flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-58-generic (x86_64)
>> > flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>> >
>> > Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
>> > Found chipset "AMD FP4".
>> > Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x51 does
>> not match known values.
>> > Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
>> > the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
>> > Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
>> > 
>> > You seem to be running flashrom on an unknown laptop. Some
>> > internal buses have been disabled for safety reasons.
>> >
>> > Laptops, notebooks and netbooks are difficult to support and we
>> > recommend to use the vendor flashing utility. The embedded controller
>> > (EC) in these machines often interacts badly with flashing.
>> > See the manpage and https://flashrom.org/Laptops for details.
>> >
>> > If flash is shared with the EC, erase is guaranteed to brick your laptop
>> > and write may brick your laptop.
>> > Read and probe may irritate your EC and cause fan failure, backlight
>> > failure and sudden poweroff.
>> > You have been warned.
>> > 
>> > No EEPROM/flash device found.
>> > Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found
>> automatically.
>> >
>> > ___
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>> > To unsubscribe send an email to flashrom-le...@flashrom.org
>>
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[flashrom] Re: Unrecognized SMBus revision

[Clay Daniels]

Edward, thanks a lot! I did a "git clone
https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom
Then navigated to flashrom, did a make, make install, (skipped make clean
for now)
Then:
root@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom# flashrom -p internal
flashrom v1.2-163-g855d6b6 on Linux 5.8.0-25-generic (x86_64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
Found chipset "AMD FP4".
Enabling flash write... Warning: spireadmode not set, leaving spireadmode
unchanged.Warning: spispeed not set, leaving spispeed unchanged.OK.
Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q256.W" (32768 kB, SPI) mapped at physical
address 0xfe00.
No operations were specified.
root@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom#

It worked great! I have been looking for this and following it on Gerrit. I
see the merge is fresh, 10 hours old. I have a list of at least seven other
folks who have 0x59 & 0x61 boards and will notify them too. I do have one
who has an 0x51 board with a 0x51 board which is the other email from/to
Jean-Paul Crespy. The 0x51 was also listed in Rene Rebe's patch from the
flashrom list of Oct 12.

Anyway, thanks for all your work. I did notice you did more than just add
0x59 & 0x61, you made deeper changes that Rene did not think about, and all
for the better I must say.

Clay

On Wed, Dec 16, 2020 at 4:32 AM Edward O'Callaghan 
wrote:

> I just noticed this email while searching for 0x61 and thought I would
> mention that the support for Ryzen style FCH's is actually done and has
> merged. Feel free to give the tip of the tree a go for your board and let
> me know if you have any issues with it!
>
> Kind regards,
> Edward.
>
> On Wed, 16 Dec 2020 at 17:20, Clay Daniels 
> wrote:
>
>> On Tue, Dec 15, 2020 at 4:27 PM Jean-Paul Crespy via flashrom <
>> flashrom@flashrom.org> wrote:
>>
>>> Hello,
>>>
>>> As indicated in error message (attached file "flashrom.log"), I transmit
>>> you the requested information.
>>>
>>> Best regards
>>>
>>> Jean-Paul Crespy
>>>
>>
>> I have a similar AMD motherboard as you, and when I first tried playing
>> with flashrom at the end of August I installed flashrom on FreeBSD. I got
>> the same message as you:
>> "FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x61 does not match known values."
>>
>> Well, I am retired and messing with computers is my hobby, so I thought
>> maybe trying a Linux would work better with flashrom, and installed Ubuntu.
>> I still got the same message, and no real answer until Rene' Rebe posted
>> this email on Oct 12:
>>
>>
>> https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=wm#label/coreboot%2Fflashrom/WhctKJWHzSmQKFLjFkZrdWlXtzblWZTQhgLHvjxvmljHgPQLwpSfpwJdZrBqSvCfxLDJskv
>>
>> What I realized was that I needed to download the source, modify a line
>> to include my particular spi chip, compile and install flashrom myself. I
>> looked at the documentation, asked questions, and IT WORKED.
>> And, besides being able to read my flash chip with flashrom, I have been
>> able to use it to write a stock bios update from MSI on my x570
>> motherboard, and IT WORKED. The first place to look is here:
>>
>> https://www.flashrom.org/Downloads
>>
>> So look at  Rene's email & the flashrom download & install info, and ask
>> more questions. Most everyone here is very willing to help.
>>
>> And, there is a fix in the works on Gerrit by the flashrom developers,
>> but it's not yet released.
>>
>> You might enjoy the #flashrom & #coreboot channels on Freenode IRC.
>> Best of luck,
>> Clay
>>
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>>
>
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[flashrom] Re: Unrecognized SMBus revision

[Clay Daniels]

On Tue, Dec 15, 2020 at 4:27 PM Jean-Paul Crespy via flashrom <
flashrom@flashrom.org> wrote:

> Hello,
>
> As indicated in error message (attached file "flashrom.log"), I transmit
> you the requested information.
>
> Best regards
>
> Jean-Paul Crespy
>

I have a similar AMD motherboard as you, and when I first tried playing
with flashrom at the end of August I installed flashrom on FreeBSD. I got
the same message as you:
"FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x61 does not match known values."

Well, I am retired and messing with computers is my hobby, so I thought
maybe trying a Linux would work better with flashrom, and installed Ubuntu.
I still got the same message, and no real answer until Rene' Rebe posted
this email on Oct 12:

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=wm#label/coreboot%2Fflashrom/WhctKJWHzSmQKFLjFkZrdWlXtzblWZTQhgLHvjxvmljHgPQLwpSfpwJdZrBqSvCfxLDJskv

What I realized was that I needed to download the source, modify a line to
include my particular spi chip, compile and install flashrom myself. I
looked at the documentation, asked questions, and IT WORKED.
And, besides being able to read my flash chip with flashrom, I have been
able to use it to write a stock bios update from MSI on my x570
motherboard, and IT WORKED. The first place to look is here:

https://www.flashrom.org/Downloads

So look at  Rene's email & the flashrom download & install info, and ask
more questions. Most everyone here is very willing to help.

And, there is a fix in the works on Gerrit by the flashrom developers, but
it's not yet released.

You might enjoy the #flashrom & #coreboot channels on Freenode IRC.
Best of luck,
Clay
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[flashrom] Re: asrock x370

[Clay Daniels]

Gergely, I have a similar AMD motherboard as you, and when I first tried
playing with flashrom at the end of August I installed flashrom on FreeBSD.
I got almost the same message as you:
"FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x59 does not match known values."
(Except mine said revision 0x61)

Well, I am retired and messing with computers is my hobby, so I thought
maybe trying a Linux would work better with flashrom, and installed Ubuntu.
I still got the same message, and no real answer until Rene' Rebe posted
this email on Oct 12:

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=wm#label/coreboot%2Fflashrom/WhctKJWHzSmQKFLjFkZrdWlXtzblWZTQhgLHvjxvmljHgPQLwpSfpwJdZrBqSvCfxLDJskv

What I realized was that I needed to download the source, modify a line to
include my particular spi chip, compile and install flashrom myself. I
looked at the documentation, asked questions, and IT WORKED.
And, besides being able to read my flash chip with flashrom, I have been
able to use it to write a stock bios update from MSI on my x570
motherboard, and IT WORKED. The first place to look is here:

https://www.flashrom.org/Downloads

So look at  Rene's email & the flashrom download & install info, and ask
more questions. Most everyone here is very willing to help.

And, there is a fix in the works on Gerrit by the flashrom developers, but
it's not yet released. Unfortunately it doesn't cover your x370
motherboard, but I'm going to try to get that changed to include 0x51 too.

You might enjoy the #flashrom & #coreboot channels on Freenode IRC.
Best of luck,
Clay


On Tue, Dec 15, 2020 at 4:26 PM Gergely Tomka  wrote:

> Hi,
>
> My computer said to me to send this output to you:
>
> ---8<
>
> $ sudo flashrom   --programmer internal
> flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.8.0-31-generic (x86_64)
> flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
>
> Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
> Found chipset "AMD FP4".
> Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x59 does not
> match known values.
> Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
> the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
> Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
> No EEPROM/flash device found.
> Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically.
>
> --8<-
>
> See the lspci output attached.
>
> Thanks,
>
> tg
>
> --
> we do what we must because we can
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[flashrom] Re: Attempt to install flashrom from git

[Clay Daniels]

By the way, once I discovered the basic path to install flashrom from git,
it works for me on Fedora too, in addition to Ubuntu.

One more question: Which flavor of Linux works the best for
flashrom/coreboot?

Clay
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[flashrom] Re: Attempt to install flashrom from git

[Clay Daniels]

Thanks, Nico. I tried Fedora, and had the same problem, so I returned to
Ubuntu and in summary:

removed old pciutils
installed pci.ids
per: https://github.com/RadeonOpenCompute/ROCT-Thunk-Interface/issues/7
installed libpci-dev
Got past: pci/pci.h: No such file or directory

Then failed:
"In file included from raiden_debug_spi.c:343:
usb_device.h:28:10: fatal error: libusb.h: No such file or directory
   28 | #include 
  |  ^~
compilation terminated.
make: *** [Makefile:1271: raiden_debug_spi.o] Error 1"

root@clay-MS-7C37:~# apt install libusb-dev

But same error: libusb.h missing :(

per: https://github.com/UltimateHackingKeyboard/agent/issues/407
"Thinking out loud here if I post this...
libusb.h is missing...
libusb-dev version is 2:0.1.12-30
There also exists the package libusb-1.0-0-dev
OK, install libusb-1.0-0-dev"

IT COMPILED !!!
root@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom# flashrom --version
flashrom v1.2-132-gdd81c9a on Linux 5.8.0-25-generic (x86_64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
root@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom#

Now I have a working self-compiled install of flashrom to play with. It
does not seem to find my spi flash chip yet, but I'm working on it. Just
being able to build the latest git version is a big step forward.

Thanks all,
clay

On Fri, Oct 30, 2020 at 2:50 PM Nico Huber  wrote:

> Hello Clay,
>
> On 30.10.20 19:15, Clay Daniels wrote:
> > Never mind, Ubuntu has an obsolete version of pciutils. Will try
> Fedora...
>
> you might just need pciutils-devel or pciutils-dev or something like
> that. It should actually fail earlier and tell you that. Not sure
> what went wrong (I assume you cut the interesting output).
>
> Nico
>
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[flashrom] Re: Attempt to install flashrom from git

[Clay Daniels]

Never mind, Ubuntu has an obsolete version of pciutils. Will try Fedora...

root@clay-MS-7C37:~# apt info pciutils
Package: pciutils
Version: 1:3.7.0-2
root@clay-MS-7C37:~# apt install pciutils
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
pciutils is already the newest version (1:3.7.0-2).


On Fri, Oct 30, 2020 at 1:05 AM Clay Daniels 
wrote:

> *I used this procedure in Ubuntu:*
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> *sudo apt-get install -y bison build-essential curl flex git gnat
> libncurses5-dev m4 zlib1g-devgit clone
> https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom.git
> <https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom.git>Cloning into 'flashrom'...remote:
> Enumerating objects: 80, done.remote: Counting objects: 100% (80/80),
> done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (58/58), done.remote: Total 11610
> (delta 39), reused 52 (delta 22), pack-reused 11530Receiving objects: 100%
> (11610/11610), 4.07 MiB | 19.58 MiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100%
> (8812/8812), done.clay@clay-MS-7C37:~$ ls -alcd
> flashromclay@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom$ sudo make install...cc -MMD -Os -Wall
> -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -Wshadow -Wmissing-prototypes -Wwrite-strings
> -Werror -I/usr/include/libusb-1.0
>  -D'CONFIG_DEFAULT_PROGRAMMER=PROGRAMMER_INVALID'
> -D'CONFIG_DEFAULT_PROGRAMMER_ARGS="''"' -D'CONFIG_INTERNAL=1'
> -D'CONFIG_INTERNAL_DMI=1' -D'CONFIG_ENE_LPC=1' -D'CONFIG_MEC1308=1'
> -D'CONFIG_SERPROG=1' -D'CONFIG_RAYER_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_RAIDEN=1'
> -D'CONFIG_PONY_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_BITBANG_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_NIC3COM=1'
> -D'CONFIG_GFXNVIDIA=1' -D'CONFIG_SATASII=1' -D'CONFIG_ATAVIA=1'
> -D'CONFIG_IT8212=1'   -D'CONFIG_PICKIT2_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_STLINKV3_SPI=1'
> -D'CONFIG_DUMMY=1' -D'CONFIG_DRKAISER=1' -D'CONFIG_NICREALTEK=1'
> -D'CONFIG_NICINTEL=1' -D'CONFIG_NICINTEL_SPI=1'
> -D'CONFIG_NICINTEL_EEPROM=1' -D'CONFIG_OGP_SPI=1'
> -D'CONFIG_BUSPIRATE_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_DEDIPROG=1'
> -D'CONFIG_DEVELOPERBOX_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_SATAMV=1' -D'CONFIG_LINUX_MTD=1'
> -D'CONFIG_LINUX_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_CH341A_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_DIGILENT_SPI=1'
> -D'CONFIG_I2C_SUPPORT=1' -D'NEED_PCI=1'  -D'NEED_RAW_ACCESS=1'
> -D'NEED_LIBUSB1=1' -D'HAVE_UTSNAME=1' -D'HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME=1'
> -D'FLASHROM_VERSION="v1.2-131-g74fd030"' -o chipset_enable.o -c
> chipset_enable.cIn file included from chipset_enable.c:36:hwaccess.h:34:10:
> fatal error: pci/pci.h: No such file or directory   34 | #include
>   |  ^~~compilation terminated.make: ***
> [Makefile:1271: chipset_enable.o] Error 1clay@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom$*
>
>
> *Looking at https://review.coreboot.org/cgit/flashrom.git/tree/
> <https://review.coreboot.org/cgit/flashrom.git/tree/> *
> *I don't find a pci.h file either. Any suggestions?*
>
> Clay
>
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[flashrom] Attempt to install flashrom from git

[Clay Daniels]

*I used this procedure in Ubuntu:*
























*sudo apt-get install -y bison build-essential curl flex git gnat
libncurses5-dev m4 zlib1g-devgit clone
https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom.git
Cloning into 'flashrom'...remote:
Enumerating objects: 80, done.remote: Counting objects: 100% (80/80),
done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (58/58), done.remote: Total 11610
(delta 39), reused 52 (delta 22), pack-reused 11530Receiving objects: 100%
(11610/11610), 4.07 MiB | 19.58 MiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100%
(8812/8812), done.clay@clay-MS-7C37:~$ ls -alcd
flashromclay@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom$ sudo make install...cc -MMD -Os -Wall
-Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -Wshadow -Wmissing-prototypes -Wwrite-strings
-Werror -I/usr/include/libusb-1.0
 -D'CONFIG_DEFAULT_PROGRAMMER=PROGRAMMER_INVALID'
-D'CONFIG_DEFAULT_PROGRAMMER_ARGS="''"' -D'CONFIG_INTERNAL=1'
-D'CONFIG_INTERNAL_DMI=1' -D'CONFIG_ENE_LPC=1' -D'CONFIG_MEC1308=1'
-D'CONFIG_SERPROG=1' -D'CONFIG_RAYER_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_RAIDEN=1'
-D'CONFIG_PONY_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_BITBANG_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_NIC3COM=1'
-D'CONFIG_GFXNVIDIA=1' -D'CONFIG_SATASII=1' -D'CONFIG_ATAVIA=1'
-D'CONFIG_IT8212=1'   -D'CONFIG_PICKIT2_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_STLINKV3_SPI=1'
-D'CONFIG_DUMMY=1' -D'CONFIG_DRKAISER=1' -D'CONFIG_NICREALTEK=1'
-D'CONFIG_NICINTEL=1' -D'CONFIG_NICINTEL_SPI=1'
-D'CONFIG_NICINTEL_EEPROM=1' -D'CONFIG_OGP_SPI=1'
-D'CONFIG_BUSPIRATE_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_DEDIPROG=1'
-D'CONFIG_DEVELOPERBOX_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_SATAMV=1' -D'CONFIG_LINUX_MTD=1'
-D'CONFIG_LINUX_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_CH341A_SPI=1' -D'CONFIG_DIGILENT_SPI=1'
-D'CONFIG_I2C_SUPPORT=1' -D'NEED_PCI=1'  -D'NEED_RAW_ACCESS=1'
-D'NEED_LIBUSB1=1' -D'HAVE_UTSNAME=1' -D'HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME=1'
-D'FLASHROM_VERSION="v1.2-131-g74fd030"' -o chipset_enable.o -c
chipset_enable.cIn file included from chipset_enable.c:36:hwaccess.h:34:10:
fatal error: pci/pci.h: No such file or directory   34 | #include
  |  ^~~compilation terminated.make: ***
[Makefile:1271: chipset_enable.o] Error 1clay@clay-MS-7C37:~/flashrom$*


*Looking at https://review.coreboot.org/cgit/flashrom.git/tree/
 *
*I don't find a pci.h file either. Any suggestions?*

Clay
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[flashrom] Re: Beginners-Guide-to-Using-a-CH-A-SPI-Programmer with AMD

[Clay Daniels]

On Wed, Oct 7, 2020 at 4:44 AM Mike Banon  wrote:

> Not at all! The need for 3.3v ---> 1.8v adapter - depends not on
> "Intel vs AMD", but on the model of that SPI flash chip. You see the
> markings on the back of such a chip, google them, find a correct
> datasheet, open it and read what's the working voltage for this chip -
> 3.3v or 1.8v.
>

I took off the cover and with reading glasses & flashlight squinted for
some time. As best I can make out I think (80% sure) my SPI flash chip is a
Winbond W25Q64JW. The print is so small my wife said it looked like braille
to her, and I thought  she had better eyesight than me. My only doubt is it
may say W25Q32JW, but like I said my best guess is W25Q64JW. Either way it
is a 1.8v chip according to the Winbond Datasheets, both of which I have
saved for reference.

Thanks for the reply. I was trying to make it too simple :-)
Clay


>
> On Wed, Oct 7, 2020 at 9:43 AM Clay Daniels 
> wrote:
> >
> >
> https://www.win-raid.com/t4287f16-GUIDE-The-Beginners-Guide-to-Using-a-CH-A-SPI-Programmer-Flasher-With-Pictures.html
> >
> > Nice article in general, but it also says:
> > "Note: If you are flashing an AMD motherboard, you need to put the 1.8V
> adapter into the SPI, and then put the clip assembly onto that."
> >
> > So is this right? 3.3v for Intel, 1.8v for AMD?
> > ___
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> > To unsubscribe send an email to flashrom-le...@flashrom.org
>
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[flashrom] Beginners-Guide-to-Using-a-CH-A-SPI-Programmer with AMD

[Clay Daniels]

https://www.win-raid.com/t4287f16-GUIDE-The-Beginners-Guide-to-Using-a-CH-A-SPI-Programmer-Flasher-With-Pictures.html

Nice article in general, but it also says:
"*Note:* If you are flashing an AMD motherboard, you need to put the 1.8V
adapter into the SPI, and then put the clip assembly onto that."

So is this right? 3.3v for Intel, 1.8v for AMD?
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[flashrom] Operating Systems for coreboot/flashrom/etc?

[Clay Daniels]

I am a big FreeBSD fan, and also run NetBSD on an older machine. Haven't
used much Linux lately but installed Ubuntu to get a lspci for flashrom
use. Ubuntu is fine, but does not have superiotool available as best I see.
Looking back to FreeBSD I found superiotool just where I expected, as a
port to be compiled under sysutils. Works fine, but still never finds my
hidden bios I will call "SPI1" for lack of a better name.

Anyway, I keep looking for more tools, and have an extra disk drive for
another OS if anyone has any good suggestions?

Right now I'm in Ubuntu, listening to the coreboot & flashrom freenode IRC
channels. Quite a lot goes on there if you catch it right. Some real sharp
guys.

Clay
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[flashrom] Re: Schematic: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37) ?

[Clay Daniels]

Thank you VERY much! This is the kind of data needed.

On Mon, Sep 28, 2020 at 8:57 AM Jonathan A. Kollasch 
wrote:

> Re. JSPI1: https://www.flashrom.org/MSI_JSPI1
>
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[flashrom] Re: Schematic: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37) ?

[Clay Daniels]

On Sun, Sep 27, 2020 at 3:42 PM Angel Pons  wrote:

> Hi Clay,
>
> On Sun, Sep 27, 2020 at 8:23 PM Clay Daniels 
> wrote:
> >
> > Looking for schematic for:
> > MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)
> >
> > Ivan Ivanov pointed out a very nice detailed view which I could not find
> in MSI marketing propaganda, and it looks like I will need to use a CH341A
> external programmer. This means I need to know if the vcc to the chip is
> 3.3v or 5v. I have no real clues without a schematic. Are these available?
>
> VCC for SPI flash chips is never 5V. It's usually either 3.3V or 1.8V,
> and the best way to know is to look at the chip itself. It's a WSON8
> package located between the first PCIe x16 slot and the CPU heatsink
> mount bracket, next to a connector labelled JSPI1. This connector is
> NOT meant for in-system programming, but for plugging in another flash
> chip and disabling the onboard one.
>
> I think the chip in the picture is a Winbond. `W25Q*V*` chips run on
> 3.3V, whereas `W25Q*W*` chips are 1.8V parts. Note the `V` vs `W`
> difference.


Angel, thanks for straightening me out. Yes, the little 8 pin chip just
left of  the JSPI1 header is definitely the flash rom chip. I can see it in
the pictures and through the clear plastic side of the computer. What I
need to do is open the cover up, get my glasses out, and read the chip top
label on the chip. Even if I had a schematic it might not include the
actual Winbond part number.

And I had wondered what use I could make of JSPI1. Not for flashing the
bios chip, I see.

The MSI motherboard also has this rear-facing combination usb port & "flash
button". Best I see from u-tube is that it is intended to flash your
motherboard before it's installed. You can hook up a couple of power supply
connectors, insert your usb with their bios file renamed to MSI.ROM, press
the flash button, and it flashes the bios. Not guaranteed to work after the
motherboard is fully hooked up, though. Odd.

Thanks for your help,
Clay
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[flashrom] Schematic: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37) ?

[Clay Daniels]

Looking for schematic for:
MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)

Ivan Ivanov pointed out a very nice detailed view which I could not find in
MSI marketing propaganda, and it looks like I will need to use a CH341A
external programmer. This means I need to know if the vcc to the chip is
3.3v or 5v. I have no real clues without a schematic. Are these available?

See nice Russian NIX picture at:
https://www.nix.ru/autocatalog/motherboards_msi/MSI-X570-A-PRO-RTL-AM4-X570-2xPCI-E-HDMI-GbLAN-SATA-ATX-4DDR4_427748.html

Clay
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[flashrom] Re: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)

[Clay Daniels]

Wow! The NIX Russian online store link to my motherboard really lets you
see the layout. Much better than anything I had gotten from MSI directly.
When I built my computer I bought a large case for an ATX motherboard that
has an open side covered by a clear plastic window that shows the face of
the motherboard. Most of the time I don't see it because I have limited
room on my computer bench, but just now I dug out my flashlight (it's night
here in Ft. Worth Texas) and moved the monitor back, and without opening
the case at all, I can see JSPI1 just exactly where the picture from NIX
shows.

Apparently JSPI1 is a special pin-out for MSI's bios, and can be used like
you say to flash the bios. One thing that confuses me a little is that the
page at flashrom:
https://www.flashrom.org/MSI_JSPI1
shows a 10 pin layout and the picture shows 2x6=12 pin layout, and in fact
my own mb has 12 pins at the JSPI1 header. Your picture seems to show a
little "block" thing on the left end, maybe to keep these two pins from
connecting? Anyway, it's clear I have a lot of options. It may be tricky to
get in between my video card & cpu cooler, but I can see JSPI1.

Thanks so much for your help,
Clay

On Fri, Sep 18, 2020 at 10:43 AM Ivan Ivanov  wrote:

> NIX russian online store - often has the high resolution quality
> photos of their products. Open this link and close a pop-up window
> which says this motherboard is unavailable and offers some
> alternatives -
> https://www.nix.ru/autocatalog/motherboards_msi/MSI-X570-A-PRO-RTL-AM4-X570-2xPCI-E-HDMI-GbLAN-SATA-ATX-4DDR4_427748.html
> . Then click on a motherboard main picture and use a + magnifier /
> gallery.
>
> MSI's own flashing methods - work only as long as its' installed BIOS
> is working - otherwise, there's no other option than the external
> flashing methods. And of course MSI's BIOS is far from being perfect
> and may have significant bugs + security issues. If you care about
> really controlling your computer, consider getting a motherboard
> supported by opensource coreboot BIOS - such as ASUS A88XM-E. Of
> course it's less powerful than Ryzen, but offers much more
> customization, great security and even possible to add floppy-based OS
> and run them right from a BIOS. And of course MBR is not a thing of
> the past: SeaBIOS coreboot's payload is a "modern legacy BIOS" and
> I've never had any problems with its' MBR. Pushing for new standards
> that are more and more complicated and closed - shouldn't be done just
> for the sake of new-ness. "One old friend is better than two new ones"
>
> пт, 18 сент. 2020 г. в 18:35, Miraz Shuvra :
> >
> >
> > On Fri, Sep 18, 2020, 10:56 AM Clay Daniels 
> wrote:
> >>
> >> Ivan, thanks so much for the valuable information! It seems to me you
> have found a more detailed picture of the motherboard than I have. All I
> can find is marketing pictures, and a 'quick start guide', but no real
> picture that shows stuff like you describe. Please do let me know the link
> to the picture you are looking at.
> >>
> >> The project is not really that urgent, and I have no trouble using the
> MSI flash routine in the bios. The board is new enough that there are
> regular updates to the bios, 10 versions (1 thru A) since I bought the
> motherboard & built the machine the summer of 2019.
> >>
> >> Another thing that MSI offers on the motherboard is a "flash button"
> and dedicated usb port for the source bios on the back of the board. I have
> not used this feature, but it may offer some direct flash route to the bios
> for all I know.
> >>
> >> The MSI bios is ok, and seems very advanced with a lot of graphics but
> actually is kind of primitive in how it deals with bootable disks and
> devices. Everything is an icon, and sometimes the icons don't match the
> device very well. I think it's geared to a gamer who has one big disk
> drive, and they really want you to use UEFI/GPT, and treat MBR as totally a
> thing of the past, which may or may not be true. I have NetBSD running on a
> MBR whole disk setup on my older 2014 HP Pavilion that originally came with
> Windows 8.1. It works fine using MBR & NetBSD. No icons in that bios. The
> machine is really nice for what it is, but is too slow for much action. The
> newer home-built machine is my main hobby, I suppose.
> >>
> >> Anyway, thanks for the info, and do send me a link to the detailed
> motherboard layout you found.
> >>
> >> Clay
> >>
> >> On Thu, Sep 17, 2020 at 4:46 AM Ivan Ivanov 
> wrote:
> >>>
> >>> CH341A are really overpriced at Newegg: you can get it from AliExpress
> >>> China for less than 2 dollars + free shipp

[flashrom] Re: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)

[Clay Daniels]

Ivan, thanks so much for the valuable information! It seems to me you have
found a more detailed picture of the motherboard than I have. All I can
find is marketing pictures, and a 'quick start guide', but no real picture
that shows stuff like you describe. Please do let me know the link to the
picture you are looking at.

The project is not really that urgent, and I have no trouble using the MSI
flash routine in the bios. The board is new enough that there are regular
updates to the bios, 10 versions (1 thru A) since I bought the motherboard
& built the machine the summer of 2019.

Another thing that MSI offers on the motherboard is a "flash button" and
dedicated usb port for the source bios on the back of the board. I have not
used this feature, but it may offer some direct flash route to the bios for
all I know.

The MSI bios is ok, and seems very advanced with a lot of graphics but
actually is kind of primitive in how it deals with bootable disks and
devices. Everything is an icon, and sometimes the icons don't match the
device very well. I think it's geared to a gamer who has one big disk
drive, and they really want you to use UEFI/GPT, and treat MBR as totally a
thing of the past, which may or may not be true. I have NetBSD running on a
MBR whole disk setup on my older 2014 HP Pavilion that originally came with
Windows 8.1. It works fine using MBR & NetBSD. No icons in that bios. The
machine is really nice for what it is, but is too slow for much action. The
newer home-built machine is my main hobby, I suppose.

Anyway, thanks for the info, and do send me a link to the detailed
motherboard layout you found.

Clay

On Thu, Sep 17, 2020 at 4:46 AM Ivan Ivanov  wrote:

> CH341A are really overpriced at Newegg: you can get it from AliExpress
> China for less than 2 dollars + free shipping, if this project isn't
> urgent and you could wait about 1 month for it to arrive. From the
> posts online it seems that CH341A with a green PCB is preferable -
> less likely to have a hardware design bug causing it to output 5V
> instead of 3.3V: I heard that some black PCB ones suffer from it
> (although possible to fix with some soldering).
>
> The desktop boards used to have a DIP8 "shape" BIOS chip plugged into
> a socket, from where you could easily remove it using a PLCC clip.
> Sometimes they have a soldered SOIC-8 "shape" chip like many laptops,
> but its' bearable since there are good SOIC-8 test clips available,
> using which you can connect to SOIC-8 BIOS chip without soldering and
> do the ISP (In-System Programming). However, in your case - your board
> seems to have a WSON-8 "shape" chip, which really sucks as there are
> no (good/cheap) test clip adapters last time I checked. But at least
> there's a MSI JSPI1 header near this chip, so maybe you can use it for
> flashing. Read more about it at flashrom wiki and elsewhere. So, you
> may also need some 1.27mm 1P male - female or female-female cables to
> connect a CH341A to this header (10 cm length is recommended, although
> you can get longer cables and manually resolder them if it turns out
> that a flashing operation isn't reliable). Additionally, USB extension
> cable of ~1m length will make all this more convenient. And you'll use
> another PC with some Linux loaded (either from HDD or LiveUSB) and
> flashrom, to read from and write to a BIOS chip of this motherboard.
>
> Thank you for providing a lspci file, although I'm not skilled enough
> to tell what exactly caused a flashrom's internal mode to fail - maybe
> someone else can help you.
>
> ср, 16 сент. 2020 г. в 22:59, Clay Daniels :
> >
> >
> >
> > On Wed, Sep 16, 2020 at 11:43 AM Ivan Ivanov 
> wrote:
> >>
> >> While doing the internal flashrom operations, that BIOS chip is
> >> situated behind a southbridge that you find by AMD FP4 name. Looks
> >> like either its' support isn't good enough at flashrom or UEFI
> >> firmware / EC controller somehow disturb the operation. Maybe try to
> >> access a BIOS chip directly with the external programmer like usb
> >> ch341a?
> >
> >
> > Ivan, thanks for the useful info. Your explanation likely tells me why I
> can't see my bios chip. I just looked and the little usb devices are
> available from Newegg where I got the parts to build my Ryzen 7 machine.
> Before I order one, do you or anyone else on the list have suggestions on
> what to look for in a usb ch341a external programmer? Newegg has a wide
> variety.
> >
> > You may have noticed my https://paste.flashrom.org/  lspci file. I
> added a Ubuntu Linux disk as FreeBSD doesn't do lspci, just pciconf. I also
> tried (twice) to load a pciconf -lvb from FreeBSD, which is there but
> called lspci ;-(
> >

[flashrom] Re: MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)

[Clay Daniels]

On Wed, Sep 16, 2020 at 11:43 AM Ivan Ivanov  wrote:

> While doing the internal flashrom operations, that BIOS chip is
> situated behind a southbridge that you find by AMD FP4 name. Looks
> like either its' support isn't good enough at flashrom or UEFI
> firmware / EC controller somehow disturb the operation. Maybe try to
> access a BIOS chip directly with the external programmer like usb
> ch341a?
>

Ivan, thanks for the useful info. Your explanation likely tells me why I
can't see my bios chip. I just looked and the little usb devices are
available from Newegg where I got the parts to build my Ryzen 7 machine.
Before I order one, do you or anyone else on the list have suggestions on
what to look for in a usb ch341a external programmer? Newegg has a wide
variety.

You may have noticed my https://paste.flashrom.org/  lspci file. I added a
Ubuntu Linux disk as FreeBSD doesn't do lspci, just pciconf. I also tried
(twice) to load a pciconf -lvb from FreeBSD, which is there but called
lspci ;-(

Anyway, thanks for your help,
Clay



>
> ср, 9 сент. 2020 г. в 10:52, Clay Daniels :
> >
> > I'm just trying to read what bios info I can:
> >
> > MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)
> > AMD Ryzen 7 3700X
> > FreeBSD fbsd13 13.0-CURRENT FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT
> >
> > root@fbsd13:~ # flashrom -p internal
> > flashrom v1.2 on FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT (amd64)
> > flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org
> >
> > Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 4, resolution: 1ns).
> > Found chipset "AMD FP4".
> > Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x61 does
> not match known values.
> > Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
> > the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
> > Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
> > No EEPROM/flash device found.
> > Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found
> automatically.
> >
> > pciconf -lvb output attached, as well as flashrom -V -p internal (the
> verbose version)
> >
> > My first question is: It looks to me that "AMD FP4" is just a BGA (FP4)
> Socket, not a chip. Newbie to flashrom & coreboot.
> >
> > Thanks,
> > Clay
> >
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[flashrom] Re: Success Report - Intel Z370 on MSI Z370-A PRO motherboard

[Clay Daniels]

On Wed, Sep 9, 2020 at 5:36 PM Angel Pons  wrote:

> Hi list,
>
> On Wed, Sep 9, 2020 at 9:07 PM Clay Daniels 
> wrote:
> >
> > Congrats, Aspen. I have a MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37) Motherboard and
> trying to get flashrom v1.2 on FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT to recognize my mb.
> Looking at the supported hardware at
> https://www.flashrom.org/Supported_hardware I don't see my mb NOR yours
> either. Give me a little more detail on how you made this happen on a
> fairly recent MSI mb like ours. (On or off list).
>
> While both mainboards are new, they're night and day. The MSI
> Z370-A-PRO is an Intel platform, whereas the MSI X570-A PRO is an AMD
> platform.
>
> One of the main use-cases of flashrom is to rewrite the boot firmware
> (BIOS, UEFI, coreboot...), and flashrom is often used to flash
> coreboot onto things. What's more, coreboot and flashrom use the same
> review infrastructure [1], so it's easy for coreboot developers to
> contribute to flashrom. There's coreboot support for Intel Coffee
> Lake, but not for AMD Zen stuff; and flashrom support is in a similar
> situation.
>
> I know there's some patches that enable support floating around.
> However, I don't think anyone pushed anything for review (if so, I
> must have missed it). There might be something in the GitHub pull
> requests, but I haven't checked. Since the GitHub repo is a mirror,
> it's not possible to accept pull requests through it, and transferring
> the PRs to Gerrit isn't trivial because of the sign-off requirement
> [2]. Yes, that page also mentions using GitHub, but it then says that
> one should use Gerrit instead. Maybe I'll rewrite that part at some
> point.
>
> [1]: https://review.coreboot.org
> [2]: https://flashrom.org/Development_Guidelines#Sign-off_Procedure


Angel, thanks for the useful info. I'm still trying to wrap my head around
flashrom & coreboot and appreciate your response.

Clay
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[flashrom] Re: Success Report - Intel Z370 on MSI Z370-A PRO motherboard

[Clay Daniels]

Congrats, Aspen. I have a MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37) Motherboard and trying
to get flashrom v1.2 on FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT to recognize my mb. Looking at
the supported hardware at https://www.flashrom.org/Supported_hardware I
don't see my mb NOR yours either. Give me a little more detail on how you
made this happen on a fairly recent MSI mb like ours. (On or off list).

Clay

On Wed, Sep 9, 2020 at 2:52 AM aspen via flashrom 
wrote:

> -BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-
>
> Hash: SHA256
>
>
> Hi, I succesfully flashed an official MSI BIOS (version 7B48v2C) onto my
> MSI Z370-A PRO motherboard (Intel Z370 chipset, Intel Core i7 8086k CPU)
> using flashrom 1.2.
>
>
> It scared me as first, then it showed the BIOS screen... then rebooted a
> few times, then it booted succesfully!
>
> -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-
>
>
> iHUEARYIAB0WIQT9GEgotw7oWiVcdotzKTKWiWXeVgUCX1gJdQAKCRBzKTKWiWXe
>
> VuRbAP9KNqpOELFGRFGO3yjHS1jX6dY73+1bJQdPEyhU4BQq1AEAgAZ36LLZs5kg
>
> MI4jDZnzxIgMeDNm+2XNCWxj7qWWPQY=
>
> =ioGw
>
> -END PGP SIGNATURE-
>
>
>
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[flashrom] MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)

[Clay Daniels]

I'm just trying to read what bios info I can:

MSI X570-A PRO (MS-7C37)
AMD Ryzen 7 3700X
FreeBSD fbsd13 13.0-CURRENT FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT

root@fbsd13:~ # flashrom -p internal
flashrom v1.2 on FreeBSD 13.0-CURRENT (amd64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 4, resolution: 1ns).
Found chipset "AMD FP4".
Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x61 does not
match known values.
Please report this to flashrom@flashrom.org and include this log and
the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!.
Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway
No EEPROM/flash device found.
Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically.

pciconf -lvb output attached, as well as flashrom -V -p internal (the
verbose version)

My first question is: It looks to me that "AMD FP4" is just a BGA (FP4)
Socket, not a chip. Newbie to flashrom & coreboot.

Thanks,
Clay


my_chip
Description: Binary data


my_pciconf
Description: Binary data
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