Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-17 Thread Lennart Thornros
Adrian i read your article. I agree 100 percent with you. Particularily the
part about exucation. Happiness is not money they say, i agree. I do not
think a doctorate is happiness either. I have employed many people with
much better education than i have. The impressive academical records means
nothing to a persons ability to contribute in a team is what i learnt.
Academia is good but only for a few  who have that passion. My mum never
heard about pythagoras but she was smarter than most people i met. Yes i am
biasedī˜ƒ
Thank you for the article.

On Sat, Jun 16, 2018, 10:22 AM Adrian Ashfield 
wrote:

> Lennart,  the problem is deeper.  You may enjoy this but it is mainly
> political so most can skip it.
>
> http://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/20180611/guest-column-a-critique-of-the-democratic-platform-what-the-country-needs
>
>
>
> -Original Message-
> From: Lennart Thornros 
> To: vortex-l 
> Sent: Sat, Jun 16, 2018 9:43 am
> Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this
> stage
>
> Bs
>
> On Jun 15, 2018 4:40 PM, "Jed Rothwell"  wrote:
>
> From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device,
> cold fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed
> that a practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start.
> People don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:
>
> ". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest
> compact space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small
> amount of inexpensive fuel."
>
>
> My response:
>
> That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we
> could instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were
> generally known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on
> earth would be frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at
> the earliest opportunity.
>
> The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you
> describe. We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power
> shown by Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more
> reliable version. If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of
> money ranging from several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no
> idea where in that range it will cost. The thing is: *no one has any idea*.
> No one knows whether it can be done, how it can be done, or how much it
> will cost. If anyone tells you they know these things, that is a good
> indication they don't know what they are talking about.
>
> Finding an effective way to do cold fusion might require something like
> the Wildcat Discovery Technologies approach, which must cost hundreds of
> millions. I have no idea how much, but it sure looks expensive. It is
> probably hundreds of times better than old fashioned manual R techniques.
> See:
>
> http://www.wildcatdiscovery.com/technology/high-throughput-workflow/#hs1:
>
> Needless to say, there is not a snowball's chance in hell that anyone will
> put that kind of money into cold fusion. It might take centuries to do the
> same amount of research that this technique could accomplish in a year. So
> we might never get there. We are trying to develop this without a theory,
> so the pace of progress is likely to be the same as it was with technology
> before 1700. The technique was mainly trial and error, so it took centuries
> to accomplish what modern science can accomplish in decades.
>
> So far, almost all of the investors and venture capitalists have been
> unwilling to lift a finger or risk any money to make that transition. Other
> than I.H. and the Mysterious Person funding Texas Tech., venture
> capitalists have been useless. They are waiting for the outcome to be a
> sure thing before they invest. As Mark Twain said about bankers, they will
> only give you money when you don't need it.
>
> Based on my experience, venture capitalists say they are in business of
> taking risks, but most of them are lying. They do not actually want to take
> risks. They want to invest in a sure thing that looks like a risk to other
> people. Those other people know less about the product, so they will not
> invest. This lowers the cost and lets the venture capitalist buy a larger
> share from the people who developed the product (the inventors,
> programmers, or businesspeople). Venture capitalists want to look as if
> they are taking a risk, without actually taking one. Cold fusion is an
> actual risk, so not one in a thousand venture capitalists will touch it.
>
> The other problem with the present era is that money is sloshing around in
> unprecedented amounts looking for a home, yet paradoxically the wealthy
> have never been wealthier. There is no need for them to take risks, so they
> will not take any. They can make a fortune by rentier capitalism. This was
> situation in California after the discovery of gold in the 1850s, which is
> why the Transcontinental Railroad 

Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-17 Thread Lennart Thornros
No i have poor internet connection so i answered with what i really should
have said before.
Yes we need to to get rid of the political / insustry / pentagon complex.
Now is the time. We all have access and need no representatives. I know
people say that does not work as most are pootly informed / educated. Not
so. Only interested people will participate. No chance to skim the pools
and a minimal admin to excecute what is asked for. Republican or democrate
or xyz same ol idea. Enrich myself then who helps me and what can i do to
him so he owes me.
We need to participate all of us.
Lennart

On Sun, Jun 17, 2018, 12:58 PM Adrian Ashfield 
wrote:

> Lennart,
> Thank you for replying.  I don't know if you got to the end of the long
> article and saw that I wrote it.
> I won't rehash it here but merely point out that I think the Democratic
> platform is pathetic.
> The Republicans are even worse as they seem to like starting wars.
> Something is sadly wrong if China's GDP has grown at a rate of three times
> that of the US for 20 years.
> Adrian
>
>
>
> -Original Message-
> From: Lennart Thornros 
> To: vortex-l 
> Sent: Sun, Jun 17, 2018 12:29 pm
> Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this
> stage
>
> Hello Adrian
> Yes, most can skip it.
> My comment was perhaps fed by irritation over the whole idea that money is
> of different kind and that some money are good and other not.
> I am not in the mode of writing a book so i will just touch the subject
> briefly.
> The idea that economy is a sience and can be better utilized by having
> highly educated people restricted by laws and rules to achieve a better
> outcome is flawed.
> The only money that can enhance inventions are risk willing capital.
> You cannot make rules and formulas to marry an invention with capital. In
> our society there is a form to fill in and a license (a piece of paper with
> no connection to the issues at hand) to obtain capital. Does not matter if
> the money is our tax money or our savings, handled by banks, which are
> heavily regulated (and protected) by the bureacrazy. They can create
> companies like facebook. They cannot support a passionate inventor.
> I believe the only marriage that will propel new technology is between a
> risk willing individual with capital and a passionate inventor.
> I am not sure about the american say but i am sure it is close to a
> Swedish say; real basic need is the mother of all inventions. Thus a bit of
> suffering, hard work, willingness to risk it all are among the ingrediences
> required to progress.
> Let me just say that i think the academical knowledge is very important.
> Not to find the solutions but to point out possible routes and to explain
> the relationships so we can use that for further progress.
> Economy is simple. There is no magic formula. There is no regulation to
> make it better (or fair if that is what we want).
> Lennart
>
> On Sat, Jun 16, 2018, 10:22 Adrian Ashfield 
> wrote:
>
> Lennart,  the problem is deeper.  You may enjoy this but it is mainly
> political so most can skip it.
>
> http://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/20180611/guest-column-a-critique-of-the-democratic-platform-what-the-country-needs
>
>
>
> -Original Message-
> From: Lennart Thornros 
> To: vortex-l 
> Sent: Sat, Jun 16, 2018 9:43 am
> Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this
> stage
>
> Bs
>
> On Jun 15, 2018 4:40 PM, "Jed Rothwell"  wrote:
>
> From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device,
> cold fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed
> that a practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start.
> People don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:
>
> ". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest
> compact space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small
> amount of inexpensive fuel."
>
>
> My response:
>
> That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we
> could instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were
> generally known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on
> earth would be frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at
> the earliest opportunity.
>
> The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you
> describe. We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power
> shown by Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more
> reliable version. If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of
> money ranging from several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no
> idea where in that range it will cost. The thing is: *no one has any idea*.
> No one knows whether it can be done, how it can be done, or how much it
> will cost. If anyone tells you they know these things, that is a good
> indication they don't know what they are talking about.
>
> Finding an effective 

Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-17 Thread Adrian Ashfield

Lennart,
Thank you for replying.  I don't know if you got to the end of the long article 
and saw that I wrote it.
I won't rehash it here but merely point out that I think the Democratic 
platform is pathetic.
The Republicans are even worse as they seem to like starting wars.
Something is sadly wrong if China's GDP has grown at a rate of three times that 
of the US for 20 years.
Adrian

 

 

 

-Original Message-
From: Lennart Thornros 
To: vortex-l 
Sent: Sun, Jun 17, 2018 12:29 pm
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage



Hello Adrian
Yes, most can skip it.
My comment was perhaps fed by irritation over the whole idea that money is of 
different kind and that some money are good and other not.
I am not in the mode of writing a book so i will just touch the subject briefly.
The idea that economy is a sience and can be better utilized by having highly 
educated people restricted by laws and rules to achieve a better outcome is 
flawed.
The only money that can enhance inventions are risk willing capital.
You cannot make rules and formulas to marry an invention with capital. In our 
society there is a form to fill in and a license (a piece of paper with no 
connection to the issues at hand) to obtain capital. Does not matter if the 
money is our tax money or our savings, handled by banks, which are heavily 
regulated (and protected) by the bureacrazy. They can create companies like 
facebook. They cannot support a passionate inventor.
I believe the only marriage that will propel new technology is between a risk 
willing individual with capital and a passionate inventor. 
I am not sure about the american say but i am sure it is close to a Swedish 
say; real basic need is the mother of all inventions. Thus a bit of suffering, 
hard work, willingness to risk it all are among the ingrediences required to 
progress.
Let me just say that i think the academical knowledge is very important. Not to 
find the solutions but to point out possible routes and to explain the 
relationships so we can use that for further progress.
Economy is simple. There is no magic formula. There is no regulation to make it 
better (or fair if that is what we want).
Lennart


On Sat, Jun 16, 2018, 10:22 Adrian Ashfield  wrote:


Lennart,  the problem is deeper.  You may enjoy this but it is mainly political 
so most can skip it.
http://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/20180611/guest-column-a-critique-of-the-democratic-platform-what-the-country-needs

 

 

 


-Original Message-
From: Lennart Thornros 
To: vortex-l 
Sent: Sat, Jun 16, 2018 9:43 am
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage



Bs


On Jun 15, 2018 4:40 PM, "Jed Rothwell"  wrote:



>From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device, cold 
>fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed that a 
>practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start. People 
>don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:


". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest compact 
space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small amount of 
inexpensive fuel."

My response:

That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we could 
instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were generally 
known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on earth would be 
frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at the earliest 
opportunity.

The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you describe. 
We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power shown by 
Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more reliable version. 
If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of money ranging from 
several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no idea where in that 
range it will cost. The thing is: no one has any idea. No one knows whether it 
can be done, how it can be done, or how much it will cost. If anyone tells you 
they know these things, that is a good indication they don't know what they are 
talking about.

Finding an effective way to do cold fusion might require something like the 
Wildcat Discovery Technologies approach, which must cost hundreds of millions. 
I have no idea how much, but it sure looks expensive. It is probably hundreds 
of times better than old fashioned manual R techniques. See:

http://www.wildcatdiscovery.com/technology/high-throughput-workflow/#hs1:

Needless to say, there is not a snowball's chance in hell that anyone will put 
that kind of money into cold fusion. It might take centuries to do the same 
amount of research that this technique could accomplish in a year. So we might 
never get there. We are trying to develop this without a theory, so the pace of 
progress is likely to be the same as it was with technology before 1700. The 
technique was 

Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-17 Thread Lennart Thornros
Hello Adrian
Yes, most can skip it.
My comment was perhaps fed by irritation over the whole idea that money is
of different kind and that some money are good and other not.
I am not in the mode of writing a book so i will just touch the subject
briefly.
The idea that economy is a sience and can be better utilized by having
highly educated people restricted by laws and rules to achieve a better
outcome is flawed.
The only money that can enhance inventions are risk willing capital.
You cannot make rules and formulas to marry an invention with capital. In
our society there is a form to fill in and a license (a piece of paper with
no connection to the issues at hand) to obtain capital. Does not matter if
the money is our tax money or our savings, handled by banks, which are
heavily regulated (and protected) by the bureacrazy. They can create
companies like facebook. They cannot support a passionate inventor.
I believe the only marriage that will propel new technology is between a
risk willing individual with capital and a passionate inventor.
I am not sure about the american say but i am sure it is close to a Swedish
say; real basic need is the mother of all inventions. Thus a bit of
suffering, hard work, willingness to risk it all are among the ingrediences
required to progress.
Let me just say that i think the academical knowledge is very important.
Not to find the solutions but to point out possible routes and to explain
the relationships so we can use that for further progress.
Economy is simple. There is no magic formula. There is no regulation to
make it better (or fair if that is what we want).
Lennart

On Sat, Jun 16, 2018, 10:22 Adrian Ashfield  wrote:

> Lennart,  the problem is deeper.  You may enjoy this but it is mainly
> political so most can skip it.
>
> http://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/20180611/guest-column-a-critique-of-the-democratic-platform-what-the-country-needs
>
>
>
> -Original Message-
> From: Lennart Thornros 
> To: vortex-l 
> Sent: Sat, Jun 16, 2018 9:43 am
> Subject: Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this
> stage
>
> Bs
>
> On Jun 15, 2018 4:40 PM, "Jed Rothwell"  wrote:
>
> From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device,
> cold fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed
> that a practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start.
> People don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:
>
> ". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest
> compact space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small
> amount of inexpensive fuel."
>
>
> My response:
>
> That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we
> could instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were
> generally known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on
> earth would be frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at
> the earliest opportunity.
>
> The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you
> describe. We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power
> shown by Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more
> reliable version. If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of
> money ranging from several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no
> idea where in that range it will cost. The thing is: *no one has any idea*.
> No one knows whether it can be done, how it can be done, or how much it
> will cost. If anyone tells you they know these things, that is a good
> indication they don't know what they are talking about.
>
> Finding an effective way to do cold fusion might require something like
> the Wildcat Discovery Technologies approach, which must cost hundreds of
> millions. I have no idea how much, but it sure looks expensive. It is
> probably hundreds of times better than old fashioned manual R techniques.
> See:
>
> http://www.wildcatdiscovery.com/technology/high-throughput-workflow/#hs1:
>
> Needless to say, there is not a snowball's chance in hell that anyone will
> put that kind of money into cold fusion. It might take centuries to do the
> same amount of research that this technique could accomplish in a year. So
> we might never get there. We are trying to develop this without a theory,
> so the pace of progress is likely to be the same as it was with technology
> before 1700. The technique was mainly trial and error, so it took centuries
> to accomplish what modern science can accomplish in decades.
>
> So far, almost all of the investors and venture capitalists have been
> unwilling to lift a finger or risk any money to make that transition. Other
> than I.H. and the Mysterious Person funding Texas Tech., venture
> capitalists have been useless. They are waiting for the outcome to be a
> sure thing before they invest. As Mark Twain said about bankers, they will
> only give you money when you don't need it.
>
> Based on 

Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-16 Thread Adrian Ashfield

Lennart,  the problem is deeper.  You may enjoy this but it is mainly political 
so most can skip it.
http://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/20180611/guest-column-a-critique-of-the-democratic-platform-what-the-country-needs

 

 

 





Re: [Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-16 Thread Lennart Thornros
Bs

On Jun 15, 2018 4:40 PM, "Jed Rothwell"  wrote:

> From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device,
> cold fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed
> that a practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start.
> People don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:
>
> ". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest
> compact space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small
> amount of inexpensive fuel."
>
>
> My response:
>
> That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we
> could instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were
> generally known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on
> earth would be frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at
> the earliest opportunity.
>
> The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you
> describe. We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power
> shown by Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more
> reliable version. If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of
> money ranging from several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no
> idea where in that range it will cost. The thing is: *no one has any idea*.
> No one knows whether it can be done, how it can be done, or how much it
> will cost. If anyone tells you they know these things, that is a good
> indication they don't know what they are talking about.
>
> Finding an effective way to do cold fusion might require something like
> the Wildcat Discovery Technologies approach, which must cost hundreds of
> millions. I have no idea how much, but it sure looks expensive. It is
> probably hundreds of times better than old fashioned manual R techniques.
> See:
>
> http://www.wildcatdiscovery.com/technology/high-throughput-workflow/#hs1:
>
> Needless to say, there is not a snowball's chance in hell that anyone will
> put that kind of money into cold fusion. It might take centuries to do the
> same amount of research that this technique could accomplish in a year. So
> we might never get there. We are trying to develop this without a theory,
> so the pace of progress is likely to be the same as it was with technology
> before 1700. The technique was mainly trial and error, so it took centuries
> to accomplish what modern science can accomplish in decades.
>
> So far, almost all of the investors and venture capitalists have been
> unwilling to lift a finger or risk any money to make that transition. Other
> than I.H. and the Mysterious Person funding Texas Tech., venture
> capitalists have been useless. They are waiting for the outcome to be a
> sure thing before they invest. As Mark Twain said about bankers, they will
> only give you money when you don't need it.
>
> Based on my experience, venture capitalists say they are in business of
> taking risks, but most of them are lying. They do not actually want to take
> risks. They want to invest in a sure thing that looks like a risk to other
> people. Those other people know less about the product, so they will not
> invest. This lowers the cost and lets the venture capitalist buy a larger
> share from the people who developed the product (the inventors,
> programmers, or businesspeople). Venture capitalists want to look as if
> they are taking a risk, without actually taking one. Cold fusion is an
> actual risk, so not one in a thousand venture capitalists will touch it.
>
> The other problem with the present era is that money is sloshing around in
> unprecedented amounts looking for a home, yet paradoxically the wealthy
> have never been wealthier. There is no need for them to take risks, so they
> will not take any. They can make a fortune by rentier capitalism. This was
> situation in California after the discovery of gold in the 1850s, which is
> why the Transcontinental Railroad could not be funded. San Francisco was
> filled with millionaires who could make another million easily and without
> much risk, by opening another gold or silver mine. The would literally --
> actually -- light cigars with burning $100 bills to flaunt their wealth.
> Not one of them would risk investing an railroad, because they could make
> money without risk elsewhere. The railroad had to wait until Lincoln passed
> a law under which the Federal government subsidized the construction and
> lent a lot of money. Uncle Sam took most of the risk. It was a sure thing
> after that. Capitalists such as Leland Stanford were then willing to risk
> their own money, knowing that Uncle Sam had their back. (They might have
> lost money, but it was unlikely. They did have to pay back the loans, but
> they had decades to do that.) It was finished in 1869. The government made
> a lot of money on the interest for the loans, so it benefited everyone. The
> point is, capitalists would never have taken that risk on their own.
>
> From 

[Vo]:Why venture capitalists are unlikely to help at this stage

2018-06-15 Thread Jed Rothwell
>From time to time, people tell me that if only we had a practical device,
cold fusion research would be funded. McKubre and many others have pointed
that a practical device is the end-point of research, not where you start.
People don't seem to realize this. Over at lenr-forum.com someone wrote:

". . . nothing could have a larger world wide market than even a modest
compact space or water or food heater that runs long periods on a small
amount of inexpensive fuel."


My response:

That is obvious. But unhelpful. If we had anything remotely like that, we
could instantly get billions of dollars of investment money. If it were
generally known that such a machine existed, every industrial company on
earth would be frantically investigating it, and reverse engineering it at
the earliest opportunity.

The problem is to get from where we are now to the kind of thing you
describe. We have to go from something like the repeatable but low power
shown by Takahashi et al. and replicated by Beiting, to a larger, more
reliable version. If that can be done at all, it will take some amount of
money ranging from several million dollars to a billion dollars. I have no
idea where in that range it will cost. The thing is: *no one has any idea*.
No one knows whether it can be done, how it can be done, or how much it
will cost. If anyone tells you they know these things, that is a good
indication they don't know what they are talking about.

Finding an effective way to do cold fusion might require something like the
Wildcat Discovery Technologies approach, which must cost hundreds of
millions. I have no idea how much, but it sure looks expensive. It is
probably hundreds of times better than old fashioned manual R techniques.
See:

http://www.wildcatdiscovery.com/technology/high-throughput-workflow/#hs1:

Needless to say, there is not a snowball's chance in hell that anyone will
put that kind of money into cold fusion. It might take centuries to do the
same amount of research that this technique could accomplish in a year. So
we might never get there. We are trying to develop this without a theory,
so the pace of progress is likely to be the same as it was with technology
before 1700. The technique was mainly trial and error, so it took centuries
to accomplish what modern science can accomplish in decades.

So far, almost all of the investors and venture capitalists have been
unwilling to lift a finger or risk any money to make that transition. Other
than I.H. and the Mysterious Person funding Texas Tech., venture
capitalists have been useless. They are waiting for the outcome to be a
sure thing before they invest. As Mark Twain said about bankers, they will
only give you money when you don't need it.

Based on my experience, venture capitalists say they are in business of
taking risks, but most of them are lying. They do not actually want to take
risks. They want to invest in a sure thing that looks like a risk to other
people. Those other people know less about the product, so they will not
invest. This lowers the cost and lets the venture capitalist buy a larger
share from the people who developed the product (the inventors,
programmers, or businesspeople). Venture capitalists want to look as if
they are taking a risk, without actually taking one. Cold fusion is an
actual risk, so not one in a thousand venture capitalists will touch it.

The other problem with the present era is that money is sloshing around in
unprecedented amounts looking for a home, yet paradoxically the wealthy
have never been wealthier. There is no need for them to take risks, so they
will not take any. They can make a fortune by rentier capitalism. This was
situation in California after the discovery of gold in the 1850s, which is
why the Transcontinental Railroad could not be funded. San Francisco was
filled with millionaires who could make another million easily and without
much risk, by opening another gold or silver mine. The would literally --
actually -- light cigars with burning $100 bills to flaunt their wealth.
Not one of them would risk investing an railroad, because they could make
money without risk elsewhere. The railroad had to wait until Lincoln passed
a law under which the Federal government subsidized the construction and
lent a lot of money. Uncle Sam took most of the risk. It was a sure thing
after that. Capitalists such as Leland Stanford were then willing to risk
their own money, knowing that Uncle Sam had their back. (They might have
lost money, but it was unlikely. They did have to pay back the loans, but
they had decades to do that.) It was finished in 1869. The government made
a lot of money on the interest for the loans, so it benefited everyone. The
point is, capitalists would never have taken that risk on their own.

>From time to time, exceptionally stupid capitalists have actually said to
me: "This looks interesting. Call me if anyone ever comes up with a
reliable method of doing it." I try to answer politely: "We won't