Thanks for the response and the reference, indeed sets and lists behave
differently...
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If set size changes during a for loop, a runtime exception is raised:
~~
S = {2015}
for z in S:
S.add(42)
~~
~~
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "_.py", line 2, in
for z in S:
RuntimeError: Set
Thanks to all for your response, I was not aware that the interpreter evaluated
pure litteral expressions at compile time.
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Of course, computing 42**100 is not free:
# --
import time
a=time.clock()
N=100
42**N
b=time.clock()
print("CPU TIME :", b - a)
# --
~~
CPU TIME : 2.37
real0m2.412s
user0m2.388s
sys 0m0.016s
~~~
About global declarations, Python Language Ref (PLR) explains:
[https://docs.python.org/3.4/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement]
~
Names listed in a global statement must not be used
in the same code block textually preceding that global statement.
Le samedi 11 juillet 2015 15:38:51 UTC+2, Serhiy Storchaka a écrit :
> This looks as a bug to me. Please file a report on http://bugs.python.org.
OK, I'll report.
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Le samedi 11 juillet 2015 14:05:58 UTC+2, Chris Angelico a écrit :
> You'll see down below a footnote referring to this as a special case.
I didn't spot the footnote and I don't regard it as dealing with a "special
case": the footnote is paraphrasing the precedence hierarchy given by the
table.
Le samedi 11 juillet 2015 13:31:03 UTC+2, Luuk a écrit :
>
> But operator precedence of 'not' is higher than of '+'
Right but what does this prove? For instance, unary minus has higher precedence
than exponentiation but the expression
2 ** -1
doesn't raise a syntax error.
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Le samedi 11 juillet 2015 13:21:03 UTC+2, Chris Angelico a écrit :
> I think you're misreading the table; 'not' has *lower* precedence than '+'.
>
Right but Python docs helps a lot in misreading ;) Following the iconicity
principle, it's pretty obvious that one has to display table priority beg
>>> 0 + not 0
File "", line 1
0 + not 0
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>>
What is syntactically wrong with 0 + not 0?
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Le vendredi 10 juillet 2015 04:02:56 UTC+2, Chris Angelico a écrit :
> I'm not sure what contradiction you're referring to, here. The
> evaluation that you're pointing out says, as Terry showed via the
> disassembly, that Python's first action is to look up the name 't' and
> grab a reference t
The official doc explains that :
Python evaluates expressions from left to right.
cf. https://docs.python.org/3.3/reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order
But consider the following snippet :
>>> t=[2020, 42, 2015]
>>> t*(1+int(bool(t.sort(
[42, 2015, 2020]
>>>
Is there not some cont
Python 3.4 provides auto-completion facility within a Python console embedded
in a command line terminal.
But apparently this facility doesn't allow the user to complete with standard
module name. For instance, editing the following :
>>> import ma
and hitting the TAB key doesn't generate
Le mercredi 18 février 2015 01:50:16 UTC+1, Chris Angelico a écrit :
>
> So, what's a container? It's a thing that you put other objects into.
I agree with this approach. The important point to consider here is the last
word in your definition : "into". There is the container and there is the
>
> Shrug. It is a useful descriptive term when you want to talk about things. You
Python Language Referenceb (PLR) is expected to give formal and acurate
definition, not "descriptive term to talk about things".
> might keep in mind that a "container"'s _primary_ purpose is usually its
> conta
Official Python documentation very frequently invokes a mysterious *container*
data structure. The PLR manual explains :
--
Some objects contain references to other objects; these are called containers.
--
So containers contain : what a great defin
http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/python-bumps-java-top-learning-language-245774
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> >From that link:
>
>
>
> """
>
> An augmented assignment expression like x += 1 can be rewritten as x =
>
> x + 1 to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the
>
> augmented version, x is only evaluated once. Also, when possible, the
>
> actual operation is performed in-plac
> >>> seq = [1,2]
>
> >>> seq.extend((3,4))
OK, this feature is referenced in the Python Library reference here :
https://docs.python.org/3.2/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-mutable
not thoroughly referenced but, anyway, referenced.
>
> >>> seq+= {5, 6} # the order of extending is n
An hybrid list-tuple concatenation is not allowed
>>> []+(1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: can only concatenate l
>
> Please say either in a tracker issue or here where you found this
>
> statement.
https://docs.python.org/3.4/reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers
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According to the official documentation (The Python Language Reference, Release
3.2):
---
The special identifier _ is used in the interactive interpreter to
store the result of the last evaluation;
---
This description is not very
According to the official documentation, the ternary operator has left-to-right
associativity :
---
Operators in the same box group left to right (except for comparisons,
including tests, which all have the same precedence and chain from left to
right -- see section Comparisons
http://cyrille.rossant.net/whats-wrong-with-scientific-python/
Any comments ?
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Le 31/08/2013 15:59, Peter Otten a écrit :
To make it crystal clear, the above was to illustrate the algorithm used in
Python 2, not a suggestion.
Ok sorry, I misinterpreted.
> I still think you should live with a trailing space
Are you sure ? The following code
#
Le 31/08/2013 12:31, Peter Otten a écrit :
with `softspace` saved as a file attribute, is gone in Python3.
After reading
http://docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function
I understand what you meant by "softspace". Thanks.
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Le 31/08/2013 13:24, Ned Batchelder a écrit :
For a beginner course, the trailing space is fine, use this code.
I was really expecting there was a trick but I'll follow your advice,
after all the trailing space is invisible!
Nevertheless, this can be quite annoying. For instance, some autom
Le 31/08/2013 12:31, Peter Otten a écrit :
> softspace = False
> for i in range(5):
> if softspace:
> print(end=" ")
> print(i, end="")
> softspace = True
> print()
The if instruction imposes useless testing (we know in advance the
problem to occur at the very end of the
Le 31/08/2013 13:16, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
Of course it does. Have you actually tried it?
Of course I did, redirecting the output to a file in order to spot an
eventually trailing space. I did the same for the Python 3 code.
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Le 31/08/2013 10:43, Andreas Perstinger a écrit :
> How about
>
> >>> print(" ".join(str(i) for i in range(5)))
> 0 1 2 3 4
>
Thanks for your answer. The output is stricly the same but the code
doesn't suit my needs :
1) I'm porting to Python 3 a Python 2 full beginner course : the
learner
What is the equivalent in Python 3 to the following Python 2 code:
# -
for i in range(5):
print i,
# -
?
Be careful that the above code doesn't add a trailing space after the
last number in the list, hence the following Python 3 code
Le vendredi 5 avril 2013 16:53:55 UTC+2, Arnaud Delobelle a écrit :
>
> You've fallen victim to the fact that CPython is very quick to collect
>
> garbage.
OK, I get it but it's a fairly unexpected behavior.
Thanks for the demonstrative snippet of code and the instructive answer.
--
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Until now, I was quite sure that the is operator acts the same as the id
builtin function, or, to be more formal, that o1 is o2 to be exactly equivalent
to id(o1) == id(o2). This equivalence is reported in many books, for instance
Martelli's Python in a Nutshell.
But with the following code, I'
Le 03/01/2012 12:56, Devin Jeanpierre a écrit :
The second assertion sounds more likely. It seems very odd that Python and
Perl implementations are divergent on this point. Any opinion ?
The Python documentation oversimplifies.
You meant Perl Documentation, didn't you ?
It's a commun opinio
Excerpt from the Regular Expression HOWTO
(http://docs.python.org/howto/regex.html#non-capturing-and-named-groups) :
---
It should be mentioned that there’s no performance difference in
searching between capturing and non-capturing groups; neither fo
The regular expression HOWTO
(http://docs.python.org/howto/regex.html#more-metacharacters) explains
the following
# --
zero-width assertions should never be repeated, because if they match
once at a given location, they can obviously be matched an infinite
number o
The Python 2.7 official documentation here:
http://docs.python.org/library/re.html#re.compile
doesn't specify the type object returned by the re.compiled function.
According to the documentation, re.compile returns a "regular expression
object".
A regular expression object seems to be an ins
Le 14/12/2011 12:34, Vlastimil Brom a écrit :
"If a group is contained in a part of the pattern that matched
multiple times, the last match is returned."
I missed this point, your answer matches my question ;) thanks.
If you need to work with the content captured in the repeated group,
you
Consider the following code
#
import re
z=re.match('(Spam\d)+', 'Spam4Spam2Spam7Spam8')
print z.group(0)
print z.group(1)
#
outputting :
Spam4Spam2Spam7Spam8
Spam8
The '(Spam\d)
Thanks to all for your response.
Le 27/11/2011 00:01, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
On Sat, 26 Nov 2011 22:20:36 +0100, candide wrote:
In which cases should we use the is() function ? The is() function
compares identity of objects rather than values so I was wondering in
which circumst
In which cases should we use the is() function ? The is() function
compares identity of objects rather than values so I was wondering in
which circumstances comparing identities of objects is really vital.
Examining well reputated Python source code, I realize that is()
function is mainly used
Thanks to all
Le 12/11/2011 13:27, Chris Angelico a écrit :
> On Sat, Nov 12, 2011 at 10:56 PM, candide wrote:
>> import foo as f
>>
>> equivalent to
>>
>> import foo
>> f = foo
>>
>
> Not quite, it's closer to:
>
> import foo
&
Le 12/11/2011 13:29, Arnaud Delobelle a écrit :
-- The second case seems to be rather widespread and causes math attribute
to be private but I don't figure out why this matters.
This way math doesn't get bound in the global namespace when doing
"from module import *"
To contextualize more,
First, could you confirm the following syntax
import foo as f
equivalent to
import foo
f = foo
Now, I was wondering about the usefulness in everyday programming of the
as syntax within an import statement. Here are some instances retrieved
from real code of such a syntax
import numpy as
Le 28/10/2011 11:08, Hrvoje Niksic a écrit :
longer be allowed for the interpreter to transparently cache them. The
same goes for integers and other immutable built-in objects.
On the other hand, immutability and optimization don't explain the whole
thing because you can't do something like
Le 28/10/2011 05:02, Patrick Maupin a écrit :
You can easily do that by subclassing a string:
class AnnotatedStr(str):
pass
x = AnnotatedStr('Node1')
x.title = 'Title for node 1'
Less or more what I did. But requires to transport the string graph
structure to the AnnotatedStr one.
Le 28/10/2011 10:01, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
didn't think of it. This is hardly a surprise. Wanting to add arbitrary
attributes to built-ins is not exactly an everyday occurrence.
Depends. Experimented programmers don't even think of it. But less
advanced programmers can consider of it.
Le 28/10/2011 02:02, MRAB a écrit :
No, built-in classes written in C have certain limitations, but why
would you want to do that anyway?
Mainly for learning purpose and Python better understanding.
Actually, I have a class of mine for drawing graphs with the Graphviz
software. The nodes
Le 28/10/2011 00:57, Hrvoje Niksic a écrit :
was used at class definition time to suppress it. Built-in and
extension types can choose whether to implement __dict__.
Is it possible in the CPython implementation to write something like this :
"foo".bar = 42
without raising an attribute erro
Le 28/10/2011 00:19, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
What, you think it goes against the laws of physics that nobody thought
to mention it in the docs?
No but I'm expecting from Python documentation to mention the laws of
Python ...
But beside this, how to recognise classes whose object does
Le 27/10/2011 13:03, Duncan Booth a écrit :
-- where the official documentation refers to this point ?
See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html for the docs about
__slots__
There is also the API documentation which describes at a low level how
to control whether or not instances
I realize that built-in types objects don't provide a __dict__ attribute
and thereby i can't set an attribute to a such object, for instance
>>> a=[42,421]
>>> a.foo="bar"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'foo'
>>> a.__dict
Le 24/10/2011 22:09, MRAB a écrit :
but for choice(seq) it says:
Ah of course, I should have checked there
"""If seq is empty, raises IndexError."""
>
Thanks
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Hi,
It's easy to open a file not located in the current working directory
(cwd). But how about importing a module?
For instance, suppose I have a file, say my_file.py, located in the cwd,
say /home/candide/ and suppose the module to be imported, say
my_module.py, is located in the
Where is documented the behaviour of the standard function randrange in
the case of an empty list ? for instance randrange(42,33) ? May I rely
on an ValueError type error?
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Dart is the very new language created by Google to replace Javascript.
So Python was not able to do the job? Or may be they don't know about
Python at Google ;) ?
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Le 10/10/2011 10:06, John Ladasky a écrit :
Who like that second one speaks?
Yoda his name is. Programs in Forth he must.
;)
We can add to the list :
-- Tarzan
-- Geronimo
-- don Alexandro de la Vega dying in the arms of Zorro
...
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Le 08/10/2011 17:16, Dave Angel a écrit :
You should say
"... parenthesis are not necessary ("not" has LOWER precedence than "in")."
I should, yes, I confess ;)
In my defense, I must tell that Python document reference here :
http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#summary
has
Le 08/10/2011 17:13, Thorsten Kampe a écrit :
* candide (Sat, 08 Oct 2011 16:41:11 +0200)
After browsing source code, I realize that parenthesis are not
necessary ("not" has higher precedence than "in").
Lower precedence.
Ooops, thanks.
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Le 08/10/2011 12:50, Jon Clements a écrit :
10 - 5 as 10 + -5 (as obviously the - is redundant as an operation),
and 10 / 2 as int(10 * .5) or something, who needs a divide!?
OK, I see your point but I was supposing non-membershipness seldom
needed and in fact one can suppose that test memb
Le 08/10/2011 12:42, candide a écrit :
>>> not ('th' in "python")
False
>>>
After browsing source code, I realize that parenthesis are not necessary
("not" has higher precedence than "in").
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Le 08/10/2011 14:01, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
> And "not in" is the obvious way to do it.
>
>
Obvious ? Not so. I performed some code mining and it appears that even
good sources make use of "not (foo in bar)" expressions.
begin examples ***
from drpython/drPlugin
Le 08/10/2011 14:41, Alain Ketterlin a écrit :
Operators like "not in" and "is not" should
really be considered single tokens, even though they seem to use "not".
And I think they are really convenient.
I realize that I was confused by the lexical form of the "not in"
operator : it is made by
Python provides
-- the not operator, meaning logical negation
-- the in operator, meaning membership
On the other hand, Python provides the not in operator meaning
non-membership. However, it seems we can reformulate any "not in"
expression using only "not" and "in" operation. For inst
OK, thanks for your explanation, it was just stringisation !
I erroneously focused on
+x+
as a kind of placeholder unknown to me, instead of left and right
concatenations ;)
It would be more readable for me if it were edited
>>> print '"' + x + '"' # better spacing
"foo"
>>>
or with stri
With Python 2.7 :
>>> x="foo"
>>> print '"'+x+'"'
"foo"
>>>
What is this curious syntax on line 2 ? Where is it documented ?
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Le 18/04/2011 10:33, Raymond Hettinger a écrit :
# --
def bool_equivalent(x):
return True if x else False
It's faster to write:
def bool_equivalent(x):
return not not x
faster and ... smarter ;)
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Le 17/04/2011 11:46, Ben Finney a écrit :
> candide writes:
>
>> First because I was doubting the true interest of the bool() type. In
>> fact, it appears that it's _semantically_ a shortcut for
>> True if x else False.
>
> That bends my brain. Both ‘True’ and
Le 17/04/2011 04:39, Ben Finney a écrit :
Why do you need to know? (I should have asked that question earlier.)
First because I was doubting the true interest of the bool() type. In
fact, it appears that it's _semantically_ a shortcut for
True if x else False. I could't imagine a builtin f
Le 16/04/2011 23:13, Ben Finney a écrit :
The ‘bool’ built-in is not a function.
>>> type(bool)
Oops, unfortunate confusion!! but built-in types and built-in functions
are sometimes so similar from the user's point of view ;)
All the same, you can notice that the official doc
Le 16/04/2011 23:38, Ben Finney a écrit :
So the answer to the OP's question is no: the function isn't equivalent
to the type,
Can bool() type and bool_equivalent() function return different values ?
because the OP's ‘bool_equivalent’ function necessarily
uses the built-in ‘bool’ type, whi
Consider the following code :
# --
def bool_equivalent(x):
return True if x else False
# testing ...
def foo(x):
return 10*x
class C:
pass
for x in [42, ("my","baby"), "baobab", max, foo, C] + [None, 0, "", [],
{},()]:
print bool(x)==bool
Le 16/04/2011 15:50, Adam Tauno Williams a écrit :
gedit provides a Python interpreter/console 'embedded' in the GUI
(provided the plugin is enabled).
I agree, cf. this screenshot :
http://i52.tinypic.com/snj7a0.jpg
but i'm not sure gedit run easily under Windows.
Kate editor has the sa
Le 08/04/2011 18:41, Benjamin Kaplan a écrit :
bool(x=5) is just passing the value 5 as the argument "x" to the function.
Anyway, passing x as a keyword argument to the bool function appears to
be very rare : i did a regexp search for about 3 source-code Python
files (among them offici
Le 10/04/2011 04:01, Terry Reedy a écrit :
Yes. (Look in the manuals,
I did : my main reference book is the Martelli's /Python in a Nutshell/
and the index doesn't refer to the keyword import
or try the obvious imports ;-)
The only obvious I saw was sys module.
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Le 10/04/2011 04:09, John Connor a écrit :
Actually this is all it takes:
import keywords
print keywords.kwlist
>>> import keywords
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
ImportError: No module named keywords
>>>
so I considered first it was a joke ! ;) In fact the import
Python is very good at introspection, so I was wondering if Python (2.7)
provides any feature to retrieve the list of its keywords (and, as,
assert, break, ...).
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Le 10/04/2011 01:22, Robert Kern a écrit :
No one is saying that every instance of "foo([arg])" in the docs means
that the given argument is named such that it is available for keyword
arguments. What people are saying is that for bool(), *that happens to
be the case*.
what a piece of luck!
Le 09/04/2011 00:03, Ethan Furman a écrit :
> bool([x])
> Convert a value to a Boolean, using the standard truth testing
> procedure.
>
As you can see, the parameter name is 'x'.
OK, your response is clarifying my point ;)
I didn't realize that in the bool([x]) syntax, identifier x ref
Le 08/04/2011 18:43, Ian Kelly a écrit :
"x=42" is an assignment statement, not an expression.
Right, I was confounding with C ;)
In fact, respect to this question, the documentation makes things
unambiguous :
-
In contrast to many other languages, not all language constru
About the standard function bool(), Python's official documentation
tells us the following :
bool([x])
Convert a value to a Boolean, using the standard truth testing procedure.
In this context, what exactly a "value" is referring to ?
For instance,
>>> x=42
>>> bool(x=5)
True
>>>
but _ex
Le 02/04/2011 01:10, Chris Rebert a écrit :
"Word" presumably/intuitively; hence the non-standard "[:word:]"
POSIX-like character class alias for \w in some environments.
OK
Are you intentionally excluding CJK ideographs (as not "letters"/alphabetic)?
Yes, CJK ideographs don't belong to t
Le 01/04/2011 22:55, candide a écrit :
How to retrieve the list of all characters defined as alphabetic for the
current locale ?
Thanks for the responses. Alas, neither solution works.
Under Ubuntu :
# --
import string
import locale
print locale.getdefaultlocale()
print
Le 02/04/2011 00:42, Ian Kelly a écrit :
You could use a look-ahead assertion with a captured group:
regexp = r'\b(?P\w+)\b(?=.+\b(?P=dup)\b)'
c = re.compile(regexp, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
c.findall(text)
It works fine, lookahead assertions in action is what exatly i was
looking for, ma
How to retrieve the list of all characters defined as alphabetic for the
current locale ?
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Back again with my study of regular expressions ;) There exists a
special character allowing alphanumeric extraction, the special
character \w (BTW, what the letter 'w' refers to?). But this feature
doesn't permit to extract true words; by "true" I mean word composed
only of _alphabetic_ letter
Another question relative to regular expressions.
How to extract all word duplicates in a given text by use of regular
expression methods ? To make the question concrete, if the text is
--
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
-
Thanks, yours responses gave me the opportunity to understand the
"backreference" feature, it was not clear in spite of my intensive study
of the well known RE howto manual.
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Suppose you have a string, for instance
"pyyythhooonnn ---> "
and you search for the subquences composed of the same character, here
you get :
'yyy', 'hh', 'ooo', 'nnn', '---', ''
It's not difficult to write a Python code that solves the problem, for
instance :
def f(text):
ch
I was wondering if all the standard module are implemented in C. For
instance, I can't find a C implementation for the minidom xml parser
under Python 2.6.
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Suppose you have a sequence s , a string for say, for instance this one :
spppaeggg
We want to split s into the following parts :
['s', 'ppp', 'a', '', 'e', 'ggg', '']
ie each part is a single repeated character word.
What is the pythonic way to answer this question?
A naive
Python is an object oriented langage (OOL). The Python main
implementation is written in pure and "old" C90. Is it for historical
reasons?
C is not an OOL and C++ strongly is. I wonder if it wouldn't be more
suitable to implement an OOL with another one.
Has it ever been planned to rewrite i
I don't understand why some parts of the Python language (or the Python
standard library too) are implemented in C while some other parts are
implemented in the Python language itself. For instance, lists and
dictionnaries are implemented in C but sets are not.
Wouldn't be better to implement
MRAB a écrit :
want to split them over several lines. It is somewhat unusual to have a
_numeric_ literal that's very very long!
I agree. But consider RSA-155 for instance ... ;)
For an integer literal you could use a string literal and convert it to
an integer:
>>> int("1000\
000\
000")
The escape sequence \ENTER allows to split a string over 2 consecutive
lines. On the other hand, it seems impossible to split a numeric
litteral across multiple lines, compare :
>>> "1000\
... 000\
... 000"
'10'
>>> 1000\
... 000\
File "", line 2
000\
^
SyntaxError:
Let's the following code :
>>> t=[[0]*2]*3
>>> t
[[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]
>>> t[0][0]=1
>>> t
[[1, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]]
Rather surprising, isn't it ? So I suppose all the subarrays reférence
the same array :
>>> id(t[0]), id(t[1]), id(t[2])
(3077445996L, 3077445996L, 3077445996L)
>>>
So what
Alf P. Steinbach a écrit :
* candide, on 30.05.2010 19:38:
Suppose a Python program defines an integer object with value 42. The
object has an "address" we can capture with the built-in function id() :
First, id() doesn't generally provide an address.
I talked about
Thanks for your responses, I should do more experiments !
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Suppose a Python program defines an integer object with value 42. The
object has an "address" we can capture with the built-in function id() :
>>> a=42
>>> id(a)
152263540
>>>
Now I was wondering if any integer object with value 42 will be refered
at the same adress with the above id.
Some e
Alf P. Steinbach a écrit :
* candide:
Suppose a and b are lists.
What is more efficient in order to extend the list a by appending all
the items in the list b ?
I imagine a.extend(b)to be more efficient for only appendinding the
items from b while a+=b creates a copy of a before appending
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