Pranam Q9 Scientists have sequenced the oldest *Homo sapiens* DNA on record, showing that many of Europe’s first humans had Neanderthals in their family trees. Yet these individuals *are not related* to later Europeans, according to two genome studies of remains dating back more than 45,000 years from caves in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic.
The research adds to growing evidence that *modern humans mixed regularly with Neanderthals and other extinct relatives*, says Viviane Slon, a palaeogeneticist at the University of Tel Aviv in Israel. “*It’s different times, different places, and it happens again and again.”* The genetic history of the earliest humans in Europe and Asia has been blurred. Although researchers have sequenced DNA from Neanderthals and other extinct human relatives dating as far back as 430,000 years, *there is a scarcity of genetic information from the period between around 47,000 and 40,000 years ago*, known as the Initial Upper Palaeolithic, and no *Homo sapiens* DNA at all from before this period. Genomes belonging to humans from Siberia and Romania showed no connection to later waves of Europeans, but a 40,000-year-old individual from China is a partial ancestor of modern East Asian people. *Like all present-day people whose ancestry isn’t solely African,* these early Eurasians carried Neanderthal DNA. Researchers thought that probably originated from mixing between the groups in the Middle East 50,000–60,000 years ago. But a 2015 study of the genome of the 40,000-year-old Romanian individual, from a site called Peștera cu Oase <https://www.nature.com/news/early-european-may-have-had-neanderthal-great-great-grandparent-1.17534>, held a surprise: a Neanderthal ancestor in the past four to six generations, suggesting that humans interbred with Neanderthals in Europe, too. It was not clear from the Oase man <https://www.nature.com/news/europe-s-first-humans-what-scientists-do-and-don-t-know-1.17815>’s genome whether interbreeding was common in Europe. He lived around the time when Neanderthal populations, already sparse, were beginning to vanish from the region. *Genetic mixture* The latest genome studies, both published on 7 April, clarify the relationships between Europe’s first modern humans, later *Homo sapiens* and Neanderthals, but also throw up some new questions. One study, in *Nature,* is based on a tooth and fragmentary remains from Bacho Kiro Cave in Bulgaria; the other, in *Nature Ecology and Evolution*, looks at a nearly complete skull from a cave known as Zlatý kůň in the Czech Republic. The three oldest Bacho Kiro individuals, dated to between 45,900 and 42,600 years old, all had recent Neanderthal forebears, reports a team led by molecular biologist Mateja Hajdinjak and evolutionary geneticist Svante Pääbo, both at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI–EVA) in Leipzig, Germany. The genomes of modern non-Africans usually harbour about 2% Neanderthal ancestry, but the Bacho Kiro individuals had slightly more at 3.4–3.8%, and the chromosome segments — which shorten in successive generations — were considerably longer. By measuring these segments, the researchers estimated that the Bacho Kiro individuals had Neanderthal ancestors as recently as the past six or seven generations — and probably in Europe, not the Middle East. “We saw these huge chunks. It was completely amazing,” says Hajdinjak, who is now at the Francis Crick Institute in London and was part of the team that identified the same patterns in the Oase man’s genome. “What are the chances of finding them again?” The Zlatý kůň woman’s Neanderthal ancestry goes back considerably longer: 70–80 generations, or perhaps 2,000–3,000 years, says Johannes Krause, a palaeogeneticist at the MPI–EVA who co-led the study. His team could not date the skull accurately because of contamination. But on the basis of its Neanderthal ancestry, Krause suspects it is well over 45,000 years old, and in the same ballpark as the oldest remains from Bacho Kiro. “We do have, now, some of the oldest human genomes out there,” adds Hajdinjak. *Tracing the lineage* The oldest individuals from Bacho Kiro and the Zlatý kůň female are not related to later Europeans, ancient or modern, meaning that their lineages must have disappeared from the region. But, to their surprise, Hajdinjak and her colleagues found that the Bacho Kiro people shared a connection with contemporary East Asians and Native Americans. Hajdinjak suggests that the Bacho Kiro remains represent a population that once lived across Eurasia, but vanished from Europe and lived on in Asia. The fact that several humans from Bacho Kiro had very recent Neanderthal relatives suggests that the groups mixed routinely in Europe, says Marie Soressi, an archaeologist at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands who plans to examine European archaeology through this lens. Stone tools and other artefacts common to the Initial Upper Palaeolithic — and distinct from typical Neanderthal and later human toolkits — could be a product of cultural exchanges or even mixed populations, she says. “We really want to better understand what happened, what was the historical process and how peaceful were those encounters.” *Nature* *592*, 339 (2021) Carry Linnaeus 1758 is the author of the confusions as Darwin later added fuel to the fire. Now many are convinced that African migration ONLY theory is a farce; and there are many missing links; and only Asia is taken and not Indians as the theory is shaken as seen from the Genome study of Madurai. KR IRS 26322 On Sat, 26 Mar 2022 at 10:21, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 03-2022-26* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > *Q1 Can you eat onions raw?* > > A1 Lucia Garcia Worked at Hospitals13h > > Raw onions are a healthy and delicious vegetable in many Asian countries. > > *Health expert concur in recommending eating onion in raw forms to reap > the maximum health benefits.* > > The cooking process destroys two beneficial components of onions: Allicin > and Vitamin C. > > The longer the cooking time, the more vitamin C is lost. Heating for 15 to > 20 minutes will lose 40% to 50% of vitamin C.And more than 95% of allicin > will be destroyed in the heating process. > > *Onions are the only vegetables that contain prostaglandin A. > Prostaglandin A is an unsaturated fatty acid with various physiological > effects.* > > *Prostaglandin A can dilate blood vessels, increase* blood vessel > elasticity, reduce blood viscosity, regulate blood lipids, and lower blood > pressure. Regular consumption of onions is very beneficial to the health of > cardiovascular and cerebrovascular. > > *Onions are rich in quercetin, a natural flavonoid* with strong > anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial > properties, known as the patron saint of health. > > *Europeans and Americans call onions the "Vegetable Queen*", Eating some > raw onions regularly has unexpected effects on your health. > > My note- Along with boiled tapioca and dosai, many use cut onions, cut > chilli and salt crushed by hand and added with slight coconut oil, as side > dish in Kerala. Sometimes with iddali also. > > *Q2 Where did India's first train run?* > > A2 Shivang Bhardwaj Mar 13 > > *~ Mumbai to Thane (16 April 1853)* > > Interesting facts to know: > > The fares from Mumbai to Thane in 1853 were Rs. 2 and annas 10 for the > first class, Rs. 1 and anna 1 for the second class and annas 5 and 3 pice > for the third class. *Third class fare was about 3 pice per mile.* > > The project was implemented in the collaboration with Great Indian > Peninsula (GIP) Railway Company in England and the East India Company. > > 10,000 men worked on the project and 10,000 pounds had spent to lay the > railway line. > > *Mumbai-Thane railway route train carried 4,50,000 passengers in first > year without any accident.* > > *India’s first railway engine, built by Vulcon Foundary in England, which > arrived in Mumbai, was* named “Falkland” after lord Falkland, the > Governor. Promoted by Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd > > *Q3 What is the importance of the kidneys?* > > A3 Apollo Hospitals Enterprise LimitedLived in Hyderabad, > Telangana, India Mar 12 > > *One of the kidneys’ most essential functions is to remove excess fluids > and waste products from the body in the form of urine*. The production of > urine is performed through some complex steps that involve re-absorption > and excretion. > > *The kidneys perform the body’s regulation of essential contents such as > sodium, potassium, and acid-base balance.* > > The kidneys also produce of certain hormones that affect other organs of > the body. For instance, the kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates the > production of red blood cells in the body. > > *Q4 Can the human brain stop producing dopamine?* > > A4 Franklin Veaux Professional Writer Mar 19 > > *Yes, and when it does, you first stop moving and then eventually die.* > > Look, everything you think you know about dopamine is wrong. It’s not a > happy chemical, your brain doesn’t have a dopamine storage tank, and > dopamine isn’t a magic woo juice. > > Your brain cells don’t touch each other. They aren’t electrical wires. A > signal goes down a neuron and triggers a spurt of neurotransmitter at the > end. When that spurt touches another neuron, it triggers it to fire. > (That’s a little oversimplified but gets the idea across.) > > *Dopamine is one of those neurotransmitters.* > > Dopamine is used in the so-called “reward circuit” of the brain, but > that’s not the only place it’s used, and it doesn’t mean dopamine gives you > pleasure. You also don’t “run out” of dopamine if you feel “too much” > pleasure. Each spurt is reclaimed by the neurotransmitter reuptake > system—it doesn’t go away.The neurons in your voluntary motor control areas > also use dopamine the exact same way, yet nobody ever says if you move > around too much you “burn out” your dopamine receptors or become “addicted.” > > *Anyway, there are diseases that cause your brain to stop producing > dopamine. *Parkinson’s disease is one of them. As the dopaminergic cells > in your brain fail, you lose ability to move, and you become increasingly > paralyzed. That doesn’t kill you directly though. *Generally people with > Parkinson’s die of pneumonia when they lose the ability to swallow and > start inhaling food.* > > *Q5 How do I level a washing machine on an uneven floor?* > > A5 Victoria Eppler Answered Dec 16, 2019 > > *Alter the little ‘’legs’’ underneath the washing machine*. There will be > four, one in each corner and they are usually screw-in’s to make them > longer or shorter. Simply make them longer and shorter to fit the floor > snugly. > > *2nd answer-Philip Rabe , former Movie Construction* Coordinator > (1988-2013)Answered Dec 16, 2019 > > The machines have a screw out levelling foot that is good for about an > inch of levelling. If the floor is really slopped, you might have to make a > 2x4 block with a shallow hole for the machine’s foot. The wood would then > be attached to the concrete or wood floor to keep the whole parade from > inching down the slope while washing a load. > > *My note- Not only the flooring has to be levelled,* but rough also. When > the machine runs at higher RPM, even in levelled ground washing machine > moves from the position. > > *Q6 Why do Boeing planes keep crashing? In China, one has just > crashed. When travelling, can we find out about the brand of plane so that > we can avoid Boeing?* > > A6 Steven Haddock Lives in Toronto, ON (1959–present)Mon > > Largely because only two companies make a lot of passenger planes now - > Boeing and Airbus. Between them they control about 90% of the commercial > aviation market with Canada’s Bombardier and Brazil’s Embraer picking up > most of the rest. > > As such, if a plane crashes, by sheer chance it’s 45% likely to be a > Boeing. Airbus planes crash too though, including a crash in Pakistan in > 2020 that killed 97 of the 99 people on board, although to be fair it looks > like that crash was due to pilot error. > > *Q7 How many times can one use the same oil to fry chips, and is > it dangerous?* > > A7 Martin Bayer *Chef (*1994–present)Wed > > If the only thing you are frying is potatoes, whether it’s chips or French > fries, *you should get a number of runs out of the oil.* > > The moisture from the potato will slowly break the oil down, but as long > as you strain it after each use, to remove any burnt potato scraps*, you > can easily get a half dozen batches of chips from a pot, maybe more*. Make > sure you don’t overheat the oil as well. Taking it to its smoke point too > many times will lessen its lifespan. > > *Q8 What do zigzag lines on the road mean?* > > A8 Carlos Yanez JD from Gonzaga University School of Law > (Graduated 1981)Mar 13 > > It means you have been drinking too much. > > Sorry I had to say that. Some states are using zig-zag lines to warn > drivers that they are approaching a pedestrian and/or cyclist crossing. > > *The zig-zag concept was imported from Europe. It is* currently used in > only three locations in North America: Virginia, Hawaii, and Ottawa, > Ontario. > > In some locations, like the UK, both yellow and white zig zag road line > markings generally provide motorists with instructions that stopping on > parking on the zig-zag line area is prohibited. Like this school zone. > > *And in other places, the zig-zag line is used to warn of no passing. > Typically due to blind road ahead or other safety reasons.* > > Read and study your local vehicle code or laws to understand what they > mean where you are. > > *Q9 Do Sapiens and Neanderthals share a common ancestor? If yes, > did some of it migrate out of Africa evolving into Neanderthals while > others stayed in Africa evolving into Sapiens?* > > A9 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper Mar 15 > > *Basically. The chronology and classification of humans in the early Stone > Age is still being sorted out*, but the line of descent in African > probably goes Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo > heidlebergensis, *Homo sapiens.* Each of these groups from erectus onward > migrated out of Africa in one or more waves and set up colonies elsewhere, > and each of the later waves of migrants interbred with the colonies of > those who went before. > > We usually think Neanderthals and Denisovans evolved from the Homo > heidelbergensis wave, but it’s possible one or both came directly from Homo > erectus, or from ancestor. > > *Q10 Which laptop will be most suitable to buy in a budget around > INR 40-50k?* > > A10 Ashok Pandey Manager at CyberMedia India (company) > (2014–present)Feb 16 > > *Finding a decent laptop on a **₹**40,000-**₹**50,000 budget is difficult > in 2022.* Depending on your academic, professional, or gaming needs the > requirement of a laptop varies. While you mentioned the budget only, I > think you need a laptop for generic purposes. I would recommend going for a > laptop powered by a decent CPU, a long battery life, and a 1080p display at > least. > > *To browse the latest laptops in under **₹**50,000 check out the HP > online store.* My recommendation is the HP Laptop 14s-ef1000TU, because > of the 14-inch 1080 FHD display, 11th gen Intel i3 CPU, and 8+ hours of > battery back up. This is the best deal you can get under ₹50,000 in 2022. > If you have a little more budget on disposal, check out the HP Laptop > 14s-fq1092AU for ₹51,000 which is slightly over the edge of your budget. > This is a balanced laptop for productivity and infotainment powered by > Ryzen 5 5500U and 9+ hours of battery life. Opting for Windows 11 laptops > and avoiding dedicated GPU is recommended for the budget you have. > > If you are still confused, read more on such topics at the Tech4Growth > section on DQIndia's website or the NextGenIT on CiOL's website. > > *My note- I purchased in Chennai, India 18”laptop ACER for 31000-00 two > days back.* > > *Q11 Why do carnivores have more muscular legs than herbivores?* > > A11 Romāns Prokopjevs BSc in Computer Science & Management, Riga > Business School Updated Thu > > *Carnivores are naturally designed to kill preys they hunt. Therefore, > carnivores must be buffed to survive.* > > However, zoologists say that carnivores have a trend to socialize: hyenas, > wolfs, lions, etc. So, the more they will hunt in packs, the less > individual physical power will be required. > > *Q12 What should you never say to an Indian person when visiting > India?* > > A12 Bhuvana Rameshwar Lived abroad a few years Thu > > *International basic etiquettes apply in India too.* > > Other than that a few more to avoid, or not to say to or ask Indians.. > > *Why are you so dark? (it is in our gene)* > > Why do you speak English like you mother tongue? (it is our second > language after mother tongue which we learn first) > > Why do you still live with your parents? (it is norm here unless they are > in different towns. > > Why do you bargain with every shop keeper? (we don't bargain in shops, > where fixed prices are displayed like in super markets. We bargain when > shop keepers inflate prices like in tourist towns) > > Why are you so stingy? (we why is India so prefer saving to unnecessary > spending). > > Why is India so crowded? Why is India so dirty? > > If you have so many places of worship why are Indians so poor? > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 25-03- 2022. **Quora > answers need not be 100% correct answers .* > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 26-03-2022* > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/177614514.313025.1648270302044%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/177614514.313025.1648270302044%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZopNf70nb4tQoso5b6JvokSVawOHHix-%3DpBbPMivts4CDg%40mail.gmail.com.
