Pranam 2 thing(k)s: 1 All dams throughout the world transport water ONLY THROUGH THE PIPES UPTO A LEVEL and Mullai periyar is not any exception; also pies used for water transportations alone allows the water to pass through for the generation of the electricity also. 2 Executive Summary
A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport treated drinking water to consumers. The varieties include large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns, smaller branch lines that supply a street or group of buildings, or small diameter pipes located within individual buildings. Materials commonly used to construct water pipes include cast iron, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), copper, steel or concrete. Advantages Water can be transported using gravity The quality of the water is preserved (compared to trenches) Disadvantages High initial investment Expensive operation and maintenance (need for regular reinvestments to maintain the infrastructure) Risk of recontamination Risk of water loss through leakage ApplicabilityIntroduction A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport drinking water to consumers. If the water is treated before distribution or at the point of use (POU) depends on the context. In well planned and designed water distribution networks, water is generally treated before distribution and sometimes also chlorinated, in order to prevent recontamination on the way to the end user. The varieties of water pipes include large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns, smaller branch lines that supply a street or group of buildings, or small diameter pipes located within individual buildings. Water pipes can range in size from giant mains of up to 3.65 m in diameter to small 12.7 mm pipes used to feed individual outlets within a building. Materials commonly used to construct water pipes include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cast iron, copper, steel and in older systems concrete or fired clay. Joining individual water pipe lengths to make up extended runs is possible with flange, nipple, compression or soldered joints (SCOTT 2011). Types of pipes Pipes come in several types and sizes. They can be divided into three main categories: metallic pipes, cement pipes and plastic pipes. Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanised iron pipes and cast iron pipes. Cement pipes include concrete cement pipes and asbestos cement pipes. Plastic pipes include plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes (LEE n.y.). Steel pipes Steel pipes are comparatively expensive, but they are the strongest and most durable of all water supply pipes. They can withstand high water pressure, come in convenient (longer) lengths than most other pipes and thus incur lower installation/transportation costs. They can also be easily welded (LEE n.y.). Galvanised steel or iron pipes Galvanised steel or iron is the traditional piping material in the plumbing industry for the conveyance of water and wastewater. Although still used throughout the world, its popularity is declining. The use of galvanised steel or iron as a conveyer for drinking water is problematic where water flow is slow or static for periods of time because it causes rust from internal corrosion. Galvanised steel or iron piping may also give an unpalatable taste and smell to the water conveyed under corrosive conditions (WHO 2006). Cast iron pipes Cast iron pipes are quite stable and well suited for high water pressure. However, cast iron pipes are heavy, which makes them unsuitable for inaccessible places due to transportation problems. In addition, due to their weight they generally come in short lengths increasing costs for layout and jointing. Concrete cement and asbestos cement pipes Concrete cement pipes are expensive but non-corrosive by nature. Their advantage is that they are extremely strong and durable. However, being bulky and heavy, they are harder and more costly to handle, install and transport (LEE n.y.). Plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes PVC pipes are non-corrosive, extremely light and thus easy to handle and transport. Still, they are strong and come in long lengths that lower installation/transportation costs (LEE n.y.). However, they are prone to physical damage if exposed overground and become brittle when exposed to ultraviolet light. In addition to the problems associated with the expansion and contraction of PVC, the material will soften and deform if exposed to temperatures over 65 °C (WHO 2006).Cost considerations Installation costs make up a major part of the total cost of a project. Differences in the cost of the actual pipe do not change the total cost of the project much. However the following factors should be considered concerning installation costs and the choice of pipe: - Weight of the pipe: A pipe that is lightweight can be handled easier and faster. - Ease of assembling: Push-on joints can be assembled much faster than bolted joints. - Pipe strength: If one type of pipe requires special bedding to withstand external pressures while another pipe does not, the choice can impact installation costs significantly. Health aspects A leaking distribution system increases the likelihood of safe water leaving the source or treatment facility becoming contaminated before reaching the consumer. Moreover, leaking can result in considerable water loss on the way to the end-user (also see the factsheet on leakage control <https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/module-2-centralised-and-decentralised-systems-water-and-sanitation-1/leakage-control>). The distribution system must be designed, managed and maintained to guarantee a minimal level of leakage. The internal pipe pressure constantly must be greater than the external hydrostatic pressure. This will ensure the delivery of the water reducing loss from leaks and minimising excess growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A certain level of free residual chlorine or chloramine disinfectant will reduce the risks of recontamination within the distribution system (see also chlorination <https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/module-2-centralised-and-decentralised-systems-water-and-sanitation-2/chlorination>). Inflows of contaminated water during distribution are major sources of waterborne pathogens and thus cause of waterborne diseases (WHO 2006). Water pipes are often made of copper and bath fixtures may be made from alloys containing copper (brass, bronze). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal <https://sswm.info/content/maximum-contaminant-level-goal> (MCLG) for copper in public drinking water systems at 1300 parts per billion (ppb). MCLGs are non-enforceable health standards for drinking water. The principal source of copper in drinking water results from the leaching of copper from pipes and bath fixtures due to corrosive (acidic) water. The blue-green stain left in some bath fixtures is a sign of the presence of copper in water. Usually, excess copper in drinking water comes from the leaching of the plumbing system into the water that has been sitting in the pipes for several hours. Therefore, letting the water run for 30 to 60 seconds before using it for drinking or cooking will often significantly reduce copper levels (DES 2005). Water pipes are required almost everywhere, especially for drinking water distribution. The most robust and durable type of water pipes is probably made from cement. Due to their heavy weight they are however difficult and expensive to install. PVC pipes are easier to install and much lighter, and thus particularly suited for remote areas that are difficult to access. And water is distributed from DAMs as *The following are four major types of a water distribution system,* - Dead-end or Tree Distribution system. - Gridiron Distribution System. - Circular or ring Distribution System. - Radial Distribution System. KR IRS 3/12/21 On Thu, 2 Dec 2021 at 20:02, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > KUZHAL (PIPE, TUBE) > > Respected friends, > > Today my topic is Kuzhal. Malayalam word for the English words pipe and > Tube is Kuzhal. Kuzhal is also a double reed wind instrument played in > Pancha vadyam. It appears like a large shehnai. Kuzhali is a word meaning > petal of a flower. Omakkuzhal was a small tube of one foot length and about > 3/4” diameter used to blow up fire in the ovens using fire wood and > charcoal. Now it is used to blowup fire in the homakundas. Let me > continue more with kuzhal. > > Sincerely, > > Gopalakrishnan 2-12-2021 > > 1 Mullaperiyar dam > > Most probably the only dam using huge pipes from the dam for distribution > of water to a state might be Mullaperiyar dam. Muller is in Tamilnadu and > Periyar is in Kerala. The dam distributes water to both the states. The > pipes are having diameter above 6 feet as a watched in a TV Channel. It was > constructed during British period. > > 2Waste water drainage > > Cast iron pipes of above six feet diameter are laid underground along > the center of road at a depth for about 2 feet depth for drainage systems. > All Liquid /semi liquid wastes from home are connected to it through pipes > with about six inches diameter to it. > > 3Gas line pipes. > > While hearing about LPG distribution by pipes in Bombay, it was a new > item to me in 1966’s. There telephone cables run in parallel with LPG pipes > very close in the roads. With much caution repairing works were done in > telephone cables. Gas distribution by pipes is also there now in > Bangalore. > > 4Septic tank line > > Earlier septic tank lines were laid using cast iron pipes. Now PVC pipes > are laid with inspection area as a slope. When the tank is felt full, after > clearing the fluids using motor into a tank fitted in a Lorry, blocking if > any is checked by pouring buckets of water in to toilets... If water > reaches the tank there is no block. If not removing the covering slabs > block is checked and set right by diluting the blocks with caution, > hygienic and safety methods. Charging is very high to set right blocks, > more than many times, the charges for clearing the septic tank. > > 5 Water distribution pipes > > Earlier for water distribution through streets RCC pipes were used. Now > better quality cast iron pipes are used. Distribution to homes is done > through PVC pipes in road crossing and to home. In most homes it is > collected in sump and distributed to kitchen, wash rooms etc. through PVC > pipes. With in home earlier GI pipes were used. Now PVC pipes are used > because of corrosion, except where the pic pipes are damaged by falling of > tree branches etc. > > 6 Electrical wiring > > Iron tubes of smaller diameter were used earlier for electric wiring. > Wiring was through the walls and externally. Later changed to PVC conduits. > Now with concealed wiring the pipes are laid while RCC is made and dropped > to rooms and within rooms, wiring is done using pipes concealed in the > wall. .The cutting of bricks is not straight so that the wall strength is > not affected. > > 7. Stainless steel Pipes of about 1 inch diameter. > > Painted or as it is, is used to hang window curtains. At one time > stainless steel small diameter pipes were used in window frames. After the > appearance of grills, use in window frames is reduced. Within the home for > clothes lines weightless stainless steel tubes are still used. > > When terrestrial transmission only was there, for raising antenna to > height, GI Pipes were used. For antenna aluminum pipes of small diameters > were used. > > 8. Copper tubes > > In air-condition units one can see extending copper tubes from compressor > to indoor units. Due to rusting the copper tube may get damaged and > escaping of gas, Periodical checking is required. > > 9. Otakkizhal > > Popular as the favourite instrument of Sree Krishna, Odakuzhal (flute) > plays a prominent role in Indian minds. Also known as venu, murali and > pullamkuzhal, Odakuzhal is a wind instrument made of bamboo. A simple wind > instrument, the flute can evoke emotions of love and bhakti (devotion). > Flute has been popular in China, Japan and Western countries from ancient > times. > > 10. Thenkuzhal – snack > > I could see a tiny hole inside the thenkuzhal snack also > > 11. Tubes and pipes of different sizes in Industrial units. > > This is a vast subject and not touched here. > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1178420276.5194275.1638455554253%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1178420276.5194275.1638455554253%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZopnkjJt2_m-TqEq5dALx3T3NFaBGbHjzBcn5HFORJL_PA%40mail.gmail.com.
