Pranam
Q4 The reply does reveal that, ALL ARE NOT FROM AFRICA. The Genomes of
Africa border Kenya today, must be matched with the Genes of the entire
earth, but it is not so. It is admitted. Because there was migration long
ago, may not lead to conclude that all are only from Africa. Suppose Sri
Lankans and Bangla desis are in India in 2000 AD and a research in 75000 AD
writes that India was flooded only by Sri Lanka and Bangladesh may not be
correct. In the conclusions of Archeology a belief is passed that usage of
pots is civilisation; but we do not use pots today 98%. Will someone write
after 20000 years from the excavations that we were uncivilised?. Theories
are not to refute but ideas are unverifiable, as no one knows what was
there even 1000 years back. Even literature shows exaggeration and similes.
Where Ramayanam and Bharatham are unreliable, as called by the west, why
would every word be believed only as truth, because it is uttered by some
west?
Q6 What was the term Industrialisation of G B? Industrial Revolution,
in modern history, the process
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/industrialization> of change from an
agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/industry> and machine
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/machine> manufacturing
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing>. These technological
changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally
transformed society. This process began in Britain
<https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom> in the 18th century and
from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by
French writers, the term *Industrial Revolution* was first popularized by
the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee
<https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnold-Toynbee> (1852–83) to describe
Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s time the
term has been more broadly applied as a process of economic transformation
<https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/transformation> than as a period of
time in a particular setting. This explains why some areas, such as China
<https://www.britannica.com/place/China> and India
<https://www.britannica.com/place/India>, did not begin their first
industrial revolutions until the 20th century, while others, such as the
United States and western Europe, began undergoing “second” industrial
revolutions by the late 19th century.
The technological
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology> changes
included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron
<https://www.britannica.com/science/iron-chemical-element> and steel
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/steel>, (2) the use of new energy
<https://www.britannica.com/science/energy> sources, including both fuels
and motive power, such as coal
<https://www.britannica.com/science/coal-fossil-fuel>, the steam engine
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine>, electricity
<https://www.britannica.com/science/electricity>, petroleum
<https://www.britannica.com/science/petroleum>, and the internal-combustion
engine <https://www.britannica.com/technology/internal-combustion-engine>,
(3) the invention
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/invention-technology> of new
machines, such as the spinning jenny
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/spinning-jenny> and the power loom
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/loom> that permitted increased
production with a smaller expenditure
<https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/expenditure> of human energy, (4) a
new organization of work known as the factory system
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/factory-system>, which entailed
increased division
of labour <https://www.britannica.com/topic/division-of-labour> and
specialization of function, (5) important developments in transportation
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/transportation-technology> and
communication <https://www.britannica.com/topic/communication>, including
the steam locomotive
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/locomotive-vehicle>, steamship,
automobile <https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile>, airplane
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/airplane>, telegraph
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/telegraph>, and radio
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio>, and (6) the increasing
application of science <https://www.britannica.com/science/science> to
industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously
increased use of natural resources and the mass production
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/mass-production> of manufactured
goods.
(1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of
food <https://www.britannica.com/topic/food> for a larger nonagricultural
population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of
wealth, the decline of land
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/land-economics> as a source of wealth in
the face of rising industrial production, and increased international trade
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-trade>, (3) political
changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state
policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society, (4)
sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/city>, the development of working-class
movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and (5) cultural
transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and distinctive
skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being
craftsmen working with hand tools
<https://www.britannica.com/technology/hand-tool>, they became machine
operators, subject to factory discipline
<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discipline>. Finally, there was
a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to
master nature was heightened.
Now when read carefully, undoubtedly Europe had the civilisation and
progress; even in that France was ahead but went unnoticed; and the USA by
that time were after the 2nd revolution; and other than agri ,using the
Iron tools.(?). Progressive culturally? Who? Europe is fine. But can that
Yartd-stick be applied to all?. We made that mistake.
Agriculture and nature was widespread in 56 nations of the Bharatha
varsha in 3102 BCE, when iron forces were used including the wheels. The
two important sources for the History of Indian metallurgy are
archaeological excavations and literary evidence. . Unique information
related to metals and metallurgy is available in different Sanskrit texts
beginning with Vedic texts to medieval and pre-modern texts.
The *Rigveda* has widely referred to *hiranya*, which is the oldest
Sanskrit word for gold. It has also mentioned products made from gold,
such as water vessel, necklace and visor. Chariots decorated with gold
have also been mentioned. The *Rigveda *(10.75.8) mentioned that the river
Sindhu (Indus) contains gold. The word *hiranyayi* was used for the
river. Another *Rigveda* hymn (8.26.18), states that the path of the river
Sindhu contains gold, and the word used for it is *hiranyavartanih*. It is
interesting to note that Sayana translated this word as *hiranmayobhayakula*,
i.e. both banks containing gold. The above hymns are some of the earliest
indirect references to the alluvial placer gold deposits in India. The
river Sindhu was an important source of gold in ancient times. It is
interesting to note the references for the availability of alluvial placer
gold in the river Sindhu are also reported in modern times. Tucci reported
in 1977 that “there was near the Indus (Sindhu) source, as there are even
now, great mines of gold in the region of the Manasarovar and in
Thokjalyug”. Further, in the itinerary in *Khotanese Saka* from Gilgit to
Chilas (written between 958 – 972 A.D.) the Indus is called
*Ysarnijittaji *— the golden river, which is not a mere poetic attribute,
but a reality.
Gold obtained from the river Jambu was called *jambunanda* and that
from the river Ganga was called *gangeya*. These were also, alluvial
placer gold. The *Pali* text Anguttara Nikaya narrated the process of the
recovery of gold dust or particles from alluvial placer gold deposits in
allegorical form.
The *Mahabharata* referred to* pipilika* gold (ants’ gold). Heaps
of this type of gold was presented to the king Yudhishthira at the
time of *rajasuya
yagna* ceremony. Pipilika gold was powdery in nature and of high purity.
It was obtained by panning the auriferous soil of ant hills formed by ants
or termites as a part of their nature on the land containing placer gold
deposits and hence the name ants’ gold. * Kautilya* described a variety of
gold called *rasaviddha*, which was naturally occurring dissolved gold in
liquid form. He stated that one *pala* (a measure) of this solution
converts one hundred *palas* of silver or copper into gold, which refers to
the cementation of gold on the surface of metals like silver and copper.
A similar type of dissolved gold know as *hatakaprabhasa *was mentioned in
*Gandavyuhasutra*. Kalidas also mentioned such gold solutions and termed
it *Kanaka rasa. *It is astonishing to note how people recognized such
gold solutions in the past.
Native gold is invariably by no means a pure metal. It contains
upto 20 percent silver, copper, iron, lead, bismuth, platinum group metals
and other metals, as impurities. Thus, native gold would have different
colours depending upon the nature and amount of impurities present. It is
logical to assume that the different colours of native gold were a major
driving force for the development of gold refining process. Although,
evidence of gold refining is available in Vedic texts in an allegory form,
it was the* Arthashastra* of Kautilya, which presented it in detail.
Gold refining was a two-stage process. The first stage was the melting of
impure gold along with lead, which removed base metal impurities, but not
noble metals like silver. The second stage was to heat impure gold sheets
with the soil of Sindhu State, which contained salt. The sodium chloride
present in the soil reacted with silver and the resulting silver chloride
absorbed in the surrounding soil. This was a solid state process, which
involved diffusion of silver in impure gold and the subsequent formation of
silver chloride at the gold-soil interface.
It is important to note that Kautilya stated that the starting
sheet of impure gold must be thin, as this would improve the kinetics of
the solid state refining. Usage of gold in granular form, as was the case
at least in part in the Sardis refinery of the Lydian kingdom of Anatolia,
would result in lower yield.
Another important metal referred to in *Rigveda* is *ayas*. It
has a shining appearance. *Ayas *has different meanings in different
periods. In early Vedic period, it means either copper or copper alloys.
One of the important products made from *ayas*, as stated in the *Rigveda*,
was the weapon of Indra called *vajra*. It was made by the process of
sinchan (casting). In the later Vedic period *ayas *or* karshnayas* means
iron. In the *Atharvaveda, rajata* (silver),* trapu* (tin) and *sisa*(lead)
have been mentioned.
Kautilya also described the method for refining silver, which was
similar to the first stage process used in gold refining. Further,
Kautilya stated a very interesting qualitative test for ensuring the
purity of cast silver ingots. According to it, the surface of the cast pure
silver ingots should exhibit an appearance of *chulika,* i.e., projections
similar to cock’s comb. In other words, the top surface of the pure
silver ingot has a rising appearance at certain places. In fact, this is a
reference to the spitting and sprouting behaviour of silver. Oxygen
dissolves readily in molten silver. Molten silver dissolves approximately
20 times its own volume of oxygen near the melting point at one atmosphere
pressure of oxygen. Just below the melting point, the solid silver can
dissolve oxygen only upto half its own volume under similar conditions.
The large difference in solubility of oxygen in the liquid and
solid state causes the evolution of oxygen during solidification of molten
silver. Bubbles of oxygen are then given off, resulting in “spitting” at
the free surface. As a result, liquid silver from the interior is ejected
on the surface of the ingot and a shape similar to a cock’s comb is formed
on the top surface after solidification.This author carried out the
experimental replication of the formation of *chulika* on a small size
cast pure silver. If silver contains base metals such as lead and copper,
then the dissolved oxygen would combine with it to form respective oxides.
In such a situation, the phenomenon of spitting would not be observed and
the surface would be smooth.
In this context, it is interesting to note that the law governing the
solubility of gases in metals, known as Sievert’s law, came into existence
only in the early 20th Century. However, ancient Indians recognized the
practical aspect of Sievert’s law in judging the purity of silver.
There is a rich Sanskrit terminology for metals, from which interesting
information on history of metallurgy can be derived. Only a few uncommon
terms would be cited. Silver has a tendency to tarnish. It tarnishes
readily when exposed to atmosphere containing sulphur, and looks blackish.
Due to this characteristic, an uncommon Sanskrit name of silver is
*durvarna*. The copper produced in Nepal was called *naipalika *or
*nepalaka*, and was of high purity. Tin recovered from lead-tin alloy
was called *nagaja*, i.e. “that obtained from* naga* (lead)”. Similarly,
tin recovered from the impure gold containing tin was called *svarnaja*.
India was not rich in tin metal. Our ancestors were conscious of this
problem and also exploited secondary sources for tin recovery. The
presence of lead adversely affects the characteristics of gold and hence,
it was also called as* hemaghna*.
The *Rasaratnasamuchchaya* described three types of ferrous
materials, viz, *munda, tiksna*and* kanta*. When iron ore pieces are
reduced by charcoal in solid state, iron blocks containing porosity
results. For this reason, the reduced iron blocks are also called sponge
iron blocks. Any useful products can only be obtained from this material
after removing the residual porosity by hot forging. The hot forged
sponge iron blocks are also termed as wrought iron. *Munda* was wrought
iron. As the name suggests *tiksna* has superior hardness as compared to
*munda*. *Tiksna* represented crucible steel made by liquid metallurgy and
also probably further carburised wrought iron. Special varieties of iron
were called *kanta*. An exciting example of wrought iron produced in
ancient India is the World famous Delhi Iron Pillar. It was erected in the
present position in Delhi in the 5th Century AD by king Chandra Varman.
However, the engraved Sanskrit inscription suggests that it was probably
brought here from elsewhere in the Gupta period. The average composition
(wt%) of the wrought iron of the pillar is – Fe – 0.15 C – 0.05 Si – 0.05
Mn – 0.25 P – 0.005 Ni – 0.03 Cu – 0.02 N. The most significant aspect of
the pillar is that there is no sign of any corrosion, in spite of the fact
that it has been exposed to the atmosphere for about 1,600 years.
Another striking feature of the pillar is its manufacturing technology. It
was made by successive hot forging of directly reduced sponge iron blocks
produced from the solid state reduction of iron ore by charcoal, in a die.
The joint lines that have not been completely removed by forging are
clearly visible on the pillar. This author discussed this aspect in detail
and opined that this procedure is basically very similar to current metal
powder forging techniques, with a difference that the latter is not usually
used to make a long product by joining pieces together (*Powder Metallurgy*,
1990, 33 (2), 119). In both the cases, hot forging in a die is done not
only to give the required shape, but also to remove the residual porosity
present in the starting material.
Indian crucible steel was a celebrated material worldwide. It was
usually produced by simultaneous carburisation and melting of wrought iron
in closed crucibles. Valmiki referred to it by the term “refined iron”.
Kautilya termed it* vratta*, because it was of circular shape. Dr. Helenus
Scott sent specimens of a variety of crucible steel, available in Mumbai
area, to sir Joseph Banks, the then President of the Royal Society, London,
for experimental investigation in 1794. He referred to this steel as
*wootz* in his letter. Recent researches by this author have revealed
that the *actual name of this steel was the Sanskrit utsa,* which was
erroneously transliterated in Roman Script as *wootz* by Scott. James
Stodart, fellow of the Royal Society, did extensive work on this steel and
mastered its hot forging, Stodart was so overwhelmed with its quality that
he mentioned this name *utsa* in Devanagari Script on his trade card, along
with a note that it is to be preferred over the best steel in Europe. It
was named utsa because it had a characteristic of oozing out of low melting
point liquid phase when heated to moderate temperatures.
Historically brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was known to
man much earlier than they were able to extract zinc from its ore on a
large scale. In early period, zinc was designated as *sattva *of zinc
ore. In medieval period, its was designated, as *yashada* in Sanskrit.
Zinc oxide, known as *pushpanjan*, has been referred to in *Charak
Samhita*. *Rasaratnakar* (second Century AD) provides the earliest
documentary evidence for the cementation process for brass making and
reduction-distillation process for zinc extraction. *Rasarnava *and
*Rasaratnasamuchchaya*described a typical crucible, known as vrintak,
having a shape similar to that of a long variety of brinjal, to be used for
making the reduction-distillation chamber. The basic principle of the
process resembles that of the large scale 12 Century industrial process for
zinc extraction uncovered at Zawar near Udaipur. It is a unique discovery
and the retorts used at Zawar are similar to the *vrintak* crucible.
The* Mahabharata* and some *Puranas *have referred to ferrous
arrowheads, which were subjected to ‘*tailadhauta*’ treatment.
Valmiki used this
terminology in the context of battle axe. Some of the commentaries of
*Ramayana* have defined *tailadhauta* as the process used for hardening (of
ferrous objects). Clearly, this terminology was used in the sense of oil
quench-hardening of ferrous materials.
hymn of *Atharvaveda*, in which, *karmar* (ironsmith or
metalsmith in general) has been called *manishi*, i.e., a wise or learned
person. Further, it has been stated in the *Kavyamimansa* (10th Century A.
D.) that goldsmith, ironsmith and similar other people should also be
invited by kings in the *kavya-parik-sa sabha*, i.e., literary meetings
organised to judge the scholarship of poets.
------------------------------
ये धीवा॑नो रथका॒राः क॒र्मारा॒ ये म॑नी॒षिणः॑ ।
उ॒प॒स्तीन् प॑र्ण॒ मह्यं॒ त्वं सर्वा॑न् कृण्व॒भितो॒ जना॑न्॥६॥
[Atharvaveda, 3.5.6]
Metal technology, for that matter, all other technologies, are
human creations shaped historically by context. The examples discussed
here illustrate how ancient Indians solved metallurgical challenges, which
helped in the development of Indian metallurgy and also the scientific and
technological temper in the people of those times.KR IRS 14322 ( These
lines a repeat and was written long ago by me )
On Thu, 14 Apr 2022 at 09:18, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 04-2022-14*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 Is it okay to have green tea on an empty stomach?
>
> A1 HealthifyMe· India's #1 Health and Wellness App Mar 4
>
> Green tea is loaded with vitamins and minerals. It is rich in vitamin E as
> an antioxidant and minerals like potassium, calcium, phosphorus and
> magnesium.
>
> *The antioxidants in green tea help in improving one’s metabolism and
> losing weight. In addition to* *this, the bioactive components in green
> tea improve both heart health and brain functions.*
>
> *You can have your first cup of green tea in the morning along with your
> breakfast as it will improve* your metabolism and reset your system for
> the rest of the day. *However, even good things must be consumed in
> moderation. It is fine to consume 2-3 cups of green tea in a day*.
> However, *consuming excessive amounts of green tea can make you feel
> nauseous and bloated. *So, keep a track of the number of cups you're
> drinking.
>
> You must also pick your green tea wisely. Remember to check the label of
> your green tea for added sugar. Green teas with added sugar will increase
> your calorie intake and hinder the weight loss process.
>
> Q2 How did homes keep warm over 100 years ago without central
> heating but just one coal fireplace in the home?
>
> A2 Geoffrey Thorndyke Former Retired Lecturer and Business
> Adviser Apr 3
>
> Well, you could say they didn’t. I certainly remember as a child waking
> in the morning to find ice on the inside of my bedroom window. *In the
> 1950’s our 3 bedroom terraced house had a gas fire in one room, a coal fire
> in another and a few electric fires that would be turned on when required.
> It all seemed very normal.*
>
> Mind you we don’t have central heating now, just 3 storage heaters and a
> couple of electric heaters, plus a wall mounted electric heater in the
> bathroom *We haven’t used the open fire this year as it’s getting to be
> too much work as I get older*. I do remember my Grandmothers largish
> terraced house had fireplaces in every room, and two attic rooms for the
> live in staff. In Victorian times many middle class families would have had
> a maid who would have got up early and cleared and lit the fires in the
> dining room and kitchen so that they were warming when the family got up.
> She would also have lit the bedroom fires later so these rooms were warm
> when the family retired to bed.
>
> Q3 When should you know that you better visit a psychologist?
>
> A3 Dr Arun MBBS, MCh | Founder, Careme Health, an online
> therapy app.Updated Sun
>
> *The issues can go from mild stress, feeling sad always without any
> reason, experiencing trauma, anxiety, and relationship issues to frequent
> mood swings, obsessive thoughts, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts,
> hallucinations and delu*sions. All emotions like sadness, guilt,
> happiness, and anger are normal.
>
> Every individual's ability to deal with emotional problems differs. The
> same situation can create different intensities of emotions for different
> people. It depends upon their ability to identify and use the available
> coping resources. When one feels a need for emotional ventilation, a safe
> space where they can talk to a person who will listen to their concerns
> without being judged, they can consult a psychologist. Even when the person
> is unsure, it's ok to consult a therapist who can clarify your doubts.
>
> Q4 With the discovery of the Denisovans, does it mean not
> everyone is from Africa in anthropology?
>
> A4 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Apr 5
>
> *No. Genus Homo evolved in Africa*. Various species in that genus then
> set out from Africa in small groups and set up colonies elsewhere - Homo
> erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis and *at least two waves of
> Homo sapiens*. Each wave intermarried with the remnants of the colonies
> of the groups who left before.
>
> Neanderthals, Denisovans and a couple of “ghost groups” we haven’t named
> yet evolved in situ in Europe and Asia (plus at least one similar group at
> home in West Africa), and then interbred with the later waves of Homo
> sapiens. We are still sorting out whether they came from erectus,
> antecessor or heidelbergensis, but there’s no doubt they descended from one
> of the groups that left Africa - just longer ago than the sapiens migrants.
> *And
> every surviving human population we’ve tested so far is mainly sapiens
> genetically,* although all except a few small groups in central Africa
> also have input from these other related Homo species
>
> Q5 Can you put two appliances on one breaker?
>
> A5 M Nabeel Khan, Industrial Automation Engineer, interested
> in Smart HomeAnswered Apr 8
>
> *Yes you can install appliances in this topology. In order to achieve this
> you have to consider following things*
>
> Total operational current maximum for both appliances together
>
> *Breaker tripping threshold should be enough to cater the maximum possible
> current from both appliances at the same time.*
>
> In order to avoid peak current scenarios for short time like few seconds
> then breaker fuse time should be decided to incorporate such bearing
> current duration.
>
> *When ever the current rating goes above the limit for certain time then
> the breaker will go off (open)* and both devices will be shut down even
> if the issue caused by any of the appliances or within the breaker itself.
>
> Example of such circuit:our home main incoming line feeding whole home
> with one breaker . Whose capacity was calculated properly before
> installation.Hope this might have clarified your thoughts.
>
> My note- There are individual circuit breakers for equipment like split
> airconditioner in addition.
>
> Q6 Why did Great Britain industrialize so early?
>
> A6 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper 21h
>
> *An education system which was accessible to the poor, or at least the
> lower middle class; a benign climate which meant we didn’t have to struggle
> too hard to survive but could afford leisure time to experiment; and lots
> of resources in coal, timber* and iron. In particular, the fact that
> there’s a ridge of hills up the middle of most of England, and clumps of
> hills and mountains in the south-west of England, and in Wales and
> Scotland, combined with a size and shape which means that nowhere is much
> over 70 miles from the sea, meant there were a lot of small rivers which
> were coming off high ground and very fast-moving, suitable for powering
> factories.
>
> Q7 What is something at which India is far better than other
> developed nations?
>
> A7 Balaji Viswanathan Former life as investor, trader,
> finblogger and a builder of fintech tools3y
>
> *Airports: In European airports it is a such a pain to* get basic
> essentials like water. From Helsinki to Istanbul to Amsterdam and Paris, I
> had a tough time getting drinking water and charging my phone/computer.
> *India’s
> new airports are quite convenient and I would pick Bangalore airport over
> any European or American airport. Delhi airport ranked number 1 in world in
> service quality*
>
> Lower debt to GDP: India’s public debt to GDP is about 50%. Europe’s is
> near 90%. US about 78% and Japan about 220%. Debt crisis is a real issue in
> a lot of the developed world countries. List of countries by public debt.
>
> Higher savings by public. India has a healthy gross domestic savings as
> public save more and borrow less. Countries ranked by Gross domestic
> savings (% of GDP)- Indians save about 28% of the income — in most
> developed countries it is less than 15%.
>
> Mobile data: In India, you can buy 3 months of mobile data [1.5GB/day]
> for like $7. In most developed countries it is 10x of that. Average mobile
> data usage at 11GB a month: Nokia
>
> Medical care: If you have some money in India, health care is very
> accessible and in most case affordable. It is cheaper and better than most
> developing countries. My relatives use to come to India for some of their
> children’s despite being on NHS. This is due to queues that limit access.
> *When
> I lived in the US, I had most of my health check, dental care etc in
> whenever I visited India*. Top 5 Countries for Medical Tourism
>
> Connecting 1 billion people with a biometric id: India has had a record
> fast adoption of biometric id. Despite a few claims of hacking, it is still
> secure and is getting deeply embedded into people’s life. Aadhaar goes
> global, finds takers in Russia and Africa
>
> Television and entertainment: In India, we have a plethora of TV
> entertainment options — as the cable is quite cheap and we have Hotstar,
> Netflix, Amazon Prime etc that reduce the costs with economies of scale.
> Binge-watchers don’t need data dieting any more.While living in rural India
> I had full HBO access, but could not afford the same while living in the US.
>
> Launching satellites and spacecrafts economically: India is trying to
> capture micro and nano satellites and ISRO is becoming a key player in the
> satellite launch industry. and Chandrayaan-1 data confirms presence of
> ice on Moon: NASA.Only a handful of countries can provide a better
> reliability.
>
> Movie industry: India has the world’s second largest movie industry,
> second only to Hollywood. Movies become a key export from India. India's
> Film Industry -- A $10 Billion Business Trapped In A $2 Billion Body
>
> Food and retail delivery: In India, Swiggy, Amazon etc provide record
> fast deliveries. Companies are now trying to replicate this success
> elsewhere. Amazon to 'export' logistics successes made in India
>
> *Of course, we lag behind in so many things — especially in things
> affecting the poor. I’m not* saying we are rich, ideal or achieved most
> things. We are broken in a lot of things. But, we will fix that and we are
> fixing that.
>
> The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
>
> But I have promises to keep,
>
> And miles to go before I sleep,
>
> And miles to go before I sleep.
>
> —Robert Frost
>
> Q8 What is the relationship between current and current
> density?
>
> A8 Navneet Kaur, Consultant at Education
> (2016-present)Answered Mon
>
> *The magnitude of current density is also equivalent to the ratio of
> current (I) to area (A). In equation* form, current density can be
> written as… The SI unit of current density is the ampère per square meter
> [A/m2].
>
> *2ND ANSWER-Lyle McElhaney, Self-employed* software engineer
> (1990-present)Updated Apr 7
>
> Presuming we are talking electricity here (but generally usable in all
> applicable fields)…
>
> Current is a time-rate measurement of charge (in coulombs, or electrons,
> perhaps) moving past a point per unit of time. *Current density then is
> current moving past a point per unit of area of the cross-section of wire.*
>
> 3RD ANSWER- Chirantan Gupta, Principle Electrical Engineer at Samsung
> Engineering (2015-present)Answered Sep 2, 2019
>
> Isnt this self explanatory? Current is simply the total current in a
> particular circuit. Its measured in Amps. *Now, current density can be
> easily calculated if you know the cross sectional area of the current
> carrying conductor*. Divide the entire current in amps by the area of
> conductor in http://sq.mm and voila you have the current density on Amps/
> sq.mm.
>
> For eg. If current is 30Amps and the current carrying conductor is 6sq.mm,
> the corresponding current density is 30/6= 5 Amps per sq.mm.
>
> Q9 How can things grow/replicate (i.e., the reproductive
> process) if matter can neither be created nor destroyed?
>
> A9 Franklin Veaux Apr 2
>
> ”Matter can not be created or destroyed” is false. Matter is created and
> destroyed all the time. For example, matter/antimatter annihilation
> destroys matter. The total mass-energy is conserved, but matter is not.
>
> This has nothing to do with reproduction. Reproduction does not create
> matter. When you reproduce, you take matter into your body from outside.
> This matter is called “food.” Your body breaks down this matter and uses
> some of it to build the new organism. When you grow, some of the food you
> take in is added to your mass.
>
> Q10 How is carbon dioxide produced commercially for industrial
> use?
>
> A10 David Thomas Professional Engineer, Civil, Alaska Apr 1
>
> A small source like for producing “dry ice”? Or carbonating drinks? That
> can come from various fermentation processes (beer, wine, yogurt) which
> results in higher concentration CO2 than in the exhaust of combustion
> processes (which is mostly inert N2) and doesn’t have as many contaminants
> in it.
>
> *But if you want to extract CO2 from the exhaust of a combustion process,
> amine solutions absorb large amounts of CO*2 which can then be pulled
> from the aqueous solution under a vacuum.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 13-04- 2022. **Quora
> answers need not be 100% correct answers *
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 13-04-2022*
>
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