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SMOKING CESSATION
Smoking
prevalence has been declining in countries such as the United States ,
Australia ,
Canada , and the United Kingdom ,
but these declines are matched by increasing rates in most other countries. The
Healthy People 2010 goal in the United States is to decrease
prevalence from 24 percent to 12 percent by the year 2010. This goal can only
be achieved by helping current smokers to quit. Increasing the incidence of
quitting is achieved through medications, counseling strategies, and public
health approaches.
IMPACT OF SMOKING
In the United States
smoking became increasingly popular from the early 1900s through the mid-1960s,
but it then declined substantially. During the 1950s, the link between smoking
and respiratory diseases and cancer became known. In 1964, the first Surgeon
General's Report on smoking noted the substantial health hazards associated
with smoking. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, of which
forty-three are known to cause cancer. Among the more toxic chemicals in
tobacco are ammonia, arsenic, carbon
monoxide, and benzene. Cigarette
smoking is now known to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
heart
disease, stroke, multiple cancers (including lung
cancer), and adverse reproductive outcomes. Smoking causes about 21 percent
of all deaths from heart disease, 86 percent of deaths from lung cancer, and 81
percent of all deaths from chronic lung disease.
Nicotine
is highly addictive and causes persistent and compulsive smoking behavior. Most
users make four to six quit attempts before they are able to remain
nicotine-free.Smoking cessation produces major and immediate health benefits by
reducing mortality and morbidity from heart disease, stroke, cancer, and
various lung diseases.
SECONDHAND SMOKE
Secondhand smoke,
or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), causes lung cancer and
cardiovascular disease in nonsmoking adults. About 43
percent of U.S.
children are exposed to cigarette smoke by household members. Childhood
exposure to ETS has been shown to causeasthma and to
increase the number of episodes and severity of the disease. ETS exposure of
very young children is also causally associated with an increased risk
ofbronchitis, pneumonia, and ear
infections. For these reasons, the importance of smoking cessation extends
beyond the health benefit of the smokers themselves.
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