RE: Abysmal write performance on HW RAID5
-Original Message- From: ChristopherD [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Sunday, December 02, 2007 4:03 AM To: linux-raid@vger.kernel.org Subject: Abysmal write performance on HW RAID5 In the process of upgrading my RAID5 array, I've run into a brick wall ( 4MB/sec avg write perf!) that I could use some help figuring out. I'll start with the quick backstory and setup. Common Setup: Dell Dimension XPS T800, salvaged from Mom. (i440BX chipset, Pentium3 @ 800MHZ) 768MB DDR SDRAM @ 100MHZ FSB (3x256MB DIMM) PCI vid card (ATI Rage 128) PCI 10/100 NIC (3Com 905) PCI RAID controller (LSI MegaRAID i4 - 4 channel PATA) 4 x 250GB (WD2500) UltraATA drives, each connected to separate channels on the controller Ubuntu Feisty Fawn In the LSI BIOS config, I setup the full capacity of all four drives as a single logical disk using RAID5 @ 64K strips size. I installed the OS from the CD, allowing it to create a 4GB swap partition (sda2) and use the rest as a single ext3 partition (sda1) with roughly 700GB space. This setup ran fine for months as my home fileserver. Being new to RAID at the time, I didn't know or think about tuning or benchmarking, etc, etc. I do know that I often moved ISO images to this machine from my gaming rig using both SAMBA and FTP, with xfer limited by the 100MBit LAN (~11MB/sec). That sounds about right; 11MB * 8 (bit/Byte) = 88Mbit on your 100M LAN. About a month or so ago, I hit capacity on the partition. I dumped some movies off to a USB drive (500GB PATA) and started watching the drive aisle at Fry's. Last week, I saw what I'd been waiting for: Maxtor 500GB drives @ $99 each. So, I bought three of them and started this adventure. I'll skip the details on the pain in the butt of moving 700GB of data onto various drives of various sizes...the end result was the following change to my setup: 3 x Maxtor 500GB PATA drives (7200rpm, 16MB cache) 1 x IBM/Hitachi Deskstar 500GB PATA (7200rpm, 8MB cache) Each drive still on a separate controller channel, this time configured into two logical drives: Logical Disk 1: RAID0, 16GB, 64K stripe size (sda) Logical Disk 2: RAID5, 1.5TB, 128K stripe size (sdb) I also took this opportunity to upgrade to the newest Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy), and having done some reading, planned to make some tweaks to the partition formats. After fighting with the standard CD, which refused to install the OS without also formatting the root partition (but not offering any control of the formatting), i downloaded the alternate CD and used the textmode installer. I set up the partitions like this: sda1: 14.5GB ext3, 256MB journal (mounted data_ordered), 4K block size, stride=16, sparse superblocks, no resize_inode, 1GB reserved for root sda2: 1.5GB linux swap sdb1: 1.5TB ext2, largefile4 (4MB per inode), stride=32, sparse superblocks, no resize_inode, 0 reserved for root The format command was my first hint of a problem. The block group creation counter spun very rapidly up to 9800/11600 and then paused and I heard the drives thrash. The block groups completed at a slower pace, and then the final creation process took several minutes. But the real shocker was transferring my data onto this new partition. FOUR MEGABYTES PER SECOND?!?! My initial plan was to plug a single old data drive into the motherboard's ATA port, thinking the transfer speed within a single machine would be the fastest possible mechanism. Wrong. I ended up mounting the drives using USB enclosures to my laptop (RedHat EL 5.1) and sharing them via NFS. So, deciding the partition was disposable (still unused), I fired up dd to run some block device tests: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1M count=25 This ran silently and showed 108MB/sec?? OK, that beats 4...let's try again! Now I hear drive activity, and the result says 26MB/sec. Running it a third time immediately brought the rate down to 4MB/sec. Apparently, the first 64MB or so runs nice and fast (cache? the i4 only has 16MB onboard). I also ran iostat -dx in the background during a 26GB directory copy operation, reporting on 60-sec intervals. This is a typical output: Device:rrqm/s wrqm/sr/sw/srMB/s wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu- sz awaitsvctm %util sda 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.0011.03 0.01 21.6616.73 0.61 sdb 0.00 0.72 0.03 64.28 0.00 3.95 125.43 137.572180.23 15.85 100.02 So, the RAID5 device has a huge queue of write requests with an average wait time of more than 2 seconds @ 100% utilization? Or is this a bug in iostat? At this point, I'm all ears...I don't even know where to start. Is ext2 not a good format for volumes of this size? Then how to explain the block device xfer rate being so bad, too? Is it that I have one drive in the array that's a different
Re: Abysmal write performance on HW RAID5
ChristopherD wrote: In the process of upgrading my RAID5 array, I've run into a brick wall ( 4MB/sec avg write perf!) that I could use some help figuring out. I'll start with the quick backstory and setup. Common Setup: Dell Dimension XPS T800, salvaged from Mom. (i440BX chipset, Pentium3 @ 800MHZ) 768MB DDR SDRAM @ 100MHZ FSB (3x256MB DIMM) PCI vid card (ATI Rage 128) PCI 10/100 NIC (3Com 905) PCI RAID controller (LSI MegaRAID i4 - 4 channel PATA) 4 x 250GB (WD2500) UltraATA drives, each connected to separate channels on the controller Ubuntu Feisty Fawn In the LSI BIOS config, I setup the full capacity of all four drives as a single logical disk using RAID5 @ 64K strips size. I installed the OS from the CD, allowing it to create a 4GB swap partition (sda2) and use the rest as a single ext3 partition (sda1) with roughly 700GB space. This setup ran fine for months as my home fileserver. Being new to RAID at the time, I didn't know or think about tuning or benchmarking, etc, etc. I do know that I often moved ISO images to this machine from my gaming rig using both SAMBA and FTP, with xfer limited by the 100MBit LAN (~11MB/sec). About a month or so ago, I hit capacity on the partition. I dumped some movies off to a USB drive (500GB PATA) and started watching the drive aisle at Fry's. Last week, I saw what I'd been waiting for: Maxtor 500GB drives @ $99 each. So, I bought three of them and started this adventure. I'll skip the details on the pain in the butt of moving 700GB of data onto various drives of various sizes...the end result was the following change to my setup: 3 x Maxtor 500GB PATA drives (7200rpm, 16MB cache) 1 x IBM/Hitachi Deskstar 500GB PATA (7200rpm, 8MB cache) Each drive still on a separate controller channel, this time configured into two logical drives: Logical Disk 1: RAID0, 16GB, 64K stripe size (sda) Logical Disk 2: RAID5, 1.5TB, 128K stripe size (sdb) I also took this opportunity to upgrade to the newest Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy), and having done some reading, planned to make some tweaks to the partition formats. After fighting with the standard CD, which refused to install the OS without also formatting the root partition (but not offering any control of the formatting), i downloaded the alternate CD and used the textmode installer. I set up the partitions like this: sda1: 14.5GB ext3, 256MB journal (mounted data_ordered), 4K block size, stride=16, sparse superblocks, no resize_inode, 1GB reserved for root sda2: 1.5GB linux swap sdb1: 1.5TB ext2, largefile4 (4MB per inode), stride=32, sparse superblocks, no resize_inode, 0 reserved for root The format command was my first hint of a problem. The block group creation counter spun very rapidly up to 9800/11600 and then paused and I heard the drives thrash. The block groups completed at a slower pace, and then the final creation process took several minutes. But the real shocker was transferring my data onto this new partition. FOUR MEGABYTES PER SECOND?!?! My initial plan was to plug a single old data drive into the motherboard's ATA port, thinking the transfer speed within a single machine would be the fastest possible mechanism. Wrong. I ended up mounting the drives using USB enclosures to my laptop (RedHat EL 5.1) and sharing them via NFS. I'm not sure you were wrong about internal being faster, but you clearly have tuning issues. The two obvious things which should be done are to (a) use blockdev to set the read ahead for the source drives to something large based on your memory size, 16384 is probably a reasonable starting value. Then set the stripe_cache_size in /sys, files like /sys/block/md1/md/stripe_cache_size should get a fairly large value, see man pages and discussion for ideas on fairly large or start with 8192 just to see if it make a visible improvement. Finally, there are tunables in /proc/sys/vm which can help, but other things can be tried first. So, deciding the partition was disposable (still unused), I fired up dd to run some block device tests: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1M count=25 This ran silently and showed 108MB/sec?? OK, that beats 4...let's try again! Now I hear drive activity, and the result says 26MB/sec. Running it a third time immediately brought the rate down to 4MB/sec. Apparently, the first 64MB or so runs nice and fast (cache? the i4 only has 16MB onboard). I also ran iostat -dx in the background during a 26GB directory copy operation, reporting on 60-sec intervals. This is a typical output: Device:rrqm/s wrqm/sr/sw/srMB/s wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz awaitsvctm %util sda 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.0011.03 0.01 21.6616.73 0.61 sdb 0.00 0.72 0.03 64.28 0.00 3.95 125.43 137.572180.23 15.85 100.02 This would have been nicer unwrapped, but shows the problem. Make changes and rerun? So, the RAID5 device has a huge queue of write requests
Re: Abysmal write performance on HW RAID5
On Tue, 27 Nov 2007, ChristopherD wrote: At this point, I'm all ears...I don't even know where to start. Is ext2 not a good format for volumes of this size? Then how to explain the block device xfer rate being so bad, too? Is it that I have one drive in the array that's a different brand? Or that it has a different cache size? Well, I have seen 3ware hwraid volumes slow down to 10 megabyte/s when writing, so I guess you're seeing a similar problem. It's due to the way raid5 works (needing to read before writing parity) and small caches. If you need to write quickly, you should look into using software raid instead, then the raid5 sw raid subsystem has access to the entire ram block cache and hopefully don't need to read as much from the drives. I don't know why you're only getting 4 MB/s, if you would have said 10-15 MB/s I wouldn't have been surprised at all, but 4 does seem to be on the low side. When I tried with 3ware, the type of filesystem chosen made very small difference. -- Mikael Abrahamssonemail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] - To unsubscribe from this list: send the line unsubscribe linux-raid in the body of a message to [EMAIL PROTECTED] More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
