Greetings to all admirable and beneficial makers and users of CS,
We hear a lot about water and how we can not survive with out it. Its
said to be 75% of our body weight or 85% of our body volume. We know its
a universal solvant and corrosive. Water is so versatile because its
composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms,both of which like to combine with
just about anything that comes close to them.
Water is composed of two kinds of ions, hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide
(OH-), when these two ions combine they create H2O ,which is water.
The equilibrium of water with hydrogen and hydroxide ions is of
fundamental importance in the neutralization of acids and bases (you may
use the word alkali instead of base). By definition, any acid
dissociates to give hydrogen ions, and any base dissociates to give
hydroxide ions. When aqueous solutions of acids and bases are mixed, the
hydrogen and hydroxide ions will tend to associate to form the very weak
electrolyte,WATER. The acid solution is neutralized and the base
solution is neutralized because the ions combine.
The only change that takes place when a dilute solution of acid is
mixed with a dilute solution of base (alkali) is the association of the
H+ and OH- to form water.The equation H+ + OH- = H2O represents the net
reaction that occures in solution and is called the net equation.
That this is the only change which occures can be demomstrated by a
study of energy change. Acid-base neutralization reactions are always
exothermic,and we can measure the MOLAR HEAT of neutralization in each
case. This is the heat liberated per mole of water formed when the ions
combine. The molar heat of neutralization is always the same,
namely,13,800 cal per mole of water.
The possibility of causing a solid to go into solution by manipulating
the concentration of ions in the solution is interesting. If we place in
a given volume of water a solid electrolite that is only slightly
soluble, the amount taken into solution will reach a maximum when the
ion product equals solubility product,(silver coin in milk), and very
little of the solid dissolves. Obviously, if we can in some way keep the
concentration of one of the ions in the solution so low that the ion
product is not as large as the solubility product, the solid will
continue to dissolve. We can do this with an electric current.
CHEMICAL INDICATORS are substances that are used to follow the
progress of a chemical reaction.They make possible the determination of
the end point of the reaction, when equal amounts of the reactants are
present. Litmus paper is useful because it changes color with changes in
concentrations of the reactants. By color changes it indicates changes
in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in solution. The product of the
molar concentrations of these two ions in water must always be equal to
1 X 10-14. As the concentration of H+ decreases, the concentration of
OH- must increase. Refer to this table:
H+ OH- pH Litmus color
acid
1 1 X 10-14 0 red
1 X 10-1 1 X 10-13 1 red
1 X 10-2 1 X 10-12 2 red
1 X 10-3 1 X 10-11 3 red
1 X 10-4 1 X 10-10 4 red
1 X 10-5 1 X 10-9 5 red
1 X 10-6 1 X 10-8 6 red
1 X 10-7 1 X 10-7 (7)neutral violet
1 X 10-8 1 X 10-6 8 blue
1 X 10-9 1 X 10-5 9 blue
1 X 10-10 1 X 10-4 10 blue
1 X 10-11 1 X 10-3 11 blue
1 X 10-12 1 X 10-2 12 blue
1 X 10-13 1 X 10-1 13 blue
1 X 10-14 1 14 blue
base(alkaline)
When the concentration of both OH- and H+ are 1 X 10-7, the solution
is neutral. When H+ is greater than 1 X 10-7 the solution is acid. When
H+ is less than 1 X 10-7 it is alkaline (base).
For many purposes it is convenient to use the pH system for expressing
hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of a solution is the logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration, pH=log X 1/H+.
The pH of a solution may be determined by testing with a variety of
indicators such as litmus paper,however nowadays the pH meter is almost
always used. The pH meter is fast and accurate .
I have noticed that my CS solutions become more base (alkaline) as the
ppm goes up. Planning on getting a better pH meter so I can monitor the
CS making process and monitor (look for) changes in my body pH when
taking CS (via urine pH). I think we are all aware that body pH must be
balanced and that diseases cause unbalance of body pH. Cancers cause the
pH value of the stomace contents to be high and ulcers are indicated by
low pH values. It may be that CS works in two ways, attacking the
pathogens and adjusting the body pH. All you research types need to get
on this aspect of CS.
Bless all of you Bob Lee
--
oozing on the muggy shore of the gulf coast
[email protected]
--
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