Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Mon, Apr 11, 2016 at 5:24 PM Chris Barker  wrote:

> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 4:37 PM, Ian Henriksen <
> insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>> If we introduced the T2 syntax, this would be valid:
>>
>> a @ b.T2
>>
>> It makes the intent much clearer.
>>
>
> would:
>
> a @ colvector(b)
>
> work too? or is T2  generalized to more than one column? (though I suppose
> colvector() could support more than one column also -- weird though that
> might be.)
>
> -CHB
>

Right, so I've opted to withdraw my support for having the T2 syntax prepend
dimensions when the array has fewer than two dimensions. Erroring out in
the 1D
case addresses my concerns well enough. The colvec/rowvec idea seems nice
too, but it matters a bit less to me, so I'll leave that discussion open
for others to
follow up on. Having T2 be a broadcasting transpose is a bit more general
than any
semantics for rowvec/colvec that I can think of. Here are specific arrays
that, in
the a @ b.T2 can only be handled using some sort of transpose:

a = np.random.rand(2, 3, 4)
b = np.random.rand(2, 1, 3, 4)

Using these inputs, the expression

a @ b.T2

would have the shape (2, 2, 3, 3).

All the T2 property would be doing is a transpose that has similar
broadcasting
semantics to matmul, solve, inv, and the other gufuncs. The primary
difference
with those other functions is that transposes would be done as views
whereas the
other operations, because of the computations they perform, all have to
return new
output arrays.

Hope this helps,

-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 4:37 PM, Ian Henriksen <
insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:


> If we introduced the T2 syntax, this would be valid:
>
> a @ b.T2
>
> It makes the intent much clearer.
>

would:

a @ colvector(b)

work too? or is T2  generalized to more than one column? (though I suppose
colvector() could support more than one column also -- weird though that
might be.)

-CHB


-- 

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 4:04 PM Alan Isaac  wrote:

> On 4/8/2016 5:13 PM, Nathaniel Smith wrote:
> > he doesn't want 2d matrices, he wants
> > tools that make it easy to work with stacks of 2d matrices stored in
> > 2-or-more-dimensional arrays.
>
>
> Like `map`?
>
> Alan Isaac
>
>
Sorry if there's any misunderstanding here.

Map doesn't really help much. That'd only be good for dealing with three
dimensional cases and you'd get a list of arrays, not a view with the
appropriate
axes swapped.

np.einsum('...ji', a)
np.swapaxes(a, -1, -2)
np.rollaxis(a, -1, -2)

all do the right thing, but they are all fairly verbose for such a simple
operation.

Here's a simple example of when such a thing would be useful.
With 2D arrays you can write
a.dot(b.T)

If you want to have that same operation follow the existing gufunc
broadcasting
semantics you end up having to write one of the following

np.einsum('...ij,...kj', a, b)
a @ np.swapaxes(a, -1, -2)
a @ np.rollaxis(a, -1, -2)

None of those are very concise, and, when I look at them, I don't usually
think
"that does a.dot(b.T)."

If we introduced the T2 syntax, this would be valid:

a @ b.T2

It makes the intent much clearer. This helps readability even more when
you're
trying to put together something that follows a larger equation while still
broadcasting correctly.

Does this help make the use cases a bit clearer?

Best,

-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Alan Isaac]

On 4/8/2016 5:13 PM, Nathaniel Smith wrote:

he doesn't want 2d matrices, he wants
tools that make it easy to work with stacks of 2d matrices stored in
2-or-more-dimensional arrays.



Like `map`?

Alan Isaac

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 5:11 PM, Charles R Harris 
wrote:

>
>
> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 2:52 PM,  wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 3:55 PM, Charles R Harris <
>> charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>>
>>>
>>> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 12:17 PM, Chris Barker 
>>> wrote:
>>>
 On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 9:59 AM, Charles R Harris <
 charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:

> Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a
> flag to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other,
> and maybe neither.
>

 I don't follow this. wouldn't it ony be an issue for 1D arrays, rather
 than the "last index". Or maybe I'm totally missing the point.

 But anyway, are (N,1) and (1, N) arrays insufficient for representing
 column and row vectors for some reason? If not -- then we have a way to
 express a column or row vector, we just need an easier and more obvious way
 to create them.

 *maybe* we could have actual column and row vector classes -- they
 would BE regular arrays, with (1,N) or (N,1) dimensions, and act the same
 in every way except their __repr__. and we're provide handy factor
 functions for them.

 These were needed to complete the old Matrix class -- which is no
 longer needed now that we have @ (i.e. a 2D array IS a matrix)

>>>
>>> One problem with that approach is that `vrow @ vcol` has dimension 1 x
>>> 1, which is not a scalar.
>>>
>>
>> I think it's not supposed to be a scalar, if @ breaks on scalars
>>
>> `vrow @ vcol @ a
>>
>
> It's supposed to be a scalar and the expression should be written `vrow @
> vcol * a`, although parens are probably desireable for clarity `(vrow @
> vcol) * a`.
>


if a is 1d or twod vcol, and vrow and vcol could also be 2d arrays (not a
single row or col)
this is just a part of a long linear algebra expression

1d dot 1d is different from vrow dot vcol

A dot 1d is different from A dot vcol.

There intentional differences in the linear algebra behavior of 1d versus a
col or row vector. One of those is dropping the extra dimension.
We are using this a lot to switch between 1-d and 2-d cases.

And another great thing about numpy is that often code immediately
generalizes from 1-d to 2d with just some tiny adjustments.

(I haven't played with @ yet)


I worry that making the 1-d arrays suddenly behave ambiguously as weird
1-d/2-d mixture will make code more inconsistent and more difficult to
follow.

shortcuts and variations of atleast_2d sound fine, but not implicitly

Josef




>
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>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Nathaniel Smith]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 2:09 PM, Alan Isaac  wrote:
> On 4/8/2016 4:28 PM, Ian Henriksen wrote:
>>
>> The biggest things to me are having a broadcasting 2D transpose and having
>> some
>> form of transpose that doesn't silently pass 1D arrays through unchanged.
>
>
>
> This comment, like much of this thread, seems to long
> for the matrix class but not want to actually use it.
>
> It seems pretty simple to me: if you want everything
> forced to 2d, always use the matrix class.  If you want
> to use arrays, they work nicely now, and they work
> as expected once you understand what you are
> working with.  (I.e., *not* matrices.)

Note the word "broadcasting" -- he doesn't want 2d matrices, he wants
tools that make it easy to work with stacks of 2d matrices stored in
2-or-more-dimensional arrays.

-n

-- 
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Charles R Harris]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 2:52 PM,  wrote:

>
>
> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 3:55 PM, Charles R Harris <
> charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 12:17 PM, Chris Barker 
>> wrote:
>>
>>> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 9:59 AM, Charles R Harris <
>>> charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
 Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a
 flag to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other,
 and maybe neither.

>>>
>>> I don't follow this. wouldn't it ony be an issue for 1D arrays, rather
>>> than the "last index". Or maybe I'm totally missing the point.
>>>
>>> But anyway, are (N,1) and (1, N) arrays insufficient for representing
>>> column and row vectors for some reason? If not -- then we have a way to
>>> express a column or row vector, we just need an easier and more obvious way
>>> to create them.
>>>
>>> *maybe* we could have actual column and row vector classes -- they would
>>> BE regular arrays, with (1,N) or (N,1) dimensions, and act the same in
>>> every way except their __repr__. and we're provide handy factor functions
>>> for them.
>>>
>>> These were needed to complete the old Matrix class -- which is no longer
>>> needed now that we have @ (i.e. a 2D array IS a matrix)
>>>
>>
>> One problem with that approach is that `vrow @ vcol` has dimension 1 x 1,
>> which is not a scalar.
>>
>
> I think it's not supposed to be a scalar, if @ breaks on scalars
>
> `vrow @ vcol @ a
>

It's supposed to be a scalar and the expression should be written `vrow @
vcol * a`, although parens are probably desireable for clarity `(vrow @
vcol) * a`.

Chuck
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Alan Isaac]

On 4/8/2016 4:28 PM, Ian Henriksen wrote:

The biggest things to me are having a broadcasting 2D transpose and having some
form of transpose that doesn't silently pass 1D arrays through unchanged.



This comment, like much of this thread, seems to long
for the matrix class but not want to actually use it.

It seems pretty simple to me: if you want everything
forced to 2d, always use the matrix class.  If you want
to use arrays, they work nicely now, and they work
as expected once you understand what you are
working with.  (I.e., *not* matrices.)

Btw, numpy.outer(a, b) produces an outer product.
This may be off topic, but it seemed to me that
some of the discussion overlooks this.

I suggest that anyone who thinks numpy is falling
short in this area point out how Mma has addressed
this shortcoming.  Wolfram will never be accused
of a reluctance to add functions when there is a
perceived need ...

Cheers,
Alan Isaac

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 3:55 PM, Charles R Harris 
wrote:

>
>
> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 12:17 PM, Chris Barker 
> wrote:
>
>> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 9:59 AM, Charles R Harris <
>> charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>> Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a
>>> flag to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other,
>>> and maybe neither.
>>>
>>
>> I don't follow this. wouldn't it ony be an issue for 1D arrays, rather
>> than the "last index". Or maybe I'm totally missing the point.
>>
>> But anyway, are (N,1) and (1, N) arrays insufficient for representing
>> column and row vectors for some reason? If not -- then we have a way to
>> express a column or row vector, we just need an easier and more obvious way
>> to create them.
>>
>> *maybe* we could have actual column and row vector classes -- they would
>> BE regular arrays, with (1,N) or (N,1) dimensions, and act the same in
>> every way except their __repr__. and we're provide handy factor functions
>> for them.
>>
>> These were needed to complete the old Matrix class -- which is no longer
>> needed now that we have @ (i.e. a 2D array IS a matrix)
>>
>
> One problem with that approach is that `vrow @ vcol` has dimension 1 x 1,
> which is not a scalar.
>

I think it's not supposed to be a scalar, if @ breaks on scalars

`vrow @ vcol @ a

Josef`



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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 4:04 PM Stéfan van der Walt 
wrote:

> On 7 April 2016 at 11:17, Chris Barker  wrote:
> > np.col_vector(arr)
> >
> > which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))
> >
> > would that make anyone happy?
>
> I'm curious to see use cases where this doesn't solve the problem.
>
> The most common operations that I run into:
>
> colvec = lambda x: np.c_[x]
>
> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
> A = np.arange(9).reshape((3, 3))
>
>
> 1) x @ x   (equivalent to x @ colvec(x))
> 2) A @ x  (equivalent to A @ colvec(x), apart from the shape)
> 3) x @ A
> 4) x @ colvec(x)  -- gives an error, but perhaps this should work and
> be equivalent to np.dot(colvec(x), rowvec(x)) ?
>
> If (4) were changed, 1D arrays would mostly* be interpreted as row
> vectors, and there would be no need for a rowvec function.  And we
> already do that kind of magic for (2).
>
> Stéfan
>
> * not for special case (1)
>
>
Thinking this over a bit more, I think a broadcasting transpose that errors
out on
arrays that are less than 2D would cover the use cases of which I'm aware.
The
biggest things to me are having a broadcasting 2D transpose and having some
form of transpose that doesn't silently pass 1D arrays through unchanged.

Adding properties like colvec and rowvec has less bearing on the use cases
I'm
aware of, but they both provide nice syntax sugar for common reshape
operations.
It seems like it would cover all the needed cases for simplifying
expressions
involving matrix multiplication. It's not totally clear what the semantics
should be
for higher dimensional arrays or 2D arrays that already have a shape
incompatible
with the one desired.

Best,
-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Charles R Harris]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 12:17 PM, Chris Barker  wrote:

> On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 9:59 AM, Charles R Harris <
> charlesr.har...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a
>> flag to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other,
>> and maybe neither.
>>
>
> I don't follow this. wouldn't it ony be an issue for 1D arrays, rather
> than the "last index". Or maybe I'm totally missing the point.
>
> But anyway, are (N,1) and (1, N) arrays insufficient for representing
> column and row vectors for some reason? If not -- then we have a way to
> express a column or row vector, we just need an easier and more obvious way
> to create them.
>
> *maybe* we could have actual column and row vector classes -- they would
> BE regular arrays, with (1,N) or (N,1) dimensions, and act the same in
> every way except their __repr__. and we're provide handy factor functions
> for them.
>
> These were needed to complete the old Matrix class -- which is no longer
> needed now that we have @ (i.e. a 2D array IS a matrix)
>

One problem with that approach is that `vrow @ vcol` has dimension 1 x 1,
which is not a scalar.

Chuck
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Fri, Apr 8, 2016 at 9:59 AM, Charles R Harris 
wrote:

> Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a
> flag to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other,
> and maybe neither.
>

I don't follow this. wouldn't it ony be an issue for 1D arrays, rather than
the "last index". Or maybe I'm totally missing the point.

But anyway, are (N,1) and (1, N) arrays insufficient for representing
column and row vectors for some reason? If not -- then we have a way to
express a column or row vector, we just need an easier and more obvious way
to create them.

*maybe* we could have actual column and row vector classes -- they would BE
regular arrays, with (1,N) or (N,1) dimensions, and act the same in every
way except their __repr__. and we're provide handy factor functions for
them.

These were needed to complete the old Matrix class -- which is no longer
needed now that we have @ (i.e. a 2D array IS a matrix)

Note: this is not very well thought out!

-CHB


-- 

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Oceanographer

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Stéfan van der Walt]

On 7 April 2016 at 15:03, Stéfan van der Walt  wrote:
> 4) x @ colvec(x)  -- gives an error, but perhaps this should work and
> be equivalent to np.dot(colvec(x), rowvec(x)) ?

Sorry, that should have been

4) colvec(x) @ x

Stéfan
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Charles R Harris]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 4:03 PM, Stéfan van der Walt 
wrote:

> On 7 April 2016 at 11:17, Chris Barker  wrote:
> > np.col_vector(arr)
> >
> > which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))
> >
> > would that make anyone happy?
>
> I'm curious to see use cases where this doesn't solve the problem.
>
> The most common operations that I run into:
>
> colvec = lambda x: np.c_[x]
>
> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
> A = np.arange(9).reshape((3, 3))
>
>
> 1) x @ x   (equivalent to x @ colvec(x))
> 2) A @ x  (equivalent to A @ colvec(x), apart from the shape)
> 3) x @ A
> 4) x @ colvec(x)  -- gives an error, but perhaps this should work and
> be equivalent to np.dot(colvec(x), rowvec(x)) ?
>
> If (4) were changed, 1D arrays would mostly* be interpreted as row
> vectors, and there would be no need for a rowvec function.  And we
> already do that kind of magic for (2).
>

Apropos column/row vectors, I've toyed a bit with the idea of adding a flag
to numpy arrays to indicate that the last index is one or the other, and
maybe neither.

Chuck
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Stéfan van der Walt]

On 7 April 2016 at 11:17, Chris Barker  wrote:
> np.col_vector(arr)
>
> which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))
>
> would that make anyone happy?

I'm curious to see use cases where this doesn't solve the problem.

The most common operations that I run into:

colvec = lambda x: np.c_[x]

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
A = np.arange(9).reshape((3, 3))


1) x @ x   (equivalent to x @ colvec(x))
2) A @ x  (equivalent to A @ colvec(x), apart from the shape)
3) x @ A
4) x @ colvec(x)  -- gives an error, but perhaps this should work and
be equivalent to np.dot(colvec(x), rowvec(x)) ?

If (4) were changed, 1D arrays would mostly* be interpreted as row
vectors, and there would be no need for a rowvec function.  And we
already do that kind of magic for (2).

Stéfan

* not for special case (1)
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:31 AM,  wrote:

> maybe a warning?
>>
>
> AFAIR, there is a lot of code that works correctly with .T being a noop
> for 1D
> e.g. covariance matrix/inner product x.T dot y as mentioned before.
>

oh well, then no warning, either.


> write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test error
> shows up fast.
>

Guido wrote a note to python-ideas about the conflict between the use cases
of "scripting" and "large system development" -- he urged both camps, to
respect and listen to each other.

I think this is very much a "scripters" issue -- so no unit tests, etc

For my part, I STILL have to kick myself once in a while for using square
arrays in testing/exploration!

-CHB


-- 

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Nathaniel Smith]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 10:00 AM, Ian Henriksen
 wrote:
>
> Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.
>
> A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
> b =  np.random.rand(10)
> A * b.T
>
> In this case the user pretty clearly meant to be broadcasting along the rows
> of A
> rather than along the columns, but the code fails silently. When an issue
> like this
> gets mixed into a larger series of broadcasting operations, the error
> becomes
> difficult to find.

I feel like this is an argument for named axes, and broadcasting rules
that respect those names, as in xarray? There's been some speculative
discussion about adding something along these lines to numpy, though
nothing that's even reached the half-baked stage.

-n

-- 
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 4:07 PM, Ian Henriksen <
insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:53 PM  wrote:
>
>> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 3:26 PM, Ian Henriksen <
>> insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 12:31 PM  wrote:
>>>
 write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test
 error shows up fast.

 Josef


>>> Absolutely, but good programming practices don't totally obviate helpful
>>> error
>>> messages.
>>>
>>
>> The current behavior is perfectly well defined, and I don't want a lot of
>> warnings showing up because .T works suddenly only for ndim != 1.
>> I make lots of mistakes during programming. But shape mismatch are
>> usually very fast to catch.
>>
>> If you want safe programming, then force everyone to use only 2-D like in
>> matlab. It would have prevented me from making many mistakes.
>>
>> >>> np.array(1).T
>> array(1)
>>
>> another noop. Why doesn't it convert it to 2d?
>>
>> Josef
>>
>>
> I think we've misunderstood each other. Sorry if I was unclear. As I've
> understood the discussion thus far, "raising an error" refers to raising
> an error when
> a 1D array is passed used with the syntax a.T2 (for swapping the last two
> dimensions?). As far as whether or not a.T should raise an error for 1D
> arrays, that
> ship has definitely already sailed. I'm making the case that there's value
> in having
> an abbreviated syntax that helps prevent errors from accidentally using a
> 1D array,
> not that we should change the existing semantics.
>

Sorry, I misunderstood.

I'm not sure which case CHB initially meant.

Josef



>
> Cheers,
>
> -Ian
>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:53 PM  wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 3:26 PM, Ian Henriksen <
> insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 12:31 PM  wrote:
>>
>>> write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test
>>> error shows up fast.
>>>
>>> Josef
>>>
>>>
>> Absolutely, but good programming practices don't totally obviate helpful
>> error
>> messages.
>>
>
> The current behavior is perfectly well defined, and I don't want a lot of
> warnings showing up because .T works suddenly only for ndim != 1.
> I make lots of mistakes during programming. But shape mismatch are usually
> very fast to catch.
>
> If you want safe programming, then force everyone to use only 2-D like in
> matlab. It would have prevented me from making many mistakes.
>
> >>> np.array(1).T
> array(1)
>
> another noop. Why doesn't it convert it to 2d?
>
> Josef
>
>
I think we've misunderstood each other. Sorry if I was unclear. As I've
understood the discussion thus far, "raising an error" refers to raising an
error when
a 1D array is passed used with the syntax a.T2 (for swapping the last two
dimensions?). As far as whether or not a.T should raise an error for 1D
arrays, that
ship has definitely already sailed. I'm making the case that there's value
in having
an abbreviated syntax that helps prevent errors from accidentally using a
1D array,
not that we should change the existing semantics.

Cheers,

-Ian
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 3:26 PM, Ian Henriksen <
insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 12:31 PM  wrote:
>
>> write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test error
>> shows up fast.
>>
>> Josef
>>
>>
> Absolutely, but good programming practices don't totally obviate helpful
> error
> messages.
>

The current behavior is perfectly well defined, and I don't want a lot of
warnings showing up because .T works suddenly only for ndim != 1.
I make lots of mistakes during programming. But shape mismatch are usually
very fast to catch.

If you want safe programming, then force everyone to use only 2-D like in
matlab. It would have prevented me from making many mistakes.

>>> np.array(1).T
array(1)

another noop. Why doesn't it convert it to 2d?

Josef




>
> Best,
> -Ian
>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 12:31 PM  wrote:

> write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test error
> shows up fast.
>
> Josef
>
>
Absolutely, but good programming practices don't totally obviate helpful
error
messages.

Best,
-Ian
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 12:18 PM Chris Barker  wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 10:00 AM, Ian Henriksen <
> insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.
>>
>> A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
>> b =  np.random.rand(10)
>> A * b.T
>>
>
> typo? that was supposed to be
>
> b =  np.random.rand(100). yes?
>

Hahaha, thanks, yes, in describing a common typo I demonstrated another
one. At
least this one doesn't fail silently.


>
> This is exactly what someone else referred to as the expectations of
> someone that comes from MATLAB, and doesn't yet "get" that 1D arrays are 1D
> arrays.
>
> All of this is EXACTLY the motivation for the matric class -- which never
> took off, and was never complete (it needed a row and column vector
> implementation, if you ask me. But Ithikn the reason it didn't take off is
> that it really isn't that useful, but is different enough from regular
> arrays to be a greater source of confusion. And it was decided that all
> people REALLY wanted was an obviou sway to get matric multiply, which we
> now have with @.
>

Most of the cases I've seen this error have come from people unfamiliar with
matlab who, like I said, weren't tracking dimensions quite as carefully as
they
should have. That said, it's just anecdotal evidence. I wouldn't be at all
surprised if
this were an issue for matlab users as well.

As far as the matrix class goes, we really shouldn't be telling anyone to
use that
anymore.


>
> So this discussion brings up that we also need an easy an obvious way to
> make a column vector --
>
> maybe:
>
> np.col_vector(arr)
>
> which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))
>
> would that make anyone happy?
>
> NOTE: having transposing a 1D array raise an exception would help remove a
> lot  of the confusion, but it may be too late for that
>

>
> In this case the user pretty clearly meant to be broadcasting along the
>> rows of A
>> rather than along the columns, but the code fails silently.
>>
>
> hence the exception idea
>
>
Yep. An exception may be the best way forward here. My biggest objection is
that
the current semantics make it easy for people to silently get unintended
behavior.


> maybe a warning?
>
> -CHB
>
>
-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Irvin Probst]

On Thu, 7 Apr 2016 14:31:17 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:

So this discussion brings up that we also need an easy an obvious
way to make a column vector -- 

maybe:

np.col_vector(arr)



FWIW I would give a +1e42 to something like np.colvect and np.rowvect 
(or whatever variant of these names). This is human readable and does 
not break anything, it's just an explicit shortcut to 
reshape/atleast_2d/etc.


Regards.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 2:17 PM, Chris Barker  wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 10:00 AM, Ian Henriksen <
> insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.
>>
>> A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
>> b =  np.random.rand(10)
>> A * b.T
>>
>
> typo? that was supposed to be
>
> b =  np.random.rand(100). yes?
>
> This is exactly what someone else referred to as the expectations of
> someone that comes from MATLAB, and doesn't yet "get" that 1D arrays are 1D
> arrays.
>
> All of this is EXACTLY the motivation for the matric class -- which never
> took off, and was never complete (it needed a row and column vector
> implementation, if you ask me. But Ithikn the reason it didn't take off is
> that it really isn't that useful, but is different enough from regular
> arrays to be a greater source of confusion. And it was decided that all
> people REALLY wanted was an obviou sway to get matric multiply, which we
> now have with @.
>
> So this discussion brings up that we also need an easy an obvious way to
> make a column vector --
>
> maybe:
>
> np.col_vector(arr)
>
> which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))
>
> would that make anyone happy?
>
> NOTE: having transposing a 1D array raise an exception would help remove a
> lot  of the confusion, but it may be too late for that
>
>
> In this case the user pretty clearly meant to be broadcasting along the
>> rows of A
>> rather than along the columns, but the code fails silently.
>>
>
> hence the exception idea
>
> maybe a warning?
>

AFAIR, there is a lot of code that works correctly with .T being a noop for
1D
e.g. covariance matrix/inner product x.T dot y as mentioned before.

write unit tests with non square 2d arrays and the exception / test error
shows up fast.

Josef



>
> -CHB
>
>
> --
>
> Christopher Barker, Ph.D.
> Oceanographer
>
> Emergency Response Division
> NOAA/NOS/OR(206) 526-6959   voice
> 7600 Sand Point Way NE   (206) 526-6329   fax
> Seattle, WA  98115   (206) 526-6317   main reception
>
> chris.bar...@noaa.gov
>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Matthew Brett]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:17 AM, Chris Barker  wrote:
> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 10:00 AM, Ian Henriksen
>  wrote:
>>
>> Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.
>>
>> A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
>> b =  np.random.rand(10)
>> A * b.T
>
>
> typo? that was supposed to be
>
> b =  np.random.rand(100). yes?
>
> This is exactly what someone else referred to as the expectations of someone
> that comes from MATLAB, and doesn't yet "get" that 1D arrays are 1D arrays.
>
> All of this is EXACTLY the motivation for the matric class -- which never
> took off, and was never complete (it needed a row and column vector
> implementation, if you ask me. But Ithikn the reason it didn't take off is
> that it really isn't that useful, but is different enough from regular
> arrays to be a greater source of confusion. And it was decided that all
> people REALLY wanted was an obviou sway to get matric multiply, which we now
> have with @.
>
> So this discussion brings up that we also need an easy an obvious way to
> make a column vector --
>
> maybe:
>
> np.col_vector(arr)
>
> which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))

Yes, I was going to suggest `colvec` and `rowvec`.

Matthew
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 10:00 AM, Ian Henriksen <
insertinterestingnameh...@gmail.com> wrote:

> Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.
>
> A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
> b =  np.random.rand(10)
> A * b.T
>

typo? that was supposed to be

b =  np.random.rand(100). yes?

This is exactly what someone else referred to as the expectations of
someone that comes from MATLAB, and doesn't yet "get" that 1D arrays are 1D
arrays.

All of this is EXACTLY the motivation for the matric class -- which never
took off, and was never complete (it needed a row and column vector
implementation, if you ask me. But Ithikn the reason it didn't take off is
that it really isn't that useful, but is different enough from regular
arrays to be a greater source of confusion. And it was decided that all
people REALLY wanted was an obviou sway to get matric multiply, which we
now have with @.

So this discussion brings up that we also need an easy an obvious way to
make a column vector --

maybe:

np.col_vector(arr)

which would be a synonym for np.reshape(arr, (-1,1))

would that make anyone happy?

NOTE: having transposing a 1D array raise an exception would help remove a
lot  of the confusion, but it may be too late for that


In this case the user pretty clearly meant to be broadcasting along the
> rows of A
> rather than along the columns, but the code fails silently.
>

hence the exception idea

maybe a warning?

-CHB


-- 

Christopher Barker, Ph.D.
Oceanographer

Emergency Response Division
NOAA/NOS/OR(206) 526-6959   voice
7600 Sand Point Way NE   (206) 526-6329   fax
Seattle, WA  98115   (206) 526-6317   main reception

chris.bar...@noaa.gov
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:35 PM, Sebastian Berg 
wrote:

> On Do, 2016-04-07 at 13:29 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> >
> >
> > On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:20 PM, Sebastian Berg <
> > sebast...@sipsolutions.net> wrote:
> > > On Do, 2016-04-07 at 11:56 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > > 
> > >
> > > >
> > > > I don't think numpy treats 1d arrays as row vectors. numpy has C
> > > > -order for axis preference which coincides in many cases with row
> > > > vector behavior.
> > > >
> > >
> > > Well, broadcasting rules, are that (n,) should typically behave
> > > similar
> > > to (1, n). However, for dot/matmul and @ the rules are stretched to
> > > mean "the one dimensional thing that gives an inner product" (using
> > > matmul since my python has no @ yet):
> > >
> > > In [12]: a = np.arange(20)
> > > In [13]: b = np.arange(20)
> > >
> > > In [14]: np.matmul(a, b)
> > > Out[14]: 2470
> > >
> > > In [15]: np.matmul(a, b[:, None])
> > > Out[15]: array([2470])
> > >
> > > In [16]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b)
> > > Out[16]: array([2470])
> > >
> > > In [17]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b[:, None])
> > > Out[17]: array([[2470]])
> > >
> > > which indeed gives us a fun thing, because if you look at the last
> > > line, the outer product equivalent would be:
> > >
> > > outer = np.matmul(a[None, :].T, b[:, None].T)
> > >
> > > Now if I go back to the earlier example:
> > >
> > > a.T @ b
> > >
> > > Does not achieve the outer product at all with using T2, since
> > >
> > > a.T2 @ b.T2  # only correct for a, but not for b
> > > a.T2 @ b  # b attempts to be "inner", so does not work
> > >
> > > It almost seems to me that the example is a counter example,
> > > because on
> > > first sight the `T2` attribute would still leave you with no
> > > shorthand
> > > for `b`.
> > a.T2 @ b.T2.T
> >
>
> Actually, better would be:
>
>   a.T2 @ b.T2.T2  # Aha?
>
> And true enough, that works, but is it still reasonably easy to find
> and understand?
> Or is it just frickeling around, the same as you would try `a[:, None]`
> before finding `a[None, :]`, maybe worse?
>

I had thought about it earlier, but its "too cute" for my taste (and I
think I would complain during code review when I see this.)

Josef



>
> - Sebastian
>
> >
> > (T2 as shortcut for creating a[:, None] that's neat, except if a is
> > already 2D)
> >
> > Josef
> >
> > >
> > > I understand the pain of having to write (and parse get into the
> > > depth
> > > of) things like `arr[:, np.newaxis]` or reshape. I also understand
> > > the
> > > idea of a shorthand for vectorized matrix operations. That is, an
> > > argument for a T2 attribute which errors on 1D arrays (not sure I
> > > like
> > > it, but that is a different issue).
> > >
> > > However, it seems that implicit adding of an axis which only works
> > > half
> > > the time does not help too much? I have to admit I don't write
> > > these
> > > things too much, but I wonder if it would not help more if we just
> > > provided some better information/link to longer examples in the
> > > "dimension mismatch" error message?
> > >
> > > In the end it is quite simple, as Nathaniel, I think I would like
> > > to
> > > see some example code, where the code obviously looks easier then
> > > before? With the `@` operator that was the case, with the
> > > "dimension
> > > adding logic" I am not so sure, plus it seems it may add other
> > > pitfalls.
> > >
> > > - Sebastian
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > > >>> np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > > > Traceback (most recent call last):
> > > >   File "", line 1, in 
> > > > np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > > > ValueError: arrays must have same number of dimensions
> > > >
> > > > It's not an uncommon exception for me.
> > > >
> > > > Josef
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > ___
> > > > > NumPy-Discussion mailing list
> > > > > NumPy-Discussion@scipy.org
> > > > > https://mail.scipy.org/mailman/listinfo/numpy-discussion
> > > > >
> > > > ___
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> > >
> > > ___
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> > >
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Sebastian Berg]

On Do, 2016-04-07 at 13:29 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> 
> 
> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:20 PM, Sebastian Berg <
> sebast...@sipsolutions.net> wrote:
> > On Do, 2016-04-07 at 11:56 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> > >
> > >
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > >
> > > I don't think numpy treats 1d arrays as row vectors. numpy has C
> > > -order for axis preference which coincides in many cases with row
> > > vector behavior.
> > >
> > 
> > Well, broadcasting rules, are that (n,) should typically behave
> > similar
> > to (1, n). However, for dot/matmul and @ the rules are stretched to
> > mean "the one dimensional thing that gives an inner product" (using
> > matmul since my python has no @ yet):
> > 
> > In [12]: a = np.arange(20)
> > In [13]: b = np.arange(20)
> > 
> > In [14]: np.matmul(a, b)
> > Out[14]: 2470
> > 
> > In [15]: np.matmul(a, b[:, None])
> > Out[15]: array([2470])
> > 
> > In [16]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b)
> > Out[16]: array([2470])
> > 
> > In [17]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b[:, None])
> > Out[17]: array([[2470]])
> > 
> > which indeed gives us a fun thing, because if you look at the last
> > line, the outer product equivalent would be:
> > 
> > outer = np.matmul(a[None, :].T, b[:, None].T)
> > 
> > Now if I go back to the earlier example:
> > 
> > a.T @ b
> > 
> > Does not achieve the outer product at all with using T2, since
> > 
> > a.T2 @ b.T2  # only correct for a, but not for b
> > a.T2 @ b  # b attempts to be "inner", so does not work
> >  
> > It almost seems to me that the example is a counter example,
> > because on
> > first sight the `T2` attribute would still leave you with no
> > shorthand
> > for `b`.
> a.T2 @ b.T2.T
> 

Actually, better would be:

  a.T2 @ b.T2.T2  # Aha?

And true enough, that works, but is it still reasonably easy to find
and understand?
Or is it just frickeling around, the same as you would try `a[:, None]`
before finding `a[None, :]`, maybe worse?

- Sebastian

> 
> (T2 as shortcut for creating a[:, None] that's neat, except if a is
> already 2D)
> 
> Josef
>  
> >  
> > I understand the pain of having to write (and parse get into the
> > depth
> > of) things like `arr[:, np.newaxis]` or reshape. I also understand
> > the
> > idea of a shorthand for vectorized matrix operations. That is, an
> > argument for a T2 attribute which errors on 1D arrays (not sure I
> > like
> > it, but that is a different issue).
> > 
> > However, it seems that implicit adding of an axis which only works
> > half
> > the time does not help too much? I have to admit I don't write
> > these
> > things too much, but I wonder if it would not help more if we just
> > provided some better information/link to longer examples in the
> > "dimension mismatch" error message?
> > 
> > In the end it is quite simple, as Nathaniel, I think I would like
> > to
> > see some example code, where the code obviously looks easier then
> > before? With the `@` operator that was the case, with the
> > "dimension
> > adding logic" I am not so sure, plus it seems it may add other
> > pitfalls.
> > 
> > - Sebastian
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > > >>> np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > > Traceback (most recent call last):
> > >   File "", line 1, in 
> > > np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > > ValueError: arrays must have same number of dimensions
> > >
> > > It's not an uncommon exception for me.
> > >
> > > Josef
> > >
> > > >
> > > > ___
> > > > NumPy-Discussion mailing list
> > > > NumPy-Discussion@scipy.org
> > > > https://mail.scipy.org/mailman/listinfo/numpy-discussion
> > > >
> > > ___
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> > 
> > ___
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> > 
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 1:20 PM, Sebastian Berg 
wrote:

> On Do, 2016-04-07 at 11:56 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> >
> >
>
> 
>
> >
> > I don't think numpy treats 1d arrays as row vectors. numpy has C
> > -order for axis preference which coincides in many cases with row
> > vector behavior.
> >
>
> Well, broadcasting rules, are that (n,) should typically behave similar
> to (1, n). However, for dot/matmul and @ the rules are stretched to
> mean "the one dimensional thing that gives an inner product" (using
> matmul since my python has no @ yet):
>
> In [12]: a = np.arange(20)
> In [13]: b = np.arange(20)
>
> In [14]: np.matmul(a, b)
> Out[14]: 2470
>
> In [15]: np.matmul(a, b[:, None])
> Out[15]: array([2470])
>
> In [16]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b)
> Out[16]: array([2470])
>
> In [17]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b[:, None])
> Out[17]: array([[2470]])
>
> which indeed gives us a fun thing, because if you look at the last
> line, the outer product equivalent would be:
>
> outer = np.matmul(a[None, :].T, b[:, None].T)
>
> Now if I go back to the earlier example:
>
> a.T @ b
>
> Does not achieve the outer product at all with using T2, since
>
> a.T2 @ b.T2  # only correct for a, but not for b
> a.T2 @ b  # b attempts to be "inner", so does not work
>


> It almost seems to me that the example is a counter example, because on
> first sight the `T2` attribute would still leave you with no shorthand
> for `b`.
>

a.T2 @ b.T2.T


(T2 as shortcut for creating a[:, None] that's neat, except if a is already
2D)

Josef


>
> I understand the pain of having to write (and parse get into the depth
> of) things like `arr[:, np.newaxis]` or reshape. I also understand the
> idea of a shorthand for vectorized matrix operations. That is, an
> argument for a T2 attribute which errors on 1D arrays (not sure I like
> it, but that is a different issue).
>
> However, it seems that implicit adding of an axis which only works half
> the time does not help too much? I have to admit I don't write these
> things too much, but I wonder if it would not help more if we just
> provided some better information/link to longer examples in the
> "dimension mismatch" error message?
>
> In the end it is quite simple, as Nathaniel, I think I would like to
> see some example code, where the code obviously looks easier then
> before? With the `@` operator that was the case, with the "dimension
> adding logic" I am not so sure, plus it seems it may add other
> pitfalls.
>
> - Sebastian
>
>
>
>
> > >>> np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > Traceback (most recent call last):
> >   File "", line 1, in 
> > np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> > ValueError: arrays must have same number of dimensions
> >
> > It's not an uncommon exception for me.
> >
> > Josef
> >
> > >
> > > ___
> > > NumPy-Discussion mailing list
> > > NumPy-Discussion@scipy.org
> > > https://mail.scipy.org/mailman/listinfo/numpy-discussion
> > >
> > ___
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Sebastian Berg]

On Do, 2016-04-07 at 11:56 -0400, josef.p...@gmail.com wrote:
> 
> 



> 
> I don't think numpy treats 1d arrays as row vectors. numpy has C
> -order for axis preference which coincides in many cases with row
> vector behavior.
> 

Well, broadcasting rules, are that (n,) should typically behave similar
to (1, n). However, for dot/matmul and @ the rules are stretched to
mean "the one dimensional thing that gives an inner product" (using
matmul since my python has no @ yet):

In [12]: a = np.arange(20)
In [13]: b = np.arange(20)

In [14]: np.matmul(a, b)
Out[14]: 2470

In [15]: np.matmul(a, b[:, None])
Out[15]: array([2470])

In [16]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b)
Out[16]: array([2470])

In [17]: np.matmul(a[None, :], b[:, None])
Out[17]: array([[2470]])

which indeed gives us a fun thing, because if you look at the last
line, the outer product equivalent would be:

outer = np.matmul(a[None, :].T, b[:, None].T)

Now if I go back to the earlier example:

a.T @ b

Does not achieve the outer product at all with using T2, since

a.T2 @ b.T2  # only correct for a, but not for b
a.T2 @ b  # b attempts to be "inner", so does not work

It almost seems to me that the example is a counter example, because on
first sight the `T2` attribute would still leave you with no shorthand
for `b`.

I understand the pain of having to write (and parse get into the depth
of) things like `arr[:, np.newaxis]` or reshape. I also understand the
idea of a shorthand for vectorized matrix operations. That is, an
argument for a T2 attribute which errors on 1D arrays (not sure I like
it, but that is a different issue).

However, it seems that implicit adding of an axis which only works half
the time does not help too much? I have to admit I don't write these
things too much, but I wonder if it would not help more if we just
provided some better information/link to longer examples in the
"dimension mismatch" error message?

In the end it is quite simple, as Nathaniel, I think I would like to
see some example code, where the code obviously looks easier then
before? With the `@` operator that was the case, with the "dimension
adding logic" I am not so sure, plus it seems it may add other
pitfalls.

- Sebastian




> >>> np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> Traceback (most recent call last):
>   File "", line 1, in 
> np.concatenate(([[1,2,3]], [4,5,6]))
> ValueError: arrays must have same number of dimensions
> 
> It's not an uncommon exception for me.
> 
> Josef
> 
> >
> > ___
> > NumPy-Discussion mailing list
> > NumPy-Discussion@scipy.org
> > https://mail.scipy.org/mailman/listinfo/numpy-discussion
> >
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 8:13 AM, Todd  wrote:

> First you need to turn a into a 2D array.  I can think of 10 ways to do
> this off the top of my head, and there may be more:
>
> snip

Basically, my argument here is the same as the argument from pep465 for the
> inclusion of the @ operator:
>
> https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/#transparent-syntax-is-especially-crucial-for-non-expert-programmers
>
> I think is this all a good argument for a clean and obvious way to make a
column vector, but I don't think overloading transpose is the way to do
that.

-CHB


-- 

Christopher Barker, Ph.D.
Oceanographer

Emergency Response Division
NOAA/NOS/OR(206) 526-6959   voice
7600 Sand Point Way NE   (206) 526-6329   fax
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 3:21 PM Nathaniel Smith  wrote:

> Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
> confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
> this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
> for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
> cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
> example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.
>
> -n
>

Here's another example that I've seen catch people now and again.

A = np.random.rand(100, 100)
b =  np.random.rand(10)
A * b.T

In this case the user pretty clearly meant to be broadcasting along the
rows of A
rather than along the columns, but the code fails silently. When an issue
like this
gets mixed into a larger series of broadcasting operations, the error
becomes
difficult to find. This error isn't necessarily unique to beginners either.
It's a
common typo that catches intermediate users who know about broadcasting
semantics but weren't keeping close enough track of the dimensionality of
the
different intermediate expressions in their code.

Best,

-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:42 AM, Todd  wrote:
> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:35 AM,  wrote:
>>
>> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:13 AM, Todd  wrote:
>> > On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 5:20 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:
>> >>
>> >> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:43 AM, Todd  wrote:
>> >> >
>> >> > My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.
>> >> > With
>> >> > the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear
>> >> > algebra
>> >> > on
>> >> > arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into
a
>> >> > state
>> >> > where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty
>> >> > verbose
>> >> > and
>> >> > confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more
>> >> > useful.
>> >>
>> >> Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
>> >> confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
>> >> this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
>> >> for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
>> >> cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
>> >> example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.
>> >>
>> >
>> > Let's say you want to do a simple matrix multiplication example.  You
>> > create
>> > two example arrays like so:
>> >
>> >a = np.arange(20)
>> >b = np.arange(10, 50, 10)
>> >
>> > Now you want to do
>> >
>> > a.T @ b
>> >
>> > First you need to turn a into a 2D array.  I can think of 10 ways to do
>> > this
>> > off the top of my head, and there may be more:
>> >
>> > 1a) a[:, None]
>> > 1b) a[None]
>> > 1c) a[None, :]
>> > 2a) a.shape = (1, -1)
>> > 2b) a.shape = (-1, 1)
>> > 3a) a.reshape(1, -1)
>> > 3b) a.reshape(-1, 1)
>> > 4a) np.reshape(a, (1, -1))
>> > 4b) np.reshape(a, (-1, 1))
>> > 5) np.atleast_2d(a)
>> >
>> > 5 is pretty clear, and will work fine with any number of dimensions,
but
>> > is
>> > also long to type out when trying to do a simple example.  The
different
>> > variants of 1, 2, 3, and 4, however, will only work with 1D arrays
>> > (making
>> > them less useful for functions), are not immediately obvious to me what
>> > the
>> > result will be (I always need to try it to make sure the result is what
>> > I
>> > expect), and are easy to get mixed up in my opinion.  They also require
>> > people keep a mental list of lots of ways to do what should be a very
>> > simple
>> > task.
>> >
>> > Basically, my argument here is the same as the argument from pep465 for
>> > the
>> > inclusion of the @ operator:
>> >
>> >
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/#transparent-syntax-is-especially-crucial-for-non-expert-programmers
>> >
>> > "A large proportion of scientific code is written by people who are
>> > experts
>> > in their domain, but are not experts in programming. And there are many
>> > university courses run each year with titles like "Data analysis for
>> > social
>> > scientists" which assume no programming background, and teach some
>> > combination of mathematical techniques, introduction to programming,
and
>> > the
>> > use of programming to implement these mathematical techniques, all
>> > within a
>> > 10-15 week period. These courses are more and more often being taught
in
>> > Python rather than special-purpose languages like R or Matlab.
>> >
>> > For these kinds of users, whose programming knowledge is fragile, the
>> > existence of a transparent mapping between formulas and code often
means
>> > the
>> > difference between succeeding and failing to write that code at all."
>>
>> This doesn't work because of the ambiguity between column and row vector.
>>
>> In most cases 1d vectors in statistics/econometrics are column
>> vectors. Sometime it takes me a long time to figure out whether an
>> author uses row or column vector for transpose.
>>
>> i.e. I often need x.T dot y   which works for 1d and 2d to produce
>> inner product.
>> but the outer product would require most of the time a column vector
>> so it's defined as x dot x.T.
>>
>> I think keeping around explicitly 2d arrays if necessary is less error
>> prone and confusing.
>>
>> But I wouldn't mind a shortcut for atleast_2d   (although more often I
>> need atleast_2dcol to translate formulas)
>>
>
> At least from what I have seen, in all cases in numpy where a 1D array is
> treated as a 2D array, it is always treated as a row vector, the examples
I
> can think of being atleast_2d, hstack, vstack, and dstack. So using this
> convention would be in line with how it is used elsewhere in numpy.

AFAIK, linear algebra works differently, 1-D is special

>>> xx = np.arange(20).reshape(4,5)
>>> yy = np.arange(4)
>>> xx.dot(yy)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
xx.dot(yy)
ValueError: objects are not aligned

>>> yy = np.arange(5)
>>> xx.dot(yy)
array([ 30,  

Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:35 AM,  wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:13 AM, Todd  wrote:
> > On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 5:20 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:
> >>
> >> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:43 AM, Todd  wrote:
> >> >
> >> > My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.
> >> > With
> >> > the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear
> algebra
> >> > on
> >> > arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into a
> >> > state
> >> > where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty
> verbose
> >> > and
> >> > confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more
> >> > useful.
> >>
> >> Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
> >> confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
> >> this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
> >> for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
> >> cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
> >> example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.
> >>
> >
> > Let's say you want to do a simple matrix multiplication example.  You
> create
> > two example arrays like so:
> >
> >a = np.arange(20)
> >b = np.arange(10, 50, 10)
> >
> > Now you want to do
> >
> > a.T @ b
> >
> > First you need to turn a into a 2D array.  I can think of 10 ways to do
> this
> > off the top of my head, and there may be more:
> >
> > 1a) a[:, None]
> > 1b) a[None]
> > 1c) a[None, :]
> > 2a) a.shape = (1, -1)
> > 2b) a.shape = (-1, 1)
> > 3a) a.reshape(1, -1)
> > 3b) a.reshape(-1, 1)
> > 4a) np.reshape(a, (1, -1))
> > 4b) np.reshape(a, (-1, 1))
> > 5) np.atleast_2d(a)
> >
> > 5 is pretty clear, and will work fine with any number of dimensions, but
> is
> > also long to type out when trying to do a simple example.  The different
> > variants of 1, 2, 3, and 4, however, will only work with 1D arrays
> (making
> > them less useful for functions), are not immediately obvious to me what
> the
> > result will be (I always need to try it to make sure the result is what I
> > expect), and are easy to get mixed up in my opinion.  They also require
> > people keep a mental list of lots of ways to do what should be a very
> simple
> > task.
> >
> > Basically, my argument here is the same as the argument from pep465 for
> the
> > inclusion of the @ operator:
> >
> https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/#transparent-syntax-is-especially-crucial-for-non-expert-programmers
> >
> > "A large proportion of scientific code is written by people who are
> experts
> > in their domain, but are not experts in programming. And there are many
> > university courses run each year with titles like "Data analysis for
> social
> > scientists" which assume no programming background, and teach some
> > combination of mathematical techniques, introduction to programming, and
> the
> > use of programming to implement these mathematical techniques, all
> within a
> > 10-15 week period. These courses are more and more often being taught in
> > Python rather than special-purpose languages like R or Matlab.
> >
> > For these kinds of users, whose programming knowledge is fragile, the
> > existence of a transparent mapping between formulas and code often means
> the
> > difference between succeeding and failing to write that code at all."
>
> This doesn't work because of the ambiguity between column and row vector.
>
> In most cases 1d vectors in statistics/econometrics are column
> vectors. Sometime it takes me a long time to figure out whether an
> author uses row or column vector for transpose.
>
> i.e. I often need x.T dot y   which works for 1d and 2d to produce
> inner product.
> but the outer product would require most of the time a column vector
> so it's defined as x dot x.T.
>
> I think keeping around explicitly 2d arrays if necessary is less error
> prone and confusing.
>
> But I wouldn't mind a shortcut for atleast_2d   (although more often I
> need atleast_2dcol to translate formulas)
>
>
At least from what I have seen, in all cases in numpy where a 1D array is
treated as a 2D array, it is always treated as a row vector, the examples I
can think of being atleast_2d, hstack, vstack, and dstack. So using this
convention would be in line with how it is used elsewhere in numpy.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[josef.pktd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 11:13 AM, Todd  wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 5:20 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:
>>
>> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:43 AM, Todd  wrote:
>> >
>> > My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.
>> > With
>> > the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear algebra
>> > on
>> > arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into a
>> > state
>> > where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty verbose
>> > and
>> > confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more
>> > useful.
>>
>> Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
>> confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
>> this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
>> for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
>> cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
>> example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.
>>
>
> Let's say you want to do a simple matrix multiplication example.  You create
> two example arrays like so:
>
>a = np.arange(20)
>b = np.arange(10, 50, 10)
>
> Now you want to do
>
> a.T @ b
>
> First you need to turn a into a 2D array.  I can think of 10 ways to do this
> off the top of my head, and there may be more:
>
> 1a) a[:, None]
> 1b) a[None]
> 1c) a[None, :]
> 2a) a.shape = (1, -1)
> 2b) a.shape = (-1, 1)
> 3a) a.reshape(1, -1)
> 3b) a.reshape(-1, 1)
> 4a) np.reshape(a, (1, -1))
> 4b) np.reshape(a, (-1, 1))
> 5) np.atleast_2d(a)
>
> 5 is pretty clear, and will work fine with any number of dimensions, but is
> also long to type out when trying to do a simple example.  The different
> variants of 1, 2, 3, and 4, however, will only work with 1D arrays (making
> them less useful for functions), are not immediately obvious to me what the
> result will be (I always need to try it to make sure the result is what I
> expect), and are easy to get mixed up in my opinion.  They also require
> people keep a mental list of lots of ways to do what should be a very simple
> task.
>
> Basically, my argument here is the same as the argument from pep465 for the
> inclusion of the @ operator:
> https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/#transparent-syntax-is-especially-crucial-for-non-expert-programmers
>
> "A large proportion of scientific code is written by people who are experts
> in their domain, but are not experts in programming. And there are many
> university courses run each year with titles like "Data analysis for social
> scientists" which assume no programming background, and teach some
> combination of mathematical techniques, introduction to programming, and the
> use of programming to implement these mathematical techniques, all within a
> 10-15 week period. These courses are more and more often being taught in
> Python rather than special-purpose languages like R or Matlab.
>
> For these kinds of users, whose programming knowledge is fragile, the
> existence of a transparent mapping between formulas and code often means the
> difference between succeeding and failing to write that code at all."

This doesn't work because of the ambiguity between column and row vector.

In most cases 1d vectors in statistics/econometrics are column
vectors. Sometime it takes me a long time to figure out whether an
author uses row or column vector for transpose.

i.e. I often need x.T dot y   which works for 1d and 2d to produce
inner product.
but the outer product would require most of the time a column vector
so it's defined as x dot x.T.

I think keeping around explicitly 2d arrays if necessary is less error
prone and confusing.

But I wouldn't mind a shortcut for atleast_2d   (although more often I
need atleast_2dcol to translate formulas)

Josef

>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 3:39 AM, Irvin Probst  wrote:

> On 06/04/2016 04:11, Todd wrote:
>
> When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
> correct behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  However,
> this can often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely what you
> want.  You can convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` or
> `arr[None]`, but this makes simple linear algebra computations more
> difficult.
>
> I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
> `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
> array to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be the
> same as `ndarray.transpose(True)`
>
> Hello,
> My two cents here, I've seen hundreds of people (literally hundreds)
> stumbling on this .T trick with 1D vectors when they were trying to do some
> linear algebra with numpy so at first I had the same feeling as you. But
> the real issue was that *all* these people were coming from matlab and
> expected numpy to behave the same way. Once the logic behind 1D vectors was
> explained it made sense to most of them and there were no more problems.
>
>
The problem isn't necessarily understanding, although that is a problem.
The bigger problem is having to jump through hoops to do basic matrix math.


> And by the way I don't see any way to tell apart a 1D "row vector" from a
> 1D "column vector", think of a code mixing a Rn=>R jacobian matrix and some
> data supposed to be used as measurements in a linear system, so we have
> J=np.array([1,2,3,4]) and B=np.array([5,6,7,8]), what would the output of
> J.T2 and B.T2 be ?
>
>
As I said elsewhere, we already have a convention for this established by
`np.atleast_2d`.  1D arrays are treated as row vectors.  `np.hstack` and
`np.vstack` also treat 1D arrays as row vectors.  So `arr.T2` will follow
this convention, being equivalent to `np.atleast_2d(arr).T`.


> I think it's much better to get used to writing
> J=np.array([1,2,3,4]).reshape(1,4) and B=np.array([5,6,7,8]).reshape(4,1),
> then you can use .T and @ without any verbosity and at least if forces
> users (read "my students" here) to think twice before writing some linear
> algebra nonsense.
>
>
That works okay when you know beforehand what the shape of the array is
(although it may very well be the different between a simple, 1-line piece
of code and a 3-line piece of code).  But what if you try to turn this into
a general-purpose function?  Then any function that has linear algebra
needs to call `atleast_2d` on every value used in that linear algebra, or
use `if` tests.  And if you forget, it may not be obvious until much later
depending on what you initially use the function for and what you use it
for later.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Thu, Apr 7, 2016 at 4:59 AM, Joseph Martinot-Lagarde <
contreba...@gmail.com> wrote:

> Alan Isaac  gmail.com> writes:
>
> > But underlying the proposal is apparently the
> > idea that there be an attribute equivalent to
> > `atleast_2d`.  Then call it `d2p`.
> > You can now have `a.d2p.T` which is a lot
> > more explicit and general than say `a.T2`,
> > while requiring only 3 more keystrokes.
>
>
> How about a.T2d or a .T2D ?
>
>
I thought of that, but I wanted to keep things as short as possible (but
not shorter).
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 5:20 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:

> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:43 AM, Todd  wrote:
> >
> > My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.  With
> > the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear algebra
> on
> > arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into a
> state
> > where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty verbose
> and
> > confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more
> useful.
>
> Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
> confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
> this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
> for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
> cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
> example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.
>
>
Let's say you want to do a simple matrix multiplication example.  You
create two example arrays like so:

   a = np.arange(20)
   b = np.arange(10, 50, 10)

Now you want to do

a.T @ b

First you need to turn a into a 2D array.  I can think of 10 ways to do
this off the top of my head, and there may be more:

1a) a[:, None]
1b) a[None]
1c) a[None, :]
2a) a.shape = (1, -1)
2b) a.shape = (-1, 1)
3a) a.reshape(1, -1)
3b) a.reshape(-1, 1)
4a) np.reshape(a, (1, -1))
4b) np.reshape(a, (-1, 1))
5) np.atleast_2d(a)

5 is pretty clear, and will work fine with any number of dimensions, but is
also long to type out when trying to do a simple example.  The different
variants of 1, 2, 3, and 4, however, will only work with 1D arrays (making
them less useful for functions), are not immediately obvious to me what the
result will be (I always need to try it to make sure the result is what I
expect), and are easy to get mixed up in my opinion.  They also require
people keep a mental list of lots of ways to do what should be a very
simple task.

Basically, my argument here is the same as the argument from pep465 for the
inclusion of the @ operator:
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/#transparent-syntax-is-especially-crucial-for-non-expert-programmers

"A large proportion of scientific code is written by people who are experts
in their domain, but are not experts in programming. And there are many
university courses run each year with titles like "Data analysis for social
scientists" which assume no programming background, and teach some
combination of mathematical techniques, introduction to programming, and
the use of programming to implement these mathematical techniques, all
within a 10-15 week period. These courses are more and more often being
taught in Python rather than special-purpose languages like R or Matlab.
For these kinds of users, whose programming knowledge is fragile, the
existence of a transparent mapping between formulas and code often means
the difference between succeeding and failing to write that code at all."
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Joseph Martinot-Lagarde]

> > For a 1D array a of shape (N,), I expect a.T2 to be of shape (N, 1),
> 
> Why not (1,N)? -- it is not well defined, though I suppose it's not so
> bad to establish a convention that a 1-D array is a "row vector"
> rather than a "column vector".
I like Todd's simple proposal: a.T2 should be equivalent to np.atleast_2d(arr).T

> BTW, if transposing a (N,) array gives you a (N,1) array, what does
> transposing a (N,1) array give you?
> 
> (1,N) or (N,) ?
The proposal changes nothin for dims > 1, so (1,N). That means that a.T2.T2
doesn"t have the same shape as a.

It boils down to practicality vs purity, as often !


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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Joseph Martinot-Lagarde]

Alan Isaac  gmail.com> writes:

> But underlying the proposal is apparently the
> idea that there be an attribute equivalent to
> `atleast_2d`.  Then call it `d2p`.
> You can now have `a.d2p.T` which is a lot
> more explicit and general than say `a.T2`,
> while requiring only 3 more keystrokes.


How about a.T2d or a .T2D ?

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Irvin Probst]

On 06/04/2016 04:11, Todd wrote:


When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the 
correct behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  
However, this can often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely 
what you want.  You can convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` 
or `arr[None]`, but this makes simple linear algebra computations more 
difficult.


I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or 
`expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the 
array to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be 
the same as `ndarray.transpose(True)`



Hello,
My two cents here, I've seen hundreds of people (literally hundreds) 
stumbling on this .T trick with 1D vectors when they were trying to do 
some linear algebra with numpy so at first I had the same feeling as 
you. But the real issue was that *all* these people were coming from 
matlab and expected numpy to behave the same way. Once the logic behind 
1D vectors was explained it made sense to most of them and there were no 
more problems.


And by the way I don't see any way to tell apart a 1D "row vector" from 
a 1D "column vector", think of a code mixing a Rn=>R jacobian matrix and 
some data supposed to be used as measurements in a linear system, so we 
have J=np.array([1,2,3,4]) and B=np.array([5,6,7,8]), what would the 
output of J.T2 and B.T2 be ?


I think it's much better to get used to writing 
J=np.array([1,2,3,4]).reshape(1,4) and 
B=np.array([5,6,7,8]).reshape(4,1), then you can use .T and @ without 
any verbosity and at least if forces users (read "my students" here) to 
think twice before writing some linear algebra nonsense.


Regards.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Nathaniel Smith]

On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:43 AM, Todd  wrote:
> On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 11:14 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:
>>
>> On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 7:11 PM, Todd  wrote:
>> > When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
>> > correct
>> > behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  However, this
>> > can
>> > often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely what you want.  You
>> > can
>> > convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` or `arr[None]`, but this
>> > makes simple linear algebra computations more difficult.
>> >
>> > I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
>> > `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
>> > array
>> > to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be the same
>> > as
>> > `ndarray.transpose(True)`.
>>
>> An alternative that was mentioned in the bug tracker
>> (https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7495), possibly by me, would be
>> to have arr.T2 act as a stacked-transpose operator, i.e. treat an arr
>> with shape (..., n, m) as being a (...)-shaped stack of (n, m)
>> matrices, and transpose each of those matrices, so the output shape is
>> (..., m, n). And since this operation intrinsically acts on arrays
>> with shape (..., n, m) then trying to apply it to a 0d or 1d array
>> would be an error.
>>
>
> My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.  With
> the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear algebra on
> arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into a state
> where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty verbose and
> confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more useful.

Can you elaborate on what you're doing that you find verbose and
confusing, maybe paste an example? I've never had any trouble like
this doing linear algebra with @ or dot (which have similar semantics
for 1d arrays), which is probably just because I've had different use
cases, but it's much easier to talk about these things with a concrete
example in front of us to put everyone on the same page.

-n

-- 
Nathaniel J. Smith -- https://vorpus.org
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Chris Barker]

On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 10:47 AM, Todd  wrote:

>
> I think that cat is already out of the bag.  As long as you can do matrix
> multiplication on arrays using the @ operator, I think they aren't really
> "pure" anymore.
>

not really -- you still need to use arrays that are the "correct" shape.
Ideally, a row vector is (1, N) and a column vector is (N,1). Though I know
there are places that a 1-D array is treated as a column vector.

>
>
>> BTW, if transposing a (N,) array gives you a (N,1) array, what does
>> transposing a (N,1) array give you?
>>
>> (1,N) or (N,) ?
>>
>
> My suggestion is that this explicitly increases the number of dimensions
> to at least 2.  The result will always have at least 2 dimensions.  So 0D
> -> 2D, 1D -> 2D, 2D -> 2D, 3D -> 3D, 4D -> 4D, etc.  So this would be
> equivalent to the existing `atleast_2d` function.
>


my point is that for 2D arrays: arr.T.T == arr, but in this case, we would
be making a one way street:

when you transpose a 1D array, you treat it as a row vector, and return a
"column vector" -- a (N,1) array.

But when you transpose a "column vector" to get a row vector, you get a
(1,N) array, not a (N) array.

So I think we need to either have proper row and column vectors (to go with
matrices) or require people to create the appropriate 2D arrays.

Perhaps there should be an easier more obvious way to spell "make this a
column vector", but I don't think .T is it.

Though arr.shape = (-1,1) has always worked fine for me.

-CHB


-- 

Christopher Barker, Ph.D.
Oceanographer

Emergency Response Division
NOAA/NOS/OR(206) 526-6959   voice
7600 Sand Point Way NE   (206) 526-6329   fax
Seattle, WA  98115   (206) 526-6317   main reception

chris.bar...@noaa.gov
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Alan Isaac]

On 4/6/2016 1:47 PM, Todd wrote:

My suggestion is that this explicitly increases the number of
dimensions to at least 2.  The result will always have at least 2
dimensions.  So 0D -> 2D, 1D -> 2D, 2D -> 2D, 3D -> 3D, 4D -> 4D, etc.
So this would be equivalent to the existing `atleast_2d` function.



I truly hope nothing is done like this.
But underlying the proposal is apparently the
idea that there be an attribute equivalent to
`atleast_2d`.  Then call it `d2p`.
You can now have `a.d2p.T` which is a lot
more explicit and general than say `a.T2`,
while requiring only 3 more keystrokes.
(It's still horribly ugly, though, and I
hope this too is dismissed.)

Alan Isaac

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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 11:44 AM, Chris Barker - NOAA Federal <
chris.bar...@noaa.gov> wrote:

> But the truth is that Numpy arrays are arrays, not matrices and vectors.
>
> The "right" way to do this is to properly extend and support the
> matrix object, adding row and column vector objects, and then it would
> be clear. But while there has been a lot of discussion about that in
> the past, the fact is that no one wants it bad enough to write the
> code.
>
> So I think it's better to keep Numpy arrays "pure", and if you want to
> change the rank of an array, you do so explicitly.
>

I think that cat is already out of the bag.  As long as you can do matrix
multiplication on arrays using the @ operator, I think they aren't really
"pure" anymore.


> BTW, if transposing a (N,) array gives you a (N,1) array, what does
> transposing a (N,1) array give you?
>
> (1,N) or (N,) ?
>

My suggestion is that this explicitly increases the number of dimensions to
at least 2.  The result will always have at least 2 dimensions.  So 0D ->
2D, 1D -> 2D, 2D -> 2D, 3D -> 3D, 4D -> 4D, etc.  So this would be
equivalent to the existing `atleast_2d` function.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 11:14 PM, Nathaniel Smith  wrote:

> On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 7:11 PM, Todd  wrote:
> > When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
> correct
> > behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  However, this
> can
> > often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely what you want.  You
> can
> > convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` or `arr[None]`, but this
> > makes simple linear algebra computations more difficult.
> >
> > I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
> > `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
> array
> > to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be the same
> as
> > `ndarray.transpose(True)`.
>
> An alternative that was mentioned in the bug tracker
> (https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7495), possibly by me, would be
> to have arr.T2 act as a stacked-transpose operator, i.e. treat an arr
> with shape (..., n, m) as being a (...)-shaped stack of (n, m)
> matrices, and transpose each of those matrices, so the output shape is
> (..., m, n). And since this operation intrinsically acts on arrays
> with shape (..., n, m) then trying to apply it to a 0d or 1d array
> would be an error.
>
>
My intention was to make linear algebra operations easier in numpy.  With
the @ operator available, it is now very easy to do basic linear algebra on
arrays without needing the matrix class.  But getting an array into a state
where you can use the @ operator effectively is currently pretty verbose
and confusing.  I was trying to find a way to make the @ operator more
useful.
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Todd]

I would make `arr.T2` the same as `np.atleast_2d(arr).T`.  So a 1D array
would act as a row vector, since that is already the convention for
coercing 1D arrays to 2D.

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 10:49 PM, Juan Nunez-Iglesias 
wrote:

> Todd,
>
> Would you consider a 1D array to be a row vector or a column vector for
> the purposes of transposition? The "correct" answer is not clear to me.
>
> Juan.
>
> On Wed, Apr 6, 2016 at 12:26 PM, Alan Isaac  wrote:
>
>> On 4/5/2016 10:11 PM, Todd wrote:
>>
>>> When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
>>> correct behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.
>>> However, this can often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely
>>> what you want.  You can convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d`
>>> or `arr[None]`, but this makes simple linear algebra computations more
>>> difficult.
>>>
>>> I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
>>> `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
>>> array to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be
>>> the same as `ndarray.transpose(True)`.
>>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Use `dot`.  E.g.,
>> m.dot(a)
>>
>> hth,
>> Alan Isaac
>>
>>
>>
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Ian Henriksen]

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 9:14 PM Nathaniel Smith  wrote:

> On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 7:11 PM, Todd  wrote:
> > When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
> correct
> > behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  However, this
> can
> > often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely what you want.  You
> can
> > convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` or `arr[None]`, but this
> > makes simple linear algebra computations more difficult.
> >
> > I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
> > `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
> array
> > to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be the same
> as
> > `ndarray.transpose(True)`.
>
> An alternative that was mentioned in the bug tracker
> (https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7495), possibly by me, would be
> to have arr.T2 act as a stacked-transpose operator, i.e. treat an arr
> with shape (..., n, m) as being a (...)-shaped stack of (n, m)
> matrices, and transpose each of those matrices, so the output shape is
> (..., m, n). And since this operation intrinsically acts on arrays
> with shape (..., n, m) then trying to apply it to a 0d or 1d array
> would be an error.
>
> -n
>
> --
> Nathaniel J. Smith -- https://vorpus.org
>

I agree that we could really use a shorter syntax for a broadcasting
transpose.
Swapaxes is far too verbose for something that should be so common now that
we've introduced the new matmul operator.

That said, the fact that 1-D vectors are conceptually so similar to row
vectors
makes transposing a 1-D array a potential pitfall for a lot of people. When
broadcasting along the leading dimension, a (n) shaped array and a (1, n)
shaped
array are already treated as equivalent. Treating a 1-D array like a row
vector for
transposes seems like a reasonable way to make things more intuitive for
users.

Rather than raising an error for arrays with fewer than two dimensions, the
new
syntax could be made equivalent to np.swapaxes(np.atleast2d(arr), -1, -2).
From
the standpoint of broadcasting semantics, using atleast2d can be viewed as
allowing broadcasting along the inner dimensions. Though that's not a common
thing, at least there's a precedent.

The only downside I can see with allowing T2 to call atleast2d is that it
would make
things like A @ b and A @ b.T2 equivalent when B is one-dimensional. That's
already the case with our current syntax though. There's some inherent
design
tension between the fact that broadcasting usually prepends ones to fill in
missing
dimensions and the fact that our current linear algebra semantics often
treat rows
as columns, but making 1-D arrays into rows makes a lot of sense as far as
user
experience goes.

Great ideas everyone!

Best,
-Ian Henriksen
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Joseph Martinot-Lagarde]

Nathaniel Smith  pobox.com> writes:

> An alternative that was mentioned in the bug tracker
> (https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7495), possibly by me, would be
> to have arr.T2 act as a stacked-transpose operator, i.e. treat an arr
> with shape (..., n, m) as being a (...)-shaped stack of (n, m)
> matrices, and transpose each of those matrices, so the output shape is
> (..., m, n). And since this operation intrinsically acts on arrays
> with shape (..., n, m) then trying to apply it to a 0d or 1d array
> would be an error.

I think that the problem is not that it doesn't raise an error for 1D array,
but that it doesn't do anything useful to 1D arrays. Raising an error would
change nothing to the way transpose is used now.

For a 1D array a of shape (N,), I expect a.T2 to be of shape (N, 1), which
is useful when writing formulas, and clearer that a[None].T. Actually I'd
like a.T to do that alreadu, but I guess backward compatibility is more
important.


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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Nathaniel Smith]

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 7:11 PM, Todd  wrote:
> When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the correct
> behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.  However, this can
> often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely what you want.  You can
> convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d` or `arr[None]`, but this
> makes simple linear algebra computations more difficult.
>
> I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
> `expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the array
> to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be the same as
> `ndarray.transpose(True)`.

An alternative that was mentioned in the bug tracker
(https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7495), possibly by me, would be
to have arr.T2 act as a stacked-transpose operator, i.e. treat an arr
with shape (..., n, m) as being a (...)-shaped stack of (n, m)
matrices, and transpose each of those matrices, so the output shape is
(..., m, n). And since this operation intrinsically acts on arrays
with shape (..., n, m) then trying to apply it to a 0d or 1d array
would be an error.

-n

-- 
Nathaniel J. Smith -- https://vorpus.org
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] ndarray.T2 for 2D transpose

[Alan Isaac]

On 4/5/2016 10:11 PM, Todd wrote:

When you try to transpose a 1D array, it does nothing.  This is the
correct behavior, since it transposing a 1D array is meaningless.
However, this can often lead to unexpected errors since this is rarely
what you want.  You can convert the array to 2D, using `np.atleast_2d`
or `arr[None]`, but this makes simple linear algebra computations more
difficult.

I propose adding an argument to transpose, perhaps called `expand` or
`expanddim`, which if `True` (it is `False` by default) will force the
array to be at least 2D.  A shortcut property, `ndarray.T2`, would be
the same as `ndarray.transpose(True)`.




Use `dot`.  E.g.,
m.dot(a)

hth,
Alan Isaac



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