This is somewhat startling, not because it hasn't been said before,
but because of who is saying it.
Bill Rosenberg
From: The Economist: Sept. 25th to Oct. 1st. issue
American households and firms are on a borrowing spree:
The private sector's financial deficit is now five times
as large as
G'day all,
Just thought you'd like an impression of how Oz could've sold the East
Timorese intervention so most in the region would buy it, and didn't. Big
boys like the US have some sort of excuse for insensitive arrogant
stupidity, but what's ours? 'Globalisation' is a long road with lots of
This brought to mind an intriguing remark of Marx in Chapter 3 of Capital
section 3b, which caught my eye recently.
"The class-struggles of the ancient world took the form chiefly of a
contest between debtors and creditors, which in Rome ended in the ruin of
the plebeian debtors."
Obviously
Michael:
When I suggested that part of our problem is focusing too much on England,
I wasn't referring to the discussion on this list. I was referring to other
work, and especially Brenner, for whom thetransition from feudalism to
capitalism took place, not in Europe as a whole, not in
Louis wrote:
I'm going to have much more to say about this after I've had a chance to
finish reading the NLR article and "The Brenner Debate" but tentatively the
problem seems to be that Brenner has a rather narrow definition of
capitalism, which is what existed in the ideal case in England from
The choice of definitions is pretty arbitrary. {It's sort of like deciding
which language is best; I'd say it's Esperanto ;-) } However, I think what
makes one definition better than another is not the definition itself, but
how it fits into a broader theory. In physics, for example, the "mass"
Yeah, but you're working with outmoded data.
It is the best available, most recent data out there! Check the
year of the sources I cited.
LP:
If you are serious about these
questions, you should examine the chapter on slavery and primitive
accumulation in Blackburn's book that I
Of course the reason that it was the Dutch East
Indies was the the Dutch displaced the Portuguese
in the area of most fevered search, the actual Spice
Islands which are located in modern Indonesia. Of
course the Dutch did not entirely displace the Portuguese,
as the pathetic case of East
At 07:03 PM 9/24/99 -0400, CHarles Brown wrote:
Charles: I must say , I don't see how you avoid an abitrariness problem at
the level of selecting your unit. I recall well this problem in studying
anthropology when we were trying to decide how to draw boundaries around
cultures or groups.
[T]he veiled slavery of the wage-workers in Europe
needed, for its pedestal, slavery pure and simple in the new world...[C]apital
comes (into the world) dripping from head to foot, from every pore, with blood
and dirt. (Marx, _Capital_, Volume 1).
But the accumulation of capital
There's a difference between a _definition_ of capitalism and a universal
description of how capitalism develops or a universal (stagist)
prescription. (If Marx thought that it was a prescription, he was wrong.) I
would guess Marx defined capitalism with the book CAPITAL, but he didn't
provide us
At 01:45 PM 9/27/99 -0400, Louis Proyect wrote in reply to my:
So in essence, Blaut crticizes Brenner for not being au courant with the
Zeitgeist of revolutionary struggle - i.e. for not being politically
correct as we would say it today - rather than for proposing a theory that
cannot
Do you really think that anyone who has a dash of common sense will believe
that? Or perhaps I missed something?
wojtek
Wojtek, you have an obligation to try to read some of the material being
discussed before posting so frequently and so provocatively on the subject.
When you use a term
Mat, these quotes fit with the middle of the road position
I've been advocating between those strawpeople who blame capitalism
simply on the agricultural revolution and those strawpeople who blame it
simply on luck (i.e., Europe being lucky to conquer the rest of the world
before the rest of the
I really have a hard time making sense of Blackburn's numbers and
how he arrive at them, from what is cited below. I went to the
library but his book was out, so the passage below is what I have to rely on.
Who is Blackburn arguing against? Bairoch? Which numbers has he
rejected and on what
I really have a hard time making sense of Blackburn's numbers and
how he arrive at them, from what is cited below.
Yes, he is arguing against Bairoch. The numbers--simply put--indicate that
the amount of money invested in fixed capital in Great Britain in 1770 was
equal to the profits taken
Ricardo Duchesne wrote:
Here goes the happy-middle myth again
It's not the "happy middle" - nothing happy about it, in fact. It's a
dia-f'in'-lectic, a mutual influence of internal and external
phenomena. I really don't understand why that's controversial. I can
understand controversy about
At 11:28 AM 9/27/99 PDT, you wrote:
I see nothing wrong with the idea of progress. It has been a key component
of leftist thinking for a long time. Until recently the only critics have
been conservatives. It is strange to see a conservative idea smuggled into
left discourse by means of that
Jim D:
"Brenner is talking about the full blooming of industrial
capitalism"
He seems to be talking about rural England in the 15th-16th centuries. Not
about full-blooming industrial capitalism.
Haven't you mixed your metaphors here?
Jim B
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 1999 14:52:49 -0500
From: Carrol Cox [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: [PEN-L:11772] Re: Re: Re: more on col'ism
Reply-to: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
I too am mystified,
yes, the left is full of mystified people today.
Wojtek doesn't seem to be able to control his tendency to mystify with
grand-sounding statements that mean nothing, combined with his tendency to
throw out childish insults to other penners.
"...construct units of analysis that allow for empirical comparisons, that
is, examining the effects of
Jim D.: If you really want to discuss Brenner, you ought to read his two
long _Past Present_ essays and the criticisms of them in _The Brenner
Debate_ volume. The NLR paper is a polemic. You're also invited to read my
refutation of Brenner's theory of the rise of capitalism ("Robert Brenner
in
The economic anthropologist, Rhoda Halperin,
(_Economies across cultures_, 1988, New York:
Macmillan) who was a student of one of Karl Polanyi's
students, claims that he was much more of a Marxist
than he appears on the surface, but that he kept his
head down because of McCarthyism. He was
At 05:18 PM 9/27/99 -0400, you wrote:
The economic anthropologist, Rhoda Halperin,
(_Economies across cultures_, 1988, New York:
Macmillan) who was a student of one of Karl Polanyi's
students, claims that he was much more of a Marxist
than he appears on the surface, but that he kept his
head
Jim Devine [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/27/99 04:32PM
I wrote: "Brenner is talking about the full blooming of industrial
capitalism"
Jim Blaut writes:
He seems to be talking about rural England in the 15th-16th centuries. Not
about full-blooming industrial capitalism.
Haven't you mixed your
I agree with Mat, Jim D. and Doug (and seemingly Marx). But of course, disagreement
made us dig into this a lot. I would add that this duel or whatever labor market
continues throughout the history of capitalism, from the primitive accumulation to
1999. Capitalist mode = wage-labor +
Jim,
Hmmm. Well, it has seemed that you have
argued for a primary role for the gold and silver
accumulated out of the mines in the Americas
by Indians and imported workers/slaves in the
Spanish and Portuguese colonies, especially
the former, in terms of Europe's gaining an edge
over Asia
At 05:34 PM 9/27/99 -0400, you wrote:
Charles: I read Marx differently on this. The capitalist mode ,
manufacture or industrial, is defined as you say by free labor. But the
industrial phase is marked by "cooperation" and "mechanization", a shift
from manufacture, as discussed in Part IV
I just put another of Blaut's papers out on his new website
(http://www.panix.com/~lnp3/blaut.htm), which might be actually be called a
proto-website until we find permanent space for it at his university, a
place he tries to stay away from as much as possible. I expect that Jim
will enjoy
FWIW...
1. I had an "ESP" experience once. It was very strange. I have no idea how it
could have happened and I don't buy into any particular paranormal theory. It
just sits out there as an anomaly.
2. When I was searching for a "reform statistics" person to do a roadshow at
Evergreen this
All this talk about the need to integrate "external" and "internal" factors
in the rise of capitalism in Europe has me a bit bemused. When this thread
first started--after Rod Hay claimed that colonialism was good for the
people being colonized--, I answered him with some really good data from
"James M. Blaut" wrote:
Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary beliefs, Marxist and
non-Narxist, that Europeans always have been the most intelligent, moral,
and progressive people on earth , and still are today and will forever be
so. That is Kosovo /IMF reasoning.
Now here
South China Morning Post - China
Monday, September 27, 1999
Shenyang woos foreigners to manage firms
James M. Blaut wrote:
I don't understand what problem you have with my explanation of the fact
that Spain and Portugal were not the beneficiaries of the colonial
accumulation but Holland and England were...??
Because for gold silver to contribute to capitalist expansion there
are presupposed
Louis Proyect wrote:
Were you wearing a tuxedo that day?
Never wore one in my life. I wore a white shirt twice with an air force
uniform. Tight collars make my face hurt.
Carrol
No good Lou. No apologies. I will meet you tonight on the Peace Bridge for a
duel. The loser has to give up bagels and cream cheeze.
Rod Hay
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
The History of Economic Thought Archives
http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/index.html
Batoche Books
Steve:
Hi!
I don't suggest that someone can be Eurocentric on the matter of European
and non-European history and not be progressive on contemporary struggles.
I've looked at a lot of writing about history in various Marxist sectors,
including the CPUSA, Trotskyist sectors, social democrats,
Jim Devine wrote:
Jim B. writes:
I think any Marxist has to have some belief in "progress"
-- its another way of saying social evolution. Capitalism will turn into
socialism or barbarism.
Any marxist by definition believes in the *possibility* of socialism,
and it has long been commonplace to
Peter Dorman wonders if the topic of ESP is relevant to progressive
political economists or not. I think it is, because awhile back there was a
fad among the hegemonic school of macroeconomics which embraced ESP, in
effect. (This was during the silly season that centered on the Reagan
years.)
I beg your pardon...
Polanyi's Great Transformation is Marx lite only to the extent that
Marx is Adam Ferguson crossed with German mysticism...
:-)
Look, I _like_ Polanyi's work and find it very revealing. (Hey, I'm a fan
too!) It's only his basic theory in the Great Transformation that
I would add that is a variety of third worldism that down plays workers
struggles in the third world. Workers should accept lousy conditions in the
united struggle against the imperialist powers. And there are brands of
internationalism that cast third world workers in a support position to
Carrol:
It seems that comradely types want to find some reason for disagreeing with
me when no real reason exists. I'm not accusing you of ANYTHING.
I was answering an uunfortunate off-the-cuff comment by Charles.
"This, I have to say respectfully, is wrong: 'Thus, whether those other
areas
Jim B. writes: I think any Marxist has to have some belief in "progress"
-- its another
way of saying social evolution. Capitalism will turn into socialism or
barbarism.
"progress" has some sort of normative connotation, doesn't it? it's
something people are in favor of, or oppose, depending on
At 05:14 PM 9/27/99 -0700, you wrote:
Lou. this is slanderous. And sinks lower than anything else I have seen on
this list.
Lou Proyect wrote:
Rod Hay claimed that colonialism was good for the people being colonized
Okay, I apologize. I should have used words similar to those that you used
Doug Henwood wrote:
Yes, why was it that all that plunder didn't do much for Spanish and
Portuguese industry, while England exploded? Poor Portugal, reduced
to an exporter of processed agricultural goods in Ricardo's famous
example.
[I posted this here a while back.]
There's an
I am going to unsub everybody who continues with this obnoxious behavior.
No more name calling. No more snide remarks. No matter how well
intentioned politically you may consider such behavior, I don't think that
any purpose will be served.
I am starting to believe that any thread on this
Thursday, September 30th at 6:30 p.m.
WHO WILL CONTROL CYBERSPACE?
The Rise of the Internet as the Preeminent Form of Mass Communication
Discussion with computer scientist and journalist
BARRY COHEN
Member of the National Coordinating Committee of the Committees of
Correspondence
122 West
Lou. this is slanderous. And sinks lower than anything else I have seen on
this list.
Lou Proyect wrote:
Rod Hay claimed that colonialism was good for the people being colonized
Rod Hay
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
The History of Economic Thought Archives
Given this fundamental agreement with you on your political conclusions
by all of us, your passion on the subject of origins seems, as Jim D
suggests,
to be more academic than political. Are you accusing us of lying, and
secretly supporting u.s. tutelage of the third world?
Carrol
I didn't
Jim D:
I'll not name names. But scratch a Weberian and thats what you'll find.
I think any Marxist has to have some belief in "progress" -- its another
way of saying social evolution. Capitalism will turn into socialism or
barbarism.
Cheerlessly
Jim
Barkley:
Silver and (less importantly) gold were only significant in the 16th
century and the beginning of the 17th. Slave-produced sugar wasa much more
important in the 17th century. The importance of Portuguese trading
activcities in Asia has been romanticized and inflated: the accumulatioin
[From Robert Weissman Russell Mokhiber] An easy way to help workers.
ian
A few weeks ago, the Focus on the Corporation column was titled "A Law and
Order Regulation for Corporations." The subject was a proposal to prevent
the U.S. government from entering into contracts with companies
On Mon, 27 Sep 1999, James M. Blaut wrote:
Charles:
Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary beliefs, Marxist and
non-Narxist, that Europeans always have been the most intelligent, moral,
and progressive people on earth , and still are today and will forever be
so. That is
Jim D (but Doug might want to take notice also):
Responses to two of your posts of today:
(1) You're absolutely right that "factories in the field" are just as
capitalist as factories in the city. But I repeat: Brennerr is talking
about pre-industrial times, the 15th and 16th centiuries, not
J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. wrote:
I grant that you have agreed that it
was Holland and especially England who really
carried the process forward to full-blown (but still
undefined by me) capitalism, albeit according to
you especially stimulated by that bullion that flowed
through the hands of the
Look how this thread is degenerating!
Louis Proyect wrote:
Do you really think that anyone who has a dash of common sense will believe
that? Or perhaps I missed something?
wojtek
Wojtek, you have an obligation to try to read some of the material being
discussed before posting so
I too, was a student of one of Polanyi's students (Abe Rotstein). Polanyi,
shared much of Marx's analysis of history, and many of his values, but there
were aspects that he did not like--the notion of class conflict for one.
Polanyi would fit somewhere in a triangle with Marx, Veblen and
Mat writes:
The work of Michael Polanyi--on history and philosophy of science--is really
good.
I thought his SCIENCE, FAITH, AND SOCIETY was interesting, though it was a
little distressing that he seems to endorsed the idea of ESP, based on
Rhine's later-discredited experiments. ("The process
Ricardo Duchesne wrote:
But I cant help it, I do get irritated when I carefully put forwad a view and all I
get in return
is a poorly constructed response, which is then paraded as a valid argument by
others, with not a single person here acknowledging that I have said
something that is
I agree with you Jim. I was reacting to the idea that any discussion of the
issue was to thrown out of the discussion as a corrupting influence. Of
course it is a value judgment, and like any value judgment it depends upon
your set of values.
Original Message Follows
From: Jim
Yes, Halperin's line on Karl Polanyi, as conveyed by Barkley, is pretty
standard. I understand he had to commute to Columbia U. from Canada because
of his wife's inability to locate in the U.S. due to socialist affiliations.
The work of Michael Polanyi--on history and philosophy of science--is
"James M. Blaut" [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/27/99 04:58PM
Charles:
This, I have to say respectfully, is wrong:
"Thus, whether those other areas would have become capitalist on their own
is a moot point or somewhat dead issue."
Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary beliefs,
Ricardo,
I think we would be more inclined to fall at
your feet in fawning admiration if you did not
keep giving us major bloopers like this last one
about large mammals.
Last time I checked there still are elephants
in Asia.
Barkley Rosser
-Original Message-
From: Ricardo
Charles:
This, I have to say respectfully, is wrong:
"Thus, whether those other areas would have become capitalist on their own
is a moot point or somewhat dead issue."
Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary beliefs, Marxist and
non-Narxist, that Europeans always have been the
Jim B. writes: Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary
beliefs, Marxist and
non-Narxist, that Europeans always have been the most intelligent, moral,
and progressive people on earth , and still are today and will forever be
so. That is Kosovo /IMF reasoning.
who, pray tell, are
From the scab Detroit News Sept. 26, 1999
Ford hit by e-mail protest: Salaried
Workers organize to express
concern over Visteon
by David Welch
Dearborn -Salaried workers at some Ford Motor
Co. plants are oganizing an e-mail campagin to voice
concern over the automaker's potential spinoff
of
Charles:
This, I have to say respectfully, is wrong:
"Thus, whether those other areas would have become capitalist on their own
is a moot point or somewhat dead issue."
Its a dead issue if we don't worry about contemporary beliefs, Marxist and
non-Narxist, that Europeans always have been the
I wrote:
Mat, these quotes fit with the "middle of the road" position I've been
advocating between those strawpeople who blame capitalism simply on the
agricultural revolution and those strawpeople who blame it simply on luck
(i.e., Europe being lucky to conquer the rest of the world before
I wrote: "Brenner is talking about the full blooming of industrial
capitalism"
Jim Blaut writes:
He seems to be talking about rural England in the 15th-16th centuries. Not
about full-blooming industrial capitalism.
Haven't you mixed your metaphors here?
As you know, I love to mix metaphors.
"Max B. Sawicky" [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/25/99 01:20PM
Charles: Maybe if we substitute the word "exploited surplus value" for
"plundered", you can see how a scientific Marxist understanding of this
factor enters in. The gold was not snatched by the hands of the Spanish from
the ground. It used
James M. Blaut wrote:
Jim "ceteris paribus" Blaut
"Cet. is rarely par." - Joan Robinson
Barkley:
" Of course the reason that it was the Dutch East
Indies was the the Dutch displaced the Portuguese
in the area of most fevered search, the actual Spice
Islands which are located in modern Indonesia. Of
course the Dutch did not entirely displace the Portuguese,
as the pathetic case of
Doug Henwood wrote:
... I can
understand controversy about assigning relative weights to internal
and external factors, but as for the principle itself, I'm mystified.
I suspect we're in the presence of faith or fantasy and not evidence
and argument.
I too am mystified, which is one
"J. Barkley Rosser, Jr." [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/25/99 05:17PM
JIm,
Capitalism = private ownership of the means
of production as the predominant pattern in a
society.
So there. Take it or leave it.
Barkley Rosser
-
Charles: Private ownership of the basic means of
Rod Hay wrote:
I see nothing wrong with the idea of progress. It has been a key component
of leftist thinking for a long time. Until recently the only critics have
been conservatives. It is strange to see a conservative idea smuggled into
left discourse by means of that great Trojan
So please read my comments as a call for logical and empirical clarity in
that debate, rather than an attempt to throw a monkey wrench into it.
wojtek
No, that is exactly what you are doing by raising the question of
"political correctness": dragging it down to a crude and provocative level.
J.-C.,
You live in what is by far the highest income
part of the PRC, except for recently acquired Hong
Kong to which Shenzhen is adjacent. How do I know
that? Because it has a much higher per capita
income than in the rest of the PRC, which is equal
to per capita GDP (or gross regional
Mat, these quotes fit with the "middle of the road" position I've been
advocating between those strawpeople who blame capitalism simply on the
agricultural revolution and those strawpeople who blame it simply on luck
(i.e., Europe being lucky to conquer the rest of the world before the rest
At 02:44 PM 9/27/99 -0400, Louis Proyect wrote:
Wojtek, you have an obligation to try to read some of the material being
discussed before posting so frequently and so provocatively on the subject.
When you use a term like "politically correct", you are really acting like
a smart alec. Your latest
Even if the cotton gin was more than a modification, I doubt you
would want to hang the dynamic of the industrial revolution on it.
Ricardo,
The cotton gin was invented in 1793. That made
for a much expanded production of cotton and a
lowering of the price. Presumably this fed into
Jim,
I
only gave you a definition because you demanded one.
In fact I prefer what has been your attitude, to cite
Marx's
writing a three volume book called _Capital_ and note
that
he never provided a definition. So, I'm not going to
respond
to criticisms of my definition from you or Doug
Wojtek Sokolowski [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/27/99 01:20PM
At 07:03 PM 9/24/99 -0400, CHarles Brown wrote:
Charles: I must say , I don't see how you avoid an abitrariness problem at
the level of selecting your unit. I recall well this problem in studying
anthropology when we were trying to
Ricardo,
The cotton gin was invented in 1793. That made
for a much expanded production of cotton and a
lowering of the price. Presumably this fed into the
British expansion of its mechanized textile industry.
Barkley Rosser
-Original Message-
From: Ricardo Duchesne [EMAIL
Louis Proyect [EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/27/99 02:23PM
There's a difference between a _definition_ of capitalism and a universal
description of how capitalism develops or a universal (stagist)
prescription. (If Marx thought that it was a prescription, he was wrong.) I
would guess Marx defined
I see nothing wrong with the idea of progress. It has been a key component
of leftist thinking for a long time. Until recently the only critics have
been conservatives. It is strange to see a conservative idea smuggled into
left discourse by means of that great Trojan horse--post-modernism.
Although Lou and I agree on most issues, I do not agree that there is not an important
role for acknowledging qualitative changes in modes of production. There may be a lot
of vulgarization of this that might be termed "stagism", but to get rid of
quantitative leaps or quantum leaps or
I wrote:
The choice of definitions is pretty arbitrary. ... However, I think what
makes one definition better than another is not the definition itself, but
how it fits into a broader theory. In physics, for example, the "mass" of a
particle is defined by its "force" and "acceleration" (and each
So in essence, Blaut crticizes Brenner for not being au courant with the
Zeitgeist of revolutionary struggle - i.e. for not being politically
correct as we would say it today - rather than for proposing a theory that
cannot suffciently explain empirical facts that his own can. Am I missing
Ricardo,
One reason why these ratios are not as impressive
in the direction you mean them to be is that the rise
of industrial capitalism is all about the development of
certain technologically advanced and mechanized
sectors that carried forward that revolutionary process.
Those
At 05:07 PM 9/25/99 -0400, Louis Proyect wrote:
I just put this out as a webpage at:
http://www.panix.com/~lnp3/brenner_critique.htm
Here are the first few paragraphs:
This article was published in ANTIPODE: A RADICAL JOURNAL OF
GEOGRAPHY,26,4,(1994):351-76.
ROBERT BRENNER IN THE TUNNEL OF
STRATFOR.COM
Global Intelligence Update
Weekly Analysis Septemer 20, 1999
World Bank Reverses Position on Financial Controls and on Malaysia
Summary:
The World Bank reversed its opposition to short-term
capital controls and announced that Malaysia's experiment with
capital controls was, in
__
The Internet Anti-Fascist: Friday, 24 September 1999
Vol. 3, Numbers 77 (#335)
__
ANTI-FASCIST ACTION
Hi All,
I've forwarded to the list a friend's brief summary on current US
legislation concerning Yugoslavia and Indonesia.
Seth Sandronsky
From: "Ellen Schwartz" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Yugoslavia vs Indonesia
Date: Mon, 27 Sep 1999 08:49:34 -0700
HR 2606, the Foreign Operations
There's a large and growing literature on alternatives to GDP as a measure
of "economic progress." For example, a San Francisco-based think-tank
called REDEFINING PROGRESS measured a "Genuine Progress Indicator" which
takes into account increasing inequality, increasing pollution, etc. (as
I wrote:
Though I like Polanyi's work (the empirical research and much of the
interpretation, the link with anthropology, etc.), you've got to admit that
his theory in THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION is in many ways "Marx Lite." (His
theory seems fuzzier than Marx, though not as fuzzy as
One of my all-time favorite quotes from Marx comes from a letter to Arnold
Ruge in 1841 (I believe but correct me if this is incorrect):
"If the construction of the future and its completion for all time is not
our task, all the more certain is what me must accomplish in the present. I
mean, the
Progress with a capital P is
a most unfortunate eurocentric illusion
See these most important pieces:
Richards, Dona (Marimba Ani), 1980, "European Mythology: The Ideology of
'Progress'" in M. K. Asante and A. S. Vandi (eds.): _Contemporary Black
Thought_, Beverly Hills, and London: Sage.
Ani,
At 05:35 PM 9/24/99 -0400, Louis Proyect wrote:
The gold began to flow just when Portugal signed the Methuen Treaty with
England in 1703. The treaty crowned a long series of privileges obtained by
British merchants in Portugal. In return for some advantages for its wines
in the English market,
Michael:
Finally, I would say that the main problem on the list has been the tendency to
approach the subject as if it were an athletic contest with winners and losers
among the participants, rather than seeing this as a collaborative effort to
learn something of importance in order that we
BLS DAILY REPORT, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1999
U.S. employers reported a total of 1,742 mass layoff events in July,
resulting in 221,605 workers filing new claims for unemployment insurance,
according to BLS. Mass layoffs are those involving at least 50 workers from
a single establishment,
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