Hi Michael, Here`s the repost you and several people have requested. Tai-pan wrote: > > Greetings to all admirable and beneficial makers and users of CS, > > We hear a lot about water and how we can not survive with out it. Its > said to be 75% of our body weight or 85% of our body volume. We know its > a universal solvant and corrosive. Water is so versatile because its > composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms,both of which like to combine with > just about anything that comes close to them. > Water is composed of two kinds of ions, hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide > (OH-), when these two ions combine they create H2O ,which is water. > The equilibrium of water with hydrogen and hydroxide ions is of > fundamental importance in the neutralization of acids and bases (you may > use the word alkali instead of base). By definition, any acid > dissociates to give hydrogen ions, and any base dissociates to give > hydroxide ions. When aqueous solutions of acids and bases are mixed, the > hydrogen and hydroxide ions will tend to associate to form the very weak > electrolyte,WATER. The acid solution is neutralized and the base > solution is neutralized because the ions combine. > The only change that takes place when a dilute solution of acid is > mixed with a dilute solution of base (alkali) is the association of the > H+ and OH- to form water.The equation H+ + OH- = H2O represents the net > reaction that occures in solution and is called the net equation. > That this is the only change which occures can be demomstrated by a > study of energy change. Acid-base neutralization reactions are always > exothermic,and we can measure the MOLAR HEAT of neutralization in each > case. This is the heat liberated per mole of water formed when the ions > combine. The molar heat of neutralization is always the same, > namely,13,800 cal per mole of water. > The possibility of causing a solid to go into solution by manipulating > the concentration of ions in the solution is interesting. If we place in > a given volume of water a solid electrolite that is only slightly > soluble, the amount taken into solution will reach a maximum when the > ion product equals solubility product,(silver coin in milk), and very > little of the solid dissolves. Obviously, if we can in some way keep the > concentration of one of the ions in the solution so low that the ion > product is not as large as the solubility product, the solid will > continue to dissolve. We can do this with an electric current. > CHEMICAL INDICATORS are substances that are used to follow the > progress of a chemical reaction.They make possible the determination of > the end point of the reaction, when equal amounts of the reactants are > present. Litmus paper is useful because it changes color with changes in > concentrations of the reactants. By color changes it indicates changes > in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in solution. The product of the > molar concentrations of these two ions in water must always be equal to > 1 X 10-14. As the concentration of H+ decreases, the concentration of > OH- must increase. Refer to this table: > > H+ OH- pH Litmus color > acid > 1 1 X 10-14 0 red > 1 X 10-1 1 X 10-13 1 red > 1 X 10-2 1 X 10-12 2 red > 1 X 10-3 1 X 10-11 3 red > 1 X 10-4 1 X 10-10 4 red > 1 X 10-5 1 X 10-9 5 red > 1 X 10-6 1 X 10-8 6 red > 1 X 10-7 1 X 10-7 (7)neutral violet > 1 X 10-8 1 X 10-6 8 blue > 1 X 10-9 1 X 10-5 9 blue > 1 X 10-10 1 X 10-4 10 blue > 1 X 10-11 1 X 10-3 11 blue > 1 X 10-12 1 X 10-2 12 blue > 1 X 10-13 1 X 10-1 13 blue > 1 X 10-14 1 14 blue > base(alkaline) > When the concentration of both OH- and H+ are 1 X 10-7, the solution > is neutral. When H+ is greater than 1 X 10-7 the solution is acid. When > H+ is less than 1 X 10-7 it is alkaline (base). > > For many purposes it is convenient to use the pH system for expressing > hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of a solution is the logarithm of the > reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration, pH=log X 1/H+. > > The pH of a solution may be determined by testing with a variety of > indicators such as litmus paper,however nowadays the pH meter is almost > always used. The pH meter is fast and accurate . > > I have noticed that my CS solutions become more base (alkaline) as the > ppm goes up. Planning on getting a better pH meter so I can monitor the > CS making process and monitor (look for) changes in my body pH when > taking CS (via urine pH). I think we are all aware that body pH must be > balanced and that diseases cause unbalance of body pH. Cancers cause the > pH value of the stomace contents to be high and ulcers are indicated by > low pH values. It may be that CS works in two ways, attacking the > pathogens and adjusting the body pH. All you research types need to get > on this aspect of CS. > > Bless all of you Bob Lee > --
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