http://www.itdg.org/?id=smoke_index
Download full report (4.7Mb Acrobat file):
http://www.itdg.org/?id=smoke_report_home#Download
Summary of the report
http://www.itdg.org/?id=smoke_report_home
Read the report online
http://www.itdg.org/?id=smoke_report_1
WHO statement on indoor air pollution
http://www.itdg.org/?id=iap_who
http://www.itdg.org/?id=smoke_index
ITDG - Intermediate Technology Development Group
Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries
Smoke - the killer in the kitchen
Smoke in the home from cooking on wood, dung and crop waste kills
nearly one million children a year.
The total annual death toll is 1.6 million - a life lost every 20
seconds. It is a larger killer than malaria and is the fourth
greatest risk to death and disease in the world's poorest countries.
Despite this, little has been done to tackle this chronic crisis.
In its report, Smoke: the Killer in the Kitchen, ITDG is calling for
global action to save the lives of 1.6 million men, women and
children lost each year to lethal levels of household smoke.
* Summary of the report
* Read the report online
* Download the report
* Buy a copy from ITDG Publishing
* Find out more: key questions and answers
* Further information
* Links
The problem
More than a third of humanity, 2.4 billion people, burn biomass
(wood, crop residues, charcoal and dung) for cooking and heating.
When coal is included a total of 3 billion people - half the world's
population - cook with solid fuel.
The smoke from burning these fuels turns kitchens in the world's
poorest countries into death traps. Particles from fuels like wood
and charcoal make lungs vulnerable to acute lower respiratory
infections, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
or cancer. In addition there is evidence to link indoor air pollution
to asthma, tuberculosis, low birth weight and infant mortality and
cataracts.
While the world spends millions of dollars combating levels of
pollution in Western cities, it has neglected to tackle the death
toll caused by lethal levels of smoke in the homes of the poor world.
What can be done
The scale of the problem is immense. What is needed is a global
campaign that matches the level of this chronic problem, in line with
the international community's response to hunger, HIV/AIDS, dirty
water, poor sanitation and malaria. Read ITDG's call for a Global
Action Plan
However, there are solutions - and they need not cost the earth. ITDG
has worked with communities in Kenya, Sudan and Nepal to develop
improved stoves, smoke hoods, chimneys and improved ventilation.
You can read about our work in these countries, and see how simple
technology - affordable, accessible and appropriate - can make a real
difference to people's lives.
Smoke and health in Kenya
In the Kajiado region of Kenya, ITDG has been working with Maasai
women to develop a simple smoke hood, which has reduced smoke levels
by up to 80%.
Smoke and health in Sudan
In Kassala, eastern Sudan, an ITDG project is working with households
to develop solutions to indoor air pollution, including a switch to
LPG.
Smoke and health in Nepal
In Nepal ITDG has been working with the community to develop
improvements in home insulation and stove design to reduce fuel use.
In the past, one of the excuses for inaction on household smoke has
been that there was insufficient medical evidence of its impact.
There is now ample evidence. And as we have shown, there are also
simple and effective ways of reducing levels of smoke. What is
missing is the political will to act.
ITDG is calling on the United Nations to instigate a Global Action
Plan to address the neglected killer of indoor air pollution, and to
back the newly formed Partnership for Clean Indoor Air with the
necessary resources and political will.
This partnership, which is backed by the World Health Organisation,
the World Bank, the US Environmental Protection Agency and others, is
beginning to turn around the inaction on smoke in the home, but needs
high-level political and financial support if it is to have a
significant impact.
Read the report online
You can buy a copy of the report from ITDG Publishing, download it as
a PDF file, or read it online as web pages:
Executive summary
Smoke - the killer in the kitchen
* A crisis affecting mainly poor women and children
* Smoke and the Millennium Development Goals
Smoke's increasing cloud across the globe
* Why has so little been done?
* How smoke kills and injures
* Exposure in poor homes far exceeds accepted safety levels
* Researching how smoke affects health
* Health effects of indoor air pollution
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution
* Cooking on a cleaner fuel
* Getting smoke out of the house
* Cutting smoke volumes
* Reducing the need for fire
* Changing patterns of behaviour
* Heating the home
* Identifying appropriate solutions
Weighing up the cost of smoke alleviation
* Lessons from stoves programmes
* Smoke reduction efforts and health spending
A Global Action Plan
* High level international conference
* Millennium Development Goals
* A global partnership
* Sustainable finance
* National task forces
Appendix 1: Lessons to be learnt from improved stoves programmes
Appendix 2: Getting the market right for wide-scale dissemination
Appendix 3: Action by key stakeholders on indoor air pollution
* World Health Organization
* Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme
* Partnership for Clean Indoor Air
* United Nations Development Programme
* National governments
* Global Village Energy Partnership
* Shell Foundation
* Research community
* Development community
Download PDF version
Download the report Smoke: the Killer in the Kitchen ~ 4.7Mb
NB: this is a very large file, and is only suitable to be downloaded
over a broadband connection. You may prefer to download individual
chapters, below, read the text online, or order a printed version
from ITDG Publishing.
* Executive summary ~ 51k
* Smoke - the killer in the kitchen ~ 1.6Mb
* Smoke's increasing cloud across the globe ~ 754k
* Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution ~ 2.5Mb
* Weighing up the cost of smoke alleviation ~ 643k
* A Global Action Plan ~ 62k
* Appendices and notes ~ 85k
To read these files, you will need the current version of Adobe
Acrobat reader, which can be downloaded from Adobe's website.
More information on PDF files, troubleshooting and alternatives.
Buy the report
Printed copies of the report are available to buy, price £7.95 plus
postage and packing. Order online from www.developmentbookshop.com
or write to:
ITDG Development Bookshop
103-105 Southampton Row
London WC1B 4HL
email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
tel +44 (0) 20 7436 9761
fax +44 (0) 20 7436 2013
Add £1.20 p&p per copy for UK, £1.60 for Europe, and £2 for rest of
the world. Discounts are available for 10 or more copies.
Find out more
Key questions and answers
* Why is ITDG highlighting this problem?
* How does smoke affect people's health?
* How bad is the smoke inside a home?
* What is in the smoke that causes these problems?
* Where is the problem worst?
* Why do people cook on these fuels?
* Why use fires inside the home in the first place, why not simply
cook outside?
* What can be done to reduce the levels of smoke?
* Even reducing smoke levels by 80 per cent levels are still high?
* Can the poor afford a smoke hood and how much do they cost?
* Don't fuel efficient stoves help reduce levels of smoke?
* Why not use solar cookers?
* Will the poor be able to afford cleaner fuels?
* Wouldn't the large take up of fossil fuel put a lot of people out
of work who depend on selling firewood and charcoal?
* Why is ITDG supporting the use of fossil fuels?
* Is the use of fossil fuels a short-term fix which should be
replaced by renewable energy in the future?
* What is being done about smoke in the home?
* If it is such a problem how come nothing has been done about it?
* Why has this problem not been highlighted by ITDG before now?
* What exactly is ITDG calling for?
* How could this come about?
* How much will all this cost?
* Who will fund the changes?
* What should the British Government be doing about the situation?
Further information
In-depth information on ITDG's work on reducing indoor air pollution:
* Kenyan Smoke and Health project: illustrated summary ~670k
* Kenyan Smoke and Health project: full ITDG report ~430k
An illustrated version of the full report is also available, but
please note that this file is over 3MB and is only suitable for
broadband connections.
* Read more about the Smoke and Health project on the Technology for
Sustainable Livelihoods website
* Read more about household energy and poverty reduction in ITDG's
journal Boiling Point including:
Participatory approaches for alleviating indoor air pollution in
rural Kenyan kitchens ~141K
* Smoke Health HHE issues paper ~232K
an introduction to a DFID-funded smoke-alleviation study, outlining
the issues regarding smoke for poor communities in Kenya, Nepal and
Sudan
More general information about how energy can aid poverty reduction:
* Energy for the Poor - ITDG's energy advocacy work
* Sustainable Energy for Poverty Reduction, ITDG and Greenpeace's
joint Action Plan
* Power to the People - sustainable energy solutions for the world's
poor, ITDG's briefing paper on energy and poverty
* The Choose Positive Energy campaign
Links
To combat the substantial and growing burden of disease, the
World Health Organization has developed a comprehensive programme to
support developing countries. WHO's Programme on Indoor Air Pollution
focuses on:
* Research and evaluation
* Capacity building
* Evidence for policy-makers
The WHO website also features extensive links to relevant sites.
The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) was launched at the World
Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. It brings together
governments, industry and non-governmental organisations - including
ITDG - to increase the use of affordable, reliable, clean, and
efficient home cooking and heating practices, and aspires to halving
mortality related to indoor air pollution in targeted areas. PDF
poster
The World Bank Clean Air Initiative (CAI) advances innovative ways to
improve air quality in cities by sharing knowledge and experiences
through partnerships in selected regions of the world.
The HEDON Household Energy Network is an informal forum dedicated to
improving social, economic, and environmental conditions in the
South, through promotion of local, national, regional and
international initiatives in the household energy sector. ITDG is a
core member. The HEDON website features extensive links and
publications on energy and indoor air pollution.
Sparknet is a formal knowledge network on sustainable energy for
low-income households in rural areas in Southern and Eastern Africa,
led by ITDG. Key themes include household energy and health,
household energy and gender, and household energy and forestry.
ENERGIA is an international network on gender and sustainable energy
which links individuals and groups concerned with energy, sustainable
development, and gender.
US Environmental Protection Agency - Indoor Air Quality
The Shell Foundation Breathe Easy Network aims to raise awareness of
the health impacts of household energy in the context of acute
poverty and to build capacity in the identification and
implementation of potential solutions. The network is knowledge
based, providing resources to members such as relevant news, details
of events, access to publications, details of courses, useful
contacts in India and worldwide, and availability of resources for
project development and implementation.
GTZ ProBEC have a large improved stoves programme across Southern Africa.
Professor Kirk R Smith, University of California at Berkeley
Professor Smith's research involves relationships among environmental
quality, health, resource use, development, and policy in developing
countries His recent research has been greatly focused on household
fuel usage and indoor air pollution in developing counties, such as
India and Guatemala: Stove intervention study in the Guatemalan
Highlands
Dr Nigel Bruce, University of Liverpool
Current research includes work on the health impact of household
energy and indoor air pollution on health of children and adults, and
links to poverty reduction and development.
The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing
countries - Kirk Smith and Sumi Mehta:
www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACN654.pdf
A comparison of estimates, 7 May 2000. From the USAID Development
Clearing House.
Understanding household demand for indoor air pollution control in
developing countries - Bruce Larson and Sydney Rosen:
www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACN656.pdf
USAID report revised Apr 2001. From the USAID Development Clearing House.
Household benefits of indoor air pollution control in developing
countries - Bruce Larson and Sydney Rosen:
www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACN655.pdf
Report, 2000. From the USAID Development Clearing House.
Household Smoke Monitoring:
www.hedon.info/goto.php/HouseholdSmokeMonitoring
This 'how-to' guide reflects the methodology used by ITDG in its current work.
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