[Biofuel] Enzymes from horse feces could hold secrets to streamlining biofuel production
http://phys.org/news/2013-04-enzymes-horse-feces-secrets-biofuel.html Enzymes from horse feces could hold secrets to streamlining biofuel production April 11, 2013 Stepping into unexplored territory in efforts to use corn stalks, grass and other non-food plants to make biofuels, scientists today described the discovery of a potential treasure-trove of candidate enzymes in fungi thriving in the feces and intestinal tracts of horses. They reported on these enzymes—the key to economical production of biofuels from non-food plant material—at the 245th National Meeting Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS). Michelle A. O'Malley, Ph.D., explained that cellulose is the raw material for making biofuels from non-food plant materials. Cellulose, however, is sealed away inside a tough network of lignin within the cell walls of plants. To produce biofuels from these materials, lignin must be removed through an expensive pretreatment process. Then, a collection of enzymes breaks cellulose down into sugars. Finally, in a process much like production of beer or wine, those sugars become food for microbes to ferment into alcohol for fuel, ingredients for plastics and other materials. Nature has made it very difficult and expensive to access the cellulose in plants. Additionally, we need to find the best enzyme mixture to convert that cellulose into sugar, O'Malley said. We have discovered a fungus from the digestive tract of a horse that addresses both issues—it thrives on lignin-rich plants and converts these materials into sugars for the animal. It is a potential treasure trove of enzymes for solving this problem and reducing the cost of biofuels. The digestive tracts of large herbivores like cows and horses, which can digest lignin-rich grasses, have been a well-trodden path for scientists seeking such enzymes. But in the past, their focus has been mainly on enzymes in bacteria, rather than fungi, which include yeasts and molds. The goal: Take the genes that produce such enzymes from gut fungi and genetically engineer them into yeasts. Yeasts already are used in time-tested processes on an industrial scale to produce huge quantities of antibiotics, foods and other products. That proven production technology would mean clear sailing for commercial production of biofuels. O'Malley explained that several genes from gut fungi are unique compared to bacteria, since the fungi grow invasively into plant material. Also, they secrete powerful enzyme complexes that work together to break down cellulose. Until now, however, fungi have largely been ignored in the search for new biofuel enzymes—and for good reason. There was relatively little scientific knowledge about fungi in the digestive tracts of these large animals, O'Malley explained. They are there, but in very low numbers, making it difficult to study. The low concentrations also fostered a misconception that fungi must be unimportant in digestion of cellulose. And it is extremely difficult to isolate and grow these fungi to study their enzymes. O'Malley's research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara, collaborated with researchers at the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. They worked with a gut fungus isolated from horse feces and identified all the genetic material that the fungus uses to manufacture enzymes and other proteins. This collection of protein-encoding material—the fungus's so-called transcriptome—led to the identification of literally hundreds of enzymes capable of breaking through that tough lignin in plant cell walls and the cellulose within. The team now is shifting through that bounty to identify the most active enzyme and working on methods for transferring the genetic machinery for its production into the yeast currently used in industrial processes. More information: Abstract Anaerobic gut fungi are attractive lignocellulose-degrading microbes, yet the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for fungal hydrolysis remain unknown. To discover novel biomass-degrading enzymes and characterize their coordinated expression in fungi, we have implemented methods to sustain an anaerobic fungus in batch culture and analyze its transcriptome via RNAseq under several growth conditions. A new species of gut fungus from the Piromyces genus was isolated from the digestive tract of a horse, and its proliferation was monitored via fermentation gas production. Fungi exhibited high enzymatic reactivity against cellulosic and lignocellulosic substrates (filter paper, reed canary grass), which was repressed in the presence of simple sugars. Through strand-specific RNAseq and use of the TRINITY assembly platform, we were able to assemble novel cellulase genes de novo from 27,000 transcripts without the need for genomic sequence information. We will discuss the coordinated regulation patterns observed for important enzyme
Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES
Hi Juan e Javier 2006/9/4, CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [EMAIL PROTECTED]: Thanks Juan:I will be asking for enzymes and also I will try to use some fungus tohydrolysate the substrate. I have done my Phd thesis making cellulase enzyme using Fungus Trichoderma Verde , during 1977 and 1983, the best especie selected by very famous researcher Mary Mandel , US Natic Army research laboratory who is very kind to send the same for several resarch institute to all the world and latter renamed as Trichoderma ResseiI am not sure about the efficiency of using fungus, because I think they are hydrolysating the woods for their own metabolism, and probably itwill diminish the amount of sugars to be converted into ethanol. It is not practical one, eventhough can be used as pretreatmento for delignication before using enzymatic hydrolysis During fermentation , the operating conditions for the cell growth for extraceluar enzyme growth need to me maintained and this is not the ideal one for the enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover the sugar will be consumed for the cell growth . The crude culture can be used with out the need for purification and concentration of the enzymes. The reuse of enzymes are possible using new substrates , making possible the reduced consumption. However the pretreatment need to be realized, as any impurities of the substarte can be inhibits enzymes.We can send useful information to any one of our group.Keith, has already longe before told me to write about ethanol from cellulose and some very useful information have been also available as post in this list sdPanniselvam In thisaspect, probably the use of purified enzymes increases the yield of ethanol and, also may reduce the time of hydrolysis.I'd like to know your opinion on that respect. Kind regards,Javier-Mensaje original-De: [EMAIL PROTECTED][mailto: [EMAIL PROTECTED]] En nombre de Juan BovedaEnviado el: Viernes, 25 de Agosto de 2006 15:19Para: 'biofuel@sustainablelists.org'Asunto: Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES Hola Javier.Check with your local industrial washing operators of stone washed denimjeans.Many of them might use stones and celullase. They might tell you thesupplier of those cellulases usually they are many times cheaper than chemical reagents suppliers.There are some brands of hemicellulase and cellulase some are providedbyNovo from Denmark or from others companies.The cellulases are external enzymes from many sources, mainly from fungalorigin and some you might find in your backyard, some good ones forlignocellulose are Pleurotus sp.some used in oriental dishes andothersfound in the white decay of woods, they might be cultivated immersed in agitated liquid media with wood pulp and some others nutrients similarto adiluted fertiliser plus some yeast extract with a clean air pumpedinsidethe liquid.Best Regards.Juan-Mensaje original- De: CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]Enviado el: viernes 25 de agosto de 2006 10:42Para: biofuel@sustainablelists.orgAsunto: [Biofuel] ENZYMESTo anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriateenzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic materialsuch as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars looking to further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in asimilar project to exchange experiences.Many thanks,Javier Carvajal Information from NOD32 This message was checked by NOD32 Antivirus System for Linux MailServers.http://www.eset.com___Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.orghttp://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.or gBiofuel at Journey to Forever:http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlSearch the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages):http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/___Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.orghttp://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever:http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlSearch the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/-- Grupo de Pesquisa em Engenharia de Custos e Processos DEQ – Departamento de Engenharia QuímicaCT – Centro de Tecnologia / UFRN, Lagoa Nova – Natal/RNCampus Universitário. CEP: 59.072-970http://pannirbr.googlepages.com/gpecufrnhomepage 3215-3769 ramal 210casa 3215-1557 ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES
Thanks Juan: I will be asking for enzymes and also I will try to use some fungus to hydrolysate the substrate. I am not sure about the efficiency of using fungus, because I think they are hydrolysating the woods for their own metabolism, and probably it will diminish the amount of sugars to be converted into ethanol. In this aspect, probably the use of purified enzymes increases the yield of ethanol and, also may reduce the time of hydrolysis. I'd like to know your opinion on that respect. Kind regards, Javier -Mensaje original- De: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] En nombre de Juan Boveda Enviado el: Viernes, 25 de Agosto de 2006 15:19 Para: 'biofuel@sustainablelists.org' Asunto: Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES Hola Javier. Check with your local industrial washing operators of stone washed denim jeans. Many of them might use stones and celullase. They might tell you the supplier of those cellulases usually they are many times cheaper than chemical reagents suppliers. There are some brands of hemicellulase and cellulase some are provided by Novo from Denmark or from others companies. The cellulases are external enzymes from many sources, mainly from fungal origin and some you might find in your backyard, some good ones for lignocellulose are Pleurotus sp. some used in oriental dishes and others found in the white decay of woods, they might be cultivated immersed in agitated liquid media with wood pulp and some others nutrients similar to a diluted fertiliser plus some yeast extract with a clean air pumped inside the liquid. Best Regards. Juan -Mensaje original- De: CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Enviado el: viernes 25 de agosto de 2006 10:42 Para: biofuel@sustainablelists.org Asunto: [Biofuel] ENZYMES To anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriate enzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic material such as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars looking to further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in a similar project to exchange experiences. Many thanks, Javier Carvajal Information from NOD32 This message was checked by NOD32 Antivirus System for Linux Mail Servers. http://www.eset.com ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.or g Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES
Thanks Juan: I will be asking for enzymes and also I will try to use some fungus to hydrolysate the substrate. I am not sure about the efficiency of using fungus, because I think they are hydrolysating the woods for their own metabolism, and probably it will diminish the amount of sugars to be converted into ethanol. In this aspect, probably the use of purified enzymes increases the yield of ethanol and, also may reduce the time of hydrolysis. I'd like to know your opinion on that respect. Kind regards, Javier See: http://brewery.org/library/sake/cover.htm The Chemistry of Sake Brewing (online book) http://ss.jircas.affrc.go.jp/kankoubutsu/jarq/33-1/nishimura/nishimura.html Production of Shochu Spirit from Crushed Rice by Non-Cooking Fermentation http://hbd.org/brewery/library/sake_MH0499.html How to Homebrew Sake http://www.tibbs-vision.com/sake/instrct.html Basic Sake overview and Beginners Recipe http://home1.gte.net/richwebb/sakeprod.htm The Outsider's Guide to Sake Production Best Keith -Mensaje original- De: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] En nombre de Juan Boveda Enviado el: Viernes, 25 de Agosto de 2006 15:19 Para: 'biofuel@sustainablelists.org' Asunto: Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES Hola Javier. Check with your local industrial washing operators of stone washed denim jeans. Many of them might use stones and celullase. They might tell you the supplier of those cellulases usually they are many times cheaper than chemical reagents suppliers. There are some brands of hemicellulase and cellulase some are provided by Novo from Denmark or from others companies. The cellulases are external enzymes from many sources, mainly from fungal origin and some you might find in your backyard, some good ones for lignocellulose are Pleurotus sp. some used in oriental dishes and others found in the white decay of woods, they might be cultivated immersed in agitated liquid media with wood pulp and some others nutrients similar to a diluted fertiliser plus some yeast extract with a clean air pumped inside the liquid. Best Regards. Juan -Mensaje original- De:CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Enviado el:viernes 25 de agosto de 2006 10:42 Para: biofuel@sustainablelists.org Asunto:[Biofuel] ENZYMES To anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriate enzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic material such as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars looking to further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in a similar project to exchange experiences. Many thanks, Javier Carvajal ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] ENZYMES
To anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriate enzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic material such as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars looking to further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in a similar project to exchange experiences. Many thanks, Javier Carvajal ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES
Hola Javier. Check with your local industrial washing operators of stone washed denim jeans. Many of them might use stones and celullase. They might tell you the supplier of those cellulases usually they are many times cheaper than chemical reagents suppliers. There are some brands of hemicellulase and cellulase some are provided by Novo from Denmark or from others companies. The cellulases are external enzymes from many sources, mainly from fungal origin and some you might find in your backyard, some good ones for lignocellulose are Pleurotus sp. some used in oriental dishes and others found in the white decay of woods, they might be cultivated immersed in agitated liquid media with wood pulp and some others nutrients similar to a diluted fertiliser plus some yeast extract with a clean air pumped inside the liquid. Best Regards. Juan -Mensaje original- De: CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Enviado el: viernes 25 de agosto de 2006 10:42 Para: biofuel@sustainablelists.org Asunto: [Biofuel] ENZYMES To anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriate enzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic material such as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars looking to further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in a similar project to exchange experiences. Many thanks, Javier Carvajal Information from NOD32 This message was checked by NOD32 Antivirus System for Linux Mail Servers. http://www.eset.com ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] ENZYMES
Paul Stamets is the fungi guru in this part of the world http://www.fungi.com/front/stamets/KirkJuan Boveda [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hola Javier.Check with your local industrial washing operators of stone washed denim jeans.Many of them might use stones and celullase. They might tell you the supplier of those cellulases usually they are many times cheaper than chemical reagents suppliers.There are some brands of hemicellulase and cellulase some are provided by Novo from Denmark or from others companies.The cellulases are external enzymes from many sources, mainly from fungal origin and some you might find in your backyard, some good ones for lignocellulose are Pleurotus sp. some used in oriental dishes and others found in the white decay of woods, they might be cultivated immersed in agitated liquid media with wood pulp and some others nutrients similar to a diluted fertiliser plus some yeast extract with a clean air pumped inside the liquid.Best Regards.Juan-Mensaje original-De: CARVAJAL BARRIGA ENRIQUE JAVIER [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]Enviado el: viernes 25 de agosto de 2006 10:42Para: biofuel@sustainablelists.orgAsunto: [Biofuel] ENZYMESTo anyone who can help indicating me where can I find the appropriateenzymes to totally or partially hydrolysate lygnocellulosic materialsuch as spent grain from breweries to become fermentable sugars lookingto further bioethanol attainment. And also If anyone is involved in asimilar project to exchange experiences.Many thanks,Javier Carvajal Information from NOD32 This message was checked by NOD32 Antivirus System for Linux Mail Servers.http://www.eset.com___Biofuel mailing listBiofuel@sustainablelists.orghttp://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.orgBiofuel at Journey to Forever:http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlSearch the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages):http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ Do you Yahoo!? Everyone is raving about the all-new Yahoo! Mail.___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
