Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
On Mar 17, 2006, at 3:04 PM, Bob Fickle wrote: Yes, they will follow the field lines; but there's not much large- scale order to the galactic magnetic field, so it's more a diffusion process, once the particles leave the supernova's immediate area. There's no significant recombination- not enough electrons moving close to the same speed, and even those that did combine would be broken apart again by collisions with atoms in the interstellar medium. With an interstellar density of 1 atom/cm^2 this does indeed appear to be true. The pulse will remain in plasma form. However, this then also negates the effect of any ambient magnetic field. As the fast electrons fly away from the nuclei a large E gradient develops and the electrons and nuclei eventually rejoin. Their relative motion is thermalized, but the net outward kinetic energy remains. Further, the initial ambient magnetic field is cancelled by the plasma action. As long as the plasma density is much larger than the interstellar matter density the plasma pulse should travel fairly unimpeded. I haven't done the calculation, but I would expect this distance to be a lot less than 150,000 ly. Suppose we view the explosion from the north pole direction of the ambient magnetic field. The initial ambient magnetic field lines point toward us. The plasma that comes toward us is unimpeded by the ambient magnetic field. Plasma traveling in (or with a component motion in) a plane perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field has an ambient field canceling current generated in it. Outbound nuclei are bent in a clockwise manner by the Lorentz force, electrons are bent in a counterclockwise direction. This creates a clockwise current from our perspective. A clockwise current, by the right hand rule, generates a magnetic field that cancels the ambient field that points at us. Some of the lateral motion due to the induced current is lost to thermalization, but for the most part the plasma will retain the bulk of its outbound velocity and kinetic energy. The tiny interstellar magnetic field is cancelled by a nominal current density, thus little heating and little loss of kinetic energy occurs. Last I heard, cosmic rays were believed to have an average age in the galaxy of a few million years- based on ratios of Li/Be/B isotopes produced in transit. But this fact implies very little thermalization of, a very long mean free path for, the cosmic rays. They only have to travel 150,000 years to get here, not millions. Since the LMC is actually outside our galaxy, I think it would be safe to add a few million more. If nothing thermalizes the plasma pulse outbound motion, or at least some component of it, then some kind of material shock wave should immediately follow the light pulse and build. Horace Heffner
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
Horace. Isn't it a bit presumptuous to assume isotropic magnetic fields in areas of space, based on local measurements? Magnetic Mirrors, and the Focus Coils of a CRT for example can keep charged particles in a straight line. Fred [Original Message] From: Horace Heffner [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: vortex-l@eskimo.com Date: 3/18/2006 8:25:43 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A] On Mar 17, 2006, at 3:04 PM, Bob Fickle wrote: Yes, they will follow the field lines; but there's not much large- scale order to the galactic magnetic field, so it's more a diffusion process, once the particles leave the supernova's immediate area. There's no significant recombination- not enough electrons moving close to the same speed, and even those that did combine would be broken apart again by collisions with atoms in the interstellar medium. With an interstellar density of 1 atom/cm^2 this does indeed appear to be true. The pulse will remain in plasma form. However, this then also negates the effect of any ambient magnetic field. As the fast electrons fly away from the nuclei a large E gradient develops and the electrons and nuclei eventually rejoin. Their relative motion is thermalized, but the net outward kinetic energy remains. Further, the initial ambient magnetic field is cancelled by the plasma action. As long as the plasma density is much larger than the interstellar matter density the plasma pulse should travel fairly unimpeded. I haven't done the calculation, but I would expect this distance to be a lot less than 150,000 ly. Suppose we view the explosion from the north pole direction of the ambient magnetic field. The initial ambient magnetic field lines point toward us. The plasma that comes toward us is unimpeded by the ambient magnetic field. Plasma traveling in (or with a component motion in) a plane perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field has an ambient field canceling current generated in it. Outbound nuclei are bent in a clockwise manner by the Lorentz force, electrons are bent in a counterclockwise direction. This creates a clockwise current from our perspective. A clockwise current, by the right hand rule, generates a magnetic field that cancels the ambient field that points at us. Some of the lateral motion due to the induced current is lost to thermalization, but for the most part the plasma will retain the bulk of its outbound velocity and kinetic energy. The tiny interstellar magnetic field is cancelled by a nominal current density, thus little heating and little loss of kinetic energy occurs. Last I heard, cosmic rays were believed to have an average age in the galaxy of a few million years- based on ratios of Li/Be/B isotopes produced in transit. But this fact implies very little thermalization of, a very long mean free path for, the cosmic rays. They only have to travel 150,000 years to get here, not millions. Since the LMC is actually outside our galaxy, I think it would be safe to add a few million more. If nothing thermalizes the plasma pulse outbound motion, or at least some component of it, then some kind of material shock wave should immediately follow the light pulse and build. Horace Heffner
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
On Mar 18, 2006, at 7:04 AM, Frederick Sparber wrote: Horace. Isn't it a bit presumptuous to assume isotropic magnetic fields in areas of space, based on local measurements? We are talking about small (e.g 5x10^-10 T) galactic fields. It doesn't much matter which way they point. The plasma from a supernova will neutralize them with nominal loss of kinetic energy. See: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/galactic_magnetic_field.html The magnetic field of the exploding star itself diminishes as 1/r^3, so the dense plasma in its vicinity should handle it long enough to allow the fast movers to escape. We do know for sure plasma escapes supernova sufficiently to create nebula. Magnetic Mirrors, and the Focus Coils of a CRT for example can keep charged particles in a straight line. Actually, they don't do very well at *plasma* confinement even at colossal field strengths. If they did tokamak design would be easy. Horace Heffner
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
Maybe the gamma burst was the culprit? OTOH "Cygnons" could be Positronium (coupled electron-positron pairs). Fred http://www.energystorm.us/Transmutation_Of_Radioactive_Nuclear_Waste-r80699.html Studies have shown that all proposed transmutation processes to treat RNW using neutron reactions are deficient or marginal at best from the point of view of energy consumption and/or cost. We suggest an alternative approach that has not been considered to date: the transmutation of RNW elements using high-energy photons or gamma rays. The photo-disintegration of RNW may provide an effective way to treat reprocessed waste; waste that has been chemically separated or the residual waste left over after neutron processing. Photo-disintegration is attractive in that any isotope can be transmuted. This approach is now potentially practical because of the development of micropole undulators (MPUs) that allow us to use small storage rings to economically generate photons with gamma-ray energies and to tune these ''gamma rays'' to the peak of the cross-section resonance for various RNW elements. Because the cross sections for all RNW nuclei hav! e a broad peak with the maximum in the 12-18 MeV range, a single MPU could be used to treat both actinide and fission fragment components of RNW. The goal of this study is to make estimates of the reaction rates and energy efficiency of the transmutation of typical RNW elements using gamma rays to establish whether or not gamma-ray transmutation should be examined as a viable alternative solution to RNW warranting further study.
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
Interesting to associate this photon transmutation study with the D + D He-4 + 24 Mev (photons) and transmutations in CF. - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber To: vortex-l Sent: 3/17/2006 7:09:18 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A] Maybe the gamma burst was the culprit? OTOH "Cygnons" could be Positronium (coupled electron-positron pairs). Fred http://www.energystorm.us/Transmutation_Of_Radioactive_Nuclear_Waste-r80699.html Studies have shown that all proposed transmutation processes to treat RNW using neutron reactions are deficient or marginal at best from the point of view of energy consumption and/or cost. We suggest an alternative approach that has not been considered to date: the transmutation of RNW elements using high-energy photons or gamma rays. The photo-disintegration of RNW may provide an effective way to treat reprocessed waste; waste that has been chemically separated or the residual waste left over after neutron processing. Photo-disintegration is attractive in that any isotope can be transmuted. This approach is now potentially practical because of the development of micropole undulators (MPUs) that allow us to use small storage rings to economically generate photons with gamma-ray energies and to tune these ''gamma rays'' to the peak of the cross-section resonance for various RNW elements. Because the cross sections for all RNW nuclei hav! ! e a broad peak with the maximum in the 12-18 MeV range, a single MPU could be used to treat both actinide and fission fragment components of RNW. The goal of this study is to make estimates of the reaction rates and energy efficiency of the transmutation of typical RNW elements using gamma rays to establish whether or not gamma-ray transmutation should be examined as a viable alternative solution to RNW warranting further study.
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
Yes, they will follow the field lines; but there's not much large-scale order to the galactic magnetic field, so it's more a diffusion process, once the particles leave the supernova's immediate area. There's no significant recombination- not enough electrons moving close to the same speed, and even those that did combine would be broken apart again by collisions with atoms in the interstellar medium. Last I heard, cosmic rays were believed to have an average age in the galaxy of a few million years- based on ratios of Li/Be/B isotopes produced in transit. Since the LMC is actually outside our galaxy, I think it would be safe to add a few million more. Horace Heffner wrote: On Mar 16, 2006, at 6:49 PM, Bob Fickle wrote: You miss the point. Right you are - I missed that point. They're not coming here- they're spiralling in circles about the size of the solar system, 150,000 light-years from here. They will eventually drift throughout the galaxy, but on a timescale thousands of times larger than a direct path would take. They should in part tend to follow the field lines. However, the initial EMP gradient should serve to reunite a significant amount of the nuclei with their electrons. The neutral H atoms should still carry roughly the kinetic energy of the protons, and not be deflected. This gives: (1-0.99)*15y = 0.0015 year = 55 days for the neutrals to start showing up. Horace Heffner
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A
About 24 hours after the flash of light (and gamma rays) from Supernova 1987A about 150,000 light-years from earth in the Magellanic Cloud were observed, ~ 1.0 eV rest mass neutrinos from it were picked up by the Japanese Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector. The enormous electron - proton (Eo 0.51 MeV 936 MeV rest mass) cosmic ray burst would follow later according to the relativistic equation: Gamma = Ekin/Eo + 1 = 1/[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^1/2 (Ekin can be 100s of GeV) The velocity v of the electrons would be ~ 0.99 99c and that of the protons ~ 0.999 999c they would hit the earth after traversing the ~ 150 thousand light-year distance in months-years, causing momentary neutron spallation-transmutation of atoms in the atmosphere and all materials(there were several computer problems generated on the Concorde and strange power outages on the Grid noted in 1988)including those used in Pons and Fleischman's Cold Fusion experiment about March 29th 1989: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc2.html As would be expected, follow-up bursts of strange activity in materials and science laboratories have been going on ever since. Fred
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A
Recent Chandra x-ray photos of 1987A. One of those in our Galaxy and we're history. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/sn87a/ "Recent Chandra observations have revealed new details about the fiery ring surrounding the stellar explosion that produced Supernova 1987A. The data give insight into the behavior of the doomed star in the years before it exploded, and indicate that the predicted spectacular brightening of the circumstellar ring has begun." "The supernova occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy only 160,000 light years from Earth. The outburst was visible to the naked eye, and is the brightest known supernova in almost 400 years. The site of the explosion was traced to the location of a blue supergiant star called Sanduleak -69º 202 (SK -69 for short) that had a mass estimated at approximately 20 Suns." - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber To: vortex-l Sent: 3/16/2006 2:52:14 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A About 24 hours after the flash of light (and gamma rays) from Supernova 1987A about 150,000 light-years from earth in the Magellanic Cloud were observed, ~ 1.0 eV rest mass neutrinos from it were picked up by the Japanese Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector. The enormous electron - proton (Eo 0.51 MeV 936 MeV rest mass) cosmic ray burst would follow later according to the relativistic equation: Gamma = Ekin/Eo + 1 = 1/[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^1/2 (Ekin can be 100s of GeV) The velocity v of the electrons would be ~ 0.99 99c and that of the protons ~ 0.999 999c they would hit the earth after traversing the ~ 150 thousand light-year distance in months-years, causing momentary neutron spallation-transmutation of atoms in the atmosphere and all materials(there were several computer problems generated on the Concorde and strange power outages on the Grid noted in 1988)including those used in Pons and Fleischman's Cold Fusion experiment about March 29th 1989: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc2.html As would be expected, follow-up bursts of strange activity in materials and science laboratories have been going on ever since. Fred
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A
Very interesting Fred, a pity we can't evaluate those velocities precisely, it would tell us exactly when it is not advisable to fly a plane :) Michel - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: vortex-l vortex-l@eskimo.com Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 12:56 PM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A Recent Chandra x-ray photos of 1987A. One of those in our Galaxy and we're history. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/sn87a/ Recent Chandra observations have revealed new details about the fiery ring surrounding the stellar explosion that produced Supernova 1987A. The data give insight into the behavior of the doomed star in the years before it exploded, and indicate that the predicted spectacular brightening of the circumstellar ring has begun. The supernova occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy only 160,000 light years from Earth. The outburst was visible to the naked eye, and is the brightest known supernova in almost 400 years. The site of the explosion was traced to the location of a blue supergiant star called Sanduleak -69º 202 (SK -69 for short) that had a mass estimated at approximately 20 Suns. - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber To: vortex-l Sent: 3/16/2006 2:52:14 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A About 24 hours after the flash of light (and gamma rays) from Supernova 1987A about 150,000 light-years from earth in the Magellanic Cloud were observed, ~ 1.0 eV rest mass neutrinos from it were picked up by the Japanese Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector. The enormous electron - proton (Eo 0.51 MeV 936 MeV rest mass) cosmic ray burst would follow later according to the relativistic equation: Gamma = Ekin/Eo + 1 = 1/[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^1/2 (Ekin can be 100s of GeV) The velocity v of the electrons would be ~ 0.999 999 99c and that of the protons ~ 0.999 999c they would hit the earth after traversing the ~ 150 thousand light-year distance in months-years, causing momentary neutron spallation-transmutation of atoms in the atmosphere and all materials (there were several computer problems generated on the Concorde and strange power outages on the Grid noted in 1988) including those used in Pons and Fleischman's Cold Fusion experiment about March 29th 1989: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc2.html As would be expected, follow-up bursts of strange activity in materials and science laboratories have been going on ever since. Fred
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A
Even at our 5,000 ft altitude we get more cosmic rays and EUV than low-landers, Michel. This Does Antimatter Fall Up or Down? article is of interest too. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/antimatterFall.html In theory, antimatter dropped over the surface of the Earth should fall down. However, the issue has never been successfully experimentally tested. The theoretical grounds for expecting antimatter to fall down are very strong, so virtually all physicists expect antimatter to fall down -- however, some physicists believe that antimatter might fall down with a different acceleration than that of ordinary matter. Since this has never been experimentally tested, it's important to keep an open mind. Fred [Original Message] From: Michel Jullian [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: vortex-l@eskimo.com Date: 3/16/2006 5:12:11 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A Very interesting Fred, a pity we can't evaluate those velocities precisely, it would tell us exactly when it is not advisable to fly a plane :) Michel - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: vortex-l vortex-l@eskimo.com Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 12:56 PM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A Recent Chandra x-ray photos of 1987A. One of those in our Galaxy and we're history. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/sn87a/ Recent Chandra observations have revealed new details about the fiery ring surrounding the stellar explosion that produced Supernova 1987A. The data give insight into the behavior of the doomed star in the years before it exploded, and indicate that the predicted spectacular brightening of the circumstellar ring has begun. The supernova occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy only 160,000 light years from Earth. The outburst was visible to the naked eye, and is the brightest known supernova in almost 400 years. The site of the explosion was traced to the location of a blue supergiant star called Sanduleak -69º 202 (SK -69 for short) that had a mass estimated at approximately 20 Suns. - Original Message - From: Frederick Sparber To: vortex-l Sent: 3/16/2006 2:52:14 AM Subject: Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A About 24 hours after the flash of light (and gamma rays) from Supernova 1987A about 150,000 light-years from earth in the Magellanic Cloud were observed, ~ 1.0 eV rest mass neutrinos from it were picked up by the Japanese Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector. The enormous electron - proton (Eo 0.51 MeV 936 MeV rest mass) cosmic ray burst would follow later according to the relativistic equation: Gamma = Ekin/Eo + 1 = 1/[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^1/2 (Ekin can be 100s of GeV) The velocity v of the electrons would be ~ 0.999 999 99c and that of the protons ~ 0.999 999c they would hit the earth after traversing the ~ 150 thousand light-year distance in months-years, causing momentary neutron spallation-transmutation of atoms in the atmosphere and all materials (there were several computer problems generated on the Concorde and strange power outages on the Grid noted in 1988) including those used in Pons and Fleischman's Cold Fusion experiment about March 29th 1989: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc2.html As would be expected, follow-up bursts of strange activity in materials and science laboratories have been going on ever since. Fred
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
A 100 GeV charged particle (electron OR proton) has a radius of curvature in the galactic field (1 microgauss avgerage) of about 3 billion km (3 light-hours). No way they're crossing galactic distances anytime soon- probably billions, rather than millions, of years... Neutrinos, sure- including some energetic enough to see with Kamiokande. But 'way too few to cause the effects you're alleging. Frederick Sparber wrote: About 24 hours after the flash of light (and gamma rays) from Supernova 1987A about 150,000 light-years from earth in the Magellanic Cloud were observed, ~ 1.0 eV rest mass neutrinos from it were picked up by the Japanese Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector. The enormous electron - proton (Eo 0.51 MeV 936 MeV rest mass) cosmic ray burst would follow later according to the relativistic equation: Gamma = Ekin/Eo + 1 = 1/[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^1/2 (Ekin can be 100s of GeV) The velocity v of the electrons would be ~ 0.99 99c and that of the protons ~ 0.999 999c they would hit the earth after traversing the ~ 150 thousand light-year distance in months-years, causing momentary neutron spallation-transmutation of atoms in the atmosphere and all materials(there were several computer problems generated on the Concorde and strange power outages on the Grid noted in 1988)including those used in Pons and Fleischman's Cold Fusion experiment about March 29th 1989: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc2.html As would be expected, follow-up bursts of strange activity in materials and science laboratories have been going on ever since. Fred
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
On Mar 16, 2006, at 6:18 PM, Bob Fickle wrote: A 100 GeV charged particle (electron OR proton) has a radius of curvature in the galactic field (1 microgauss avgerage) of about 3 billion km (3 light-hours). No way they're crossing galactic distances anytime soon- probably billions, rather than millions, of years.. They only have to go 150,000 ly. Don't forget, the photons left 150,000 years ago. The electrons are right behind. In other words, (1-0.)*15y = 0.0015 year = 0.5481 days Fred's making sense to me. What's a few extra hours for curvature? Horace Heffner
Re: Cold Fusion Supernova 1987A]
You miss the point. They're not coming here- they're spiralling in circles about the size of the solar system, 150,000 light-years from here. They will eventually drift throughout the galaxy, but on a timescale thousands of times larger than a direct path would take. Horace Heffner wrote: On Mar 16, 2006, at 6:18 PM, Bob Fickle wrote: A 100 GeV charged particle (electron OR proton) has a radius of curvature in the galactic field (1 microgauss avgerage) of about 3 billion km (3 light-hours). No way they're crossing galactic distances anytime soon- probably billions, rather than millions, of years.. They only have to go 150,000 ly. Don't forget, the photons left 150,000 years ago. The electrons are right behind. In other words, (1-0.)*15y = 0.0015 year = 0.5481 days Fred's making sense to me. What's a few extra hours for curvature? Horace Heffner
