Dear AD and All The complete combustion of biomass involves adding energy to the ash because that fraction is endothermic, actually. The 'standard' calculation is -0.0211 MJ/kg. The same is also true for Nitrogen which is -0.0151 MJ/kg and Oxygen in the form of O2 is -0.1034 if there is any. These are extracted from the general formula
HHV (in MJ/kg) = 0.3491C + 1.41 H - 0.1034 O + 0.1005 S - 0.0151 N - 0.0211 A where A is Ash. When creating char at a low temperature several processes may be incomplete and the true heat content of the char over-estimated. The difference is minor relative to the initial heat value but rises as the combination of a small residual mass gets smaller, if the low formation temperature leaves the ash un-roasted. Regards Crispin
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