[gmx-users] Re: Minimum distance periodic images, protein simulation

2013-09-21 Thread aksharma
Hi Justin,
Thanks for your reply. I have some follow-up questions. Since the simulation
is high temperature (450 K) there is slight unfolding of the protein. 

The box was set up as rhombic dodecahedron with 1.2 nm as the distance
between solute and edge of box. 

pdb2gmx -f 1L2Y.pdb -o 1L2Y-processed.gro -ignh -water spce

The cutoffs are 0.9 nm for VDW and electrostatics. 

Do you suggest using an even bigger box for studying unfolding? Or is there
something else that could be going on? Do you have any ball park suggestions
for a good size of the box or is this something that I would have to
experiment with different sizes until I land a suitable box.

Thanks a lot,



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Re: [gmx-users] Re: Minimum distance periodic images, protein simulation

2013-09-21 Thread Mark Abraham
You can try a run in implicit solvent to get a feel for the maximum
diameter of the protein while unfolding. You will not have any
certainty unless you can afford a box whose diameter is that of the
straight-line peptide...

Mark

On Sat, Sep 21, 2013 at 1:03 PM, aksharma arunsharma_...@yahoo.com wrote:
 Hi Justin,
 Thanks for your reply. I have some follow-up questions. Since the simulation
 is high temperature (450 K) there is slight unfolding of the protein.

 The box was set up as rhombic dodecahedron with 1.2 nm as the distance
 between solute and edge of box.

 pdb2gmx -f 1L2Y.pdb -o 1L2Y-processed.gro -ignh -water spce

 The cutoffs are 0.9 nm for VDW and electrostatics.

 Do you suggest using an even bigger box for studying unfolding? Or is there
 something else that could be going on? Do you have any ball park suggestions
 for a good size of the box or is this something that I would have to
 experiment with different sizes until I land a suitable box.

 Thanks a lot,



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Re: [gmx-users] jwe1050i + jwe0019i errors = SIGSEGV (Fujitsu)

2013-09-21 Thread James
Dear Mark and the rest of the Gromacs team,

Thanks a lot for your response. I have been trying to isolate the problem
and have also been in discussion with the support staff. They suggested it
may be a bug in the gromacs code, and I have tried to isolate the problem
more precisely.

Considering that the calculation is run under MPI with 16 OpenMP cores per
MPI node, the error seems to occur under the following conditions:

A few thousand atoms: 1 or 2 MPI nodes: OK
Double the number of atoms (~15,000): 1 MPI node: OK, 2 MPI nodes: SIGSEGV
error described below.

So it seems that the error occurs for relatively large systems which use
MPI.

The crash mentions the calc_cell_indices function (see below). Is this
somehow a problem with memory not being sufficient at the MPI interface at
this function? I'm not sure how to proceed further. Any help would be
greatly appreciated.

Gromacs version is 4.6.3.

Thank you very much for your time.

James


On 4 September 2013 16:05, Mark Abraham mark.j.abra...@gmail.com wrote:

 On Sep 4, 2013 7:59 AM, James jamesresearch...@gmail.com wrote:
 
  Dear all,
 
  I'm trying to run Gromacs on a Fujitsu supercomputer but the software is
  crashing.
 
  I run grompp:
 
  grompp_mpi_d -f parameters.mdp -c system.pdb -p overthe.top
 
  and it produces the error:
 
  jwe1050i-w The hardware barrier couldn't be used and continues processing
  using the software barrier.
  taken to (standard) corrective action, execution continuing.
  error summary (Fortran)
  error number error level error count
  jwe1050i w 1
  total error count = 1
 
  but still outputs topol.tpr so I can continue.

 There's no value in compiling grompp with MPI or in double precision.

  I then run with
 
  export FLIB_FASTOMP=FALSE
  source /home/username/Gromacs463/bin/GMXRC.bash
  mpiexec mdrun_mpi_d -ntomp 16 -v
 
  but it crashes:
 
  starting mdrun 'testrun'
  5 steps, 100.0 ps.
  jwe0019i-u The program was terminated abnormally with signal number
 SIGSEGV.
  signal identifier = SEGV_MAPERR, address not mapped to object
  error occurs at calc_cell_indices._OMP_1 loc 00233474 offset
  03b4
  calc_cell_indices._OMP_1 at loc 002330c0 called from loc
  02088fa0 in start_thread
  start_thread at loc 02088e4c called from loc 029d19b4 in
  __thread_start
  __thread_start at loc 029d1988 called from o.s.
  error summary (Fortran)
  error number error level error count
  jwe0019i u 1
  jwe1050i w 1
  total error count = 2
  [ERR.] PLE 0014 plexec The process terminated
 

 abnormally.(rank=1)(nid=0x03060006)(exitstatus=240)(CODE=2002,1966080,61440)
  [ERR.] PLE The program that the user specified may be illegal or
  inaccessible on the node.(nid=0x03060006)
 
  Any ideas what could be wrong? It works on my local intel machine.

 Looks like it wasn't compiled correctly for the target machine. What was
 the cmake command, what does mdrun -version output? Also, if this is the K
 computer, probably we can't help, because the compiler docs are officially
 unavailable to us. National secret, and all ;-)

 Mark

 
  Thanks in advance,
 
  James
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Re: [gmx-users] jwe1050i + jwe0019i errors = SIGSEGV (Fujitsu)

2013-09-21 Thread Mark Abraham
On Sat, Sep 21, 2013 at 2:45 PM, James jamesresearch...@gmail.com wrote:
 Dear Mark and the rest of the Gromacs team,

 Thanks a lot for your response. I have been trying to isolate the problem
 and have also been in discussion with the support staff. They suggested it
 may be a bug in the gromacs code, and I have tried to isolate the problem
 more precisely.

First, do the GROMACS regression tests for Verlet kernels pass? (Run
them all, but those with nbnxn prefix are of interest here.) They
likely won't scale to 16 OMP threads, but you can vary OMP_NUM_THREADS
environment variable to see what you can see.

 Considering that the calculation is run under MPI with 16 OpenMP cores per
 MPI node, the error seems to occur under the following conditions:

 A few thousand atoms: 1 or 2 MPI nodes: OK
 Double the number of atoms (~15,000): 1 MPI node: OK, 2 MPI nodes: SIGSEGV
 error described below.

 So it seems that the error occurs for relatively large systems which use
 MPI.

~500 atoms per core (thread) is a system in the normal GROMACS scaling
regime. 16 OMP threads is more than is useful on other HPC systems,
but since we don't know what your hardware is, whether you are
investigating something useful is your decision.

 The crash mentions the calc_cell_indices function (see below). Is this
 somehow a problem with memory not being sufficient at the MPI interface at
 this function? I'm not sure how to proceed further. Any help would be
 greatly appreciated.

If there is a problem with GROMACS (which so far I doubt), we'd need a
stack trace that shows a line number (rather than addresses) in order
to start to locate it.

Mark

 Gromacs version is 4.6.3.

 Thank you very much for your time.

 James


 On 4 September 2013 16:05, Mark Abraham mark.j.abra...@gmail.com wrote:

 On Sep 4, 2013 7:59 AM, James jamesresearch...@gmail.com wrote:
 
  Dear all,
 
  I'm trying to run Gromacs on a Fujitsu supercomputer but the software is
  crashing.
 
  I run grompp:
 
  grompp_mpi_d -f parameters.mdp -c system.pdb -p overthe.top
 
  and it produces the error:
 
  jwe1050i-w The hardware barrier couldn't be used and continues processing
  using the software barrier.
  taken to (standard) corrective action, execution continuing.
  error summary (Fortran)
  error number error level error count
  jwe1050i w 1
  total error count = 1
 
  but still outputs topol.tpr so I can continue.

 There's no value in compiling grompp with MPI or in double precision.

  I then run with
 
  export FLIB_FASTOMP=FALSE
  source /home/username/Gromacs463/bin/GMXRC.bash
  mpiexec mdrun_mpi_d -ntomp 16 -v
 
  but it crashes:
 
  starting mdrun 'testrun'
  5 steps, 100.0 ps.
  jwe0019i-u The program was terminated abnormally with signal number
 SIGSEGV.
  signal identifier = SEGV_MAPERR, address not mapped to object
  error occurs at calc_cell_indices._OMP_1 loc 00233474 offset
  03b4
  calc_cell_indices._OMP_1 at loc 002330c0 called from loc
  02088fa0 in start_thread
  start_thread at loc 02088e4c called from loc 029d19b4 in
  __thread_start
  __thread_start at loc 029d1988 called from o.s.
  error summary (Fortran)
  error number error level error count
  jwe0019i u 1
  jwe1050i w 1
  total error count = 2
  [ERR.] PLE 0014 plexec The process terminated
 

 abnormally.(rank=1)(nid=0x03060006)(exitstatus=240)(CODE=2002,1966080,61440)
  [ERR.] PLE The program that the user specified may be illegal or
  inaccessible on the node.(nid=0x03060006)
 
  Any ideas what could be wrong? It works on my local intel machine.

 Looks like it wasn't compiled correctly for the target machine. What was
 the cmake command, what does mdrun -version output? Also, if this is the K
 computer, probably we can't help, because the compiler docs are officially
 unavailable to us. National secret, and all ;-)

 Mark

 
  Thanks in advance,
 
  James
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[gmx-users] Use of walls combining with the PME and pressure coupling

2013-09-21 Thread p . chunwang

Dear all,
Im working on some simulations about the adsorption of protein on solid surfaces, which have slab geometry in the x-y plane. In order to reduce the amount of water molecules and at the same time to decrease the unphysical Coulomb interaction between periodic images in the z-direction, an empty layer should be added in the z-direction. To prevent the water molecules from evaporating into the vacuum layer, Im going to use the wall option. However, there are some details that Im not sure about.
What are your suggestions about the choice of wall_atomtype and wall_type? Is it necessary to leave some room for the two walls (or it may lead to high interaction energies between the walls and the system) and how to determine its height (in my simulations, I leave about 1.5 , respectively)? Does it have something to do with the wall_atomtype and wall_type?
When choose nwall=2, pressure coupling and Ewald summation can be used (it is usually best to use semi-isotropic pressure coupling with x/y compressibility set to 0). It means the wall can move in the z-direction? Can the pressure coupling be used in system with fixed atoms and how can we control/calculate the pressure of the mobile phase (as it has been discussed in the paper [Biointerphases 5, 85 (2010)] using the CHARMM package)? 
When combing walls with the PME method, it is suggested the eward_geometry be set to 3dc and the wall_eward_zfac be 3. Does this mean there will be an empty layer whose height is 3 times the slab height added to increase the z-dimension of the box? And Im not sure about the exact meaning of the slab height; it seems to be the length/width of the slab (as described in the paper [J. Chem. Phys.111, 3155 (1999)]).
Im so sorry for troubling you with so many questions. But I need your help badly and sincerely. Anyone can help me? Thank you!!
Bellow is an attachment of mdp file used in my simulation work. If there is anything wrong, please be kind to point it out. Thanks again!
Chunwang Peng
Room 302, Building 16,
Chemistry  Chemical Engineering,
South China University of Technology,
Tianhe District, Guangzhou 

md.mdp




title = cyt-c on Au MD 
; Run parameters
integrator = md ; leap-frog integrator
nsteps = 1000 ; 2 * 1000 = 2 ps, 20 ns
dt = 0.002 ; 2 fs
comm-mode = Linear ; mode for center of mass motion removal

; Output control
nstxout = 1 ; save coordinates every 20 ps
nstvout = 1  ; save velocities every 20 ps
nstenergy = 1 ; save energies every 20 ps
nstlog = 1 ; update log file every 20 ps

; Selection of energy groups
energygrps = Protein_HEM GLD ;Group(s) to write to energy file

; Bond parameters
continuation = yes ; Restarting after NPT 
constraint_algorithm = lincs ; holonomic constraints, GolP has been tested with lincs only 
constraints = hbonds ; bonds with H-atoms constrained
lincs_iter = 1 ; accuracy of LINCS
lincs_order = 4 ; also related to accuracy

; Neighborsearching
ns_type = grid ; search neighboring grid cells
nstlist = 10 ; 20 fs
rlist = 1.1 ; short-range neighborlist cutoff (in nm)
; Periodic boundary conditions
pbc = xy ; 2-D PBC

; Method for doing Van der Waals
vdw-type = switch
rvdw-switch = 0.9
rvdw = 1.0 ; short-range van der Waals cutoff (in nm)

; Electrostatics
coulombtype = PME ; Particle Mesh Ewald for long-range electrostatics
rcoulomb = 1.1 ; short-range electrostatic cutoff (in nm)
pme_order = 4 ; cubic interpolation
fourierspacing = 0.12 ; grid spacing for FFT
ewald_rtol = 1e-5
ewald_geometry = 3dc

; FFT grid size, when a value is 0 fourierspacing will be used
fourier_nx = 0
fourier_ny = 0
fourier_nz = 0
optimize_fft = yes

; Temperature coupling is on
tcoupl = Nose-Hoover ; Nose-Hoover thermostat
tc-grps = Protein_HEM GLD Water_and_ions ; three coupling groups - more accurate
tau_t = 0.5 0.5 0.5 ; time constant, in ps
ref_t = 300 300  300 ; reference temperature, one for each group, in K

; Pressure coupling is on
pcoupl = Parrinello-Rahman ; Pressure coupling on in NPT
pcoupltype = semiisotropic ; nonuniform scaling of box vectors
tau_p = 1.0 1.0 ; time constant, in ps
ref_p = 1.0 1.0 ; reference pressure, in bar
compressibility = 0 4.5e-5 ; isothermal compressibility of water, bar^-1

; 

[gmx-users] emstep unit

2013-09-21 Thread Atila Petrosian
Dear gromacs users

What is the reason of this point that
unit of the emstep (step size)is nm?

I think ps (unit of time) is more resonable.

If I am wrong, please give me explanation about this point.
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Re: [gmx-users] emstep unit

2013-09-21 Thread Justin Lemkul



On 9/21/13 1:47 PM, Atila Petrosian wrote:

Dear gromacs users

What is the reason of this point that
unit of the emstep (step size)is nm?

I think ps (unit of time) is more resonable.

If I am wrong, please give me explanation about this point.



Energy minimization is a non-dynamical process; there is no time during EM. 
Step size is in nm.


-Justin

--
==

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Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Health Sciences Facility II, Room 601
University of Maryland, Baltimore
20 Penn St.
Baltimore, MD 21201

jalem...@outerbanks.umaryland.edu | (410) 706-7441

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[gmx-users] emstep unit

2013-09-21 Thread Atila Petrosian
Dear Justin

Thanks for your reply.

Ok. You are right. There is no time during EM.

For example, if I use nstep = 10,000 and emstep = 0.01,

what means of Step size in this case, exactly?

Please give me more explanation.


Best wishes for you.
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[gmx-users] No such moleculetype SOL

2013-09-21 Thread Jonathan Saboury
I am doing this tutorial:
http://www.bevanlab.biochem.vt.edu/Pages/Personal/justin/gmx-tutorials/biphasic/index.html

I have set up the randomly placed cyclohexane and water throughout the box.
The problem is when i try the command grompp -f em.mdp -c biphase.gro -p
cyclohexane.top -o em.tpr it errors telling me No such moleculetype SOL.

I know SOL is water, and the .top file does not include any sort of .itp
that includes water. I've tried to add #include
amber99sb.ff/forcefield.itp with no avail.

This is strictly just cyclohexane and water, I am not interested in putting
a protein inside of it.

Commands used: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=RaKNCpi4
Files: http://www.sendspace.com/file/ibwk3l

Thank you, the help you guys give is extremely appreciated :)
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Re: [gmx-users] No such moleculetype SOL

2013-09-21 Thread Mark Abraham
On Sat, Sep 21, 2013 at 9:06 PM, Jonathan Saboury jsab...@gmail.com wrote:
 I am doing this tutorial:
 http://www.bevanlab.biochem.vt.edu/Pages/Personal/justin/gmx-tutorials/biphasic/index.html

 I have set up the randomly placed cyclohexane and water throughout the box.
 The problem is when i try the command grompp -f em.mdp -c biphase.gro -p
 cyclohexane.top -o em.tpr it errors telling me No such moleculetype SOL.

 I know SOL is water, and the .top file does not include any sort of .itp
 that includes water.

Have a look at how Justin's tutorial's .top gets access to a water topology.

Mark

 I've tried to add #include
 amber99sb.ff/forcefield.itp with no avail.

 This is strictly just cyclohexane and water, I am not interested in putting
 a protein inside of it.

 Commands used: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=RaKNCpi4
 Files: http://www.sendspace.com/file/ibwk3l

 Thank you, the help you guys give is extremely appreciated :)
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[gmx-users] restarting the crashed run

2013-09-21 Thread Nidhi Katyal
Dear all
I would like to know the difference between restarting our crashed runs by
1) first generating next.tpr using tpbconv -extend option
then running grompp with this *.tpr file
and finally running mdrun but with no cpi option
2) same as 1 but with -cpi option
3) using only mdrun command with cpi option and with previous *.tpr
(ie not creating new tpr by tpbconv option)
4) using procedure 3 but with no state.cpt file

Secondly, if state.cpt contains all the information to continue the
simulation then why the simulation should continue at all without providing
these files as in procedure 1 and 4
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Re: [gmx-users] emstep unit

2013-09-21 Thread Justin Lemkul



On 9/21/13 2:47 PM, Atila Petrosian wrote:

Dear Justin

Thanks for your reply.

Ok. You are right. There is no time during EM.

For example, if I use nstep = 10,000 and emstep = 0.01,

what means of Step size in this case, exactly?

Please give me more explanation.



A quick Google search turns up useful information, and Wikipedia has a decent 
article.  Beyond that, it's a topic covered by just about every molecular 
modeling textbook out there.


-Justin

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Justin A. Lemkul, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Health Sciences Facility II, Room 601
University of Maryland, Baltimore
20 Penn St.
Baltimore, MD 21201

jalem...@outerbanks.umaryland.edu | (410) 706-7441

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Re: [gmx-users] restarting the crashed run

2013-09-21 Thread Justin Lemkul



On 9/21/13 3:46 PM, Nidhi Katyal wrote:

Dear all
I would like to know the difference between restarting our crashed runs by
1) first generating next.tpr using tpbconv -extend option
 then running grompp with this *.tpr file


Why would you run grompp?  If you're using it as a source of coordinates, you're 
going to be dealing with the initial state, not the last state of the previous 
simulation, so that's garbage.  If you're restarting a crash, then presumably 
there is no need at all to invoke tpbconv or grompp.



 and finally running mdrun but with no cpi option


Makes no sense.  You're basically obliterating the previous simulation.


2) same as 1 but with -cpi option


Still no need for grompp, but if providing -cpi to mdrun, you're resuming from 
the correct state.



3) using only mdrun command with cpi option and with previous *.tpr
 (ie not creating new tpr by tpbconv option)


This is the correct way to proceed.  The run will pick up from the state stored 
in the .cpt file and proceed with the number of steps originally specified in 
the .tpr file.



4) using procedure 3 but with no state.cpt file



The run should start over.


Secondly, if state.cpt contains all the information to continue the
simulation then why the simulation should continue at all without providing
these files as in procedure 1 and 4



Without a .cpt file, the run starts over from the beginning.

-Justin

--
==

Justin A. Lemkul, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Health Sciences Facility II, Room 601
University of Maryland, Baltimore
20 Penn St.
Baltimore, MD 21201

jalem...@outerbanks.umaryland.edu | (410) 706-7441

==
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[gmx-users] Re: No such moleculetype SOL

2013-09-21 Thread Jonathan Saboury
Have a look at how Justin's tutorial's .top gets access to a water
topology.

Mark

Thank you very much for the response Mark!

I've looked at his .top and it seems to me that how he included it is by
adding #include spc.itp. I've added that line to cyclohexane.top before
and after the #include cyclohexane.itp with no success (same error as
before).

I also saw that he added a force field. Would I need to do this if I am not
interested in a protein?

I want to avoid using PRODRG because it is online which admins can easy see
what I uploaded. I feel much more comfortable using programs on my system
(the reason I am using acpype).

Thanks again :)

- Jonathan Saboury






On Sat, Sep 21, 2013 at 12:06 PM, Jonathan Saboury jsab...@gmail.comwrote:

 I am doing this tutorial:
 http://www.bevanlab.biochem.vt.edu/Pages/Personal/justin/gmx-tutorials/biphasic/index.html

 I have set up the randomly placed cyclohexane and water throughout the
 box. The problem is when i try the command grompp -f em.mdp -c biphase.gro
 -p cyclohexane.top -o em.tpr it errors telling me No such moleculetype
 SOL.

 I know SOL is water, and the .top file does not include any sort of .itp
 that includes water. I've tried to add #include
 amber99sb.ff/forcefield.itp with no avail.

 This is strictly just cyclohexane and water, I am not interested in
 putting a protein inside of it.

 Commands used: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=RaKNCpi4
 Files: http://www.sendspace.com/file/ibwk3l

 Thank you, the help you guys give is extremely appreciated :)

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Re: [gmx-users] Re: No such moleculetype SOL

2013-09-21 Thread Justin Lemkul



On 9/21/13 5:15 PM, Jonathan Saboury wrote:

Have a look at how Justin's tutorial's .top gets access to a water

topology.


Mark


Thank you very much for the response Mark!

I've looked at his .top and it seems to me that how he included it is by
adding #include spc.itp. I've added that line to cyclohexane.top before
and after the #include cyclohexane.itp with no success (same error as
before).



Then something is wrong with the way you've done it, because the job of spc.itp 
is to define the [moleculetype] SOL and all its relevant parameters.



I also saw that he added a force field. Would I need to do this if I am not
interested in a protein?



You need a parent force field that defines all the bonded and nonbonded 
interactions in the system.  Whether or not this is one that comes with Gromacs 
or one you design yourself, you still have to satisfy all of the internal 
mechanics (see Chapter 5).  Whether or not there is a protein is completely 
irrelevant; force fields do much more than just proteins.



I want to avoid using PRODRG because it is online which admins can easy see
what I uploaded. I feel much more comfortable using programs on my system
(the reason I am using acpype).



Well, PRODRG parameters are pretty low-quality anyway, but it's a convenient 
example for doing a tutorial rather than trying to teach people how to use other 
external software ;)


-Justin

--
==

Justin A. Lemkul, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Health Sciences Facility II, Room 601
University of Maryland, Baltimore
20 Penn St.
Baltimore, MD 21201

jalem...@outerbanks.umaryland.edu | (410) 706-7441

==
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[gmx-users] Confuse about trjconv tool

2013-09-21 Thread Caizk
Dear users,

I was following Justin's tutorial and in the analysis step trjconv was used to 
account for any periodicity in the system and then analyses were conducted with 
the so-called corrected trajectory file.

The first question is: does it means that particles might diffuse though one 
side of the box and doesn't get into the box from the opposite side? 

If not, why does trjconv have to be used? If so, why could't gromacs maintain 
the periodicity of all particles' coordinates in the production MD?

Finally, Is it necessary to use trjconv to currect the trajectory file every 
time before you conduct any analysis?


Please correct me if something is wrong. Your reply will be highly appreciated.

Wishes,
Zhikun--
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Re: [gmx-users] Confuse about trjconv tool

2013-09-21 Thread Justin Lemkul



On 9/21/13 10:28 PM, Caizk wrote:

Dear users,

I was following Justin's tutorial and in the analysis step trjconv was used to account 
for any periodicity in the system and then analyses were conducted with the so-called 
corrected trajectory file.



The first thing that is important to note is that the use of the word 
corrected does not imply that the original trajectory is in any way 
incorrect.  It's just a colloquialism because the trjconv output is easier to 
visualize and thus seems more correct when pulled up in the visualization 
software of choice, rather than having a bunch of broken molecules and weird 
lines drawn all over the place.



The first question is: does it means that particles might diffuse though one 
side of the box and doesn't get into the box from the opposite side?



No, that is not the case.  Periodicity is always correctly maintained during the 
run.


If not, why does trjconv have  to be used? If so, why could't gromacs maintain the periodicity of all 

particles' coordinates in the production MD?




It is a waste of CPU cycles for mdrun to try to fix something during the run 
that doesn't matter at all to the physics going on.  Using trjconv is not 
compulsory for all processes, but it is important for visualization and certain 
analyses that require intact coordinates (like RMSD).



Finally, Is it necessary to use trjconv to currect the trajectory file every 
time before you conduct any analysis?



As above, it depends on the analysis.  Most tools handle PBC elegantly.  Some 
don't.

-Justin

--
==

Justin A. Lemkul, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Fellow

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Health Sciences Facility II, Room 601
University of Maryland, Baltimore
20 Penn St.
Baltimore, MD 21201

jalem...@outerbanks.umaryland.edu | (410) 706-7441

==
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