Pranam
1 The terms paradigm and theory are often used interchangeably in social
science, although social scientists do not always agree whether these are
identical or distinct concepts *paradigm* as a way of viewing the world
(or “analytic lens” akin to a set of glasses) and a framework from which to
understand the human experience-as defined. It can be difficult to fully
grasp the idea of paradigmatic assumptions because we are very ingrained in
our own, personal everyday way of thinking. For example, let’s look at
people’s views on abortion. To some, abortion is a medical procedure that
should be undertaken at the discretion of each individual woman. To others,
abortion is murder and members of society should collectively have the
right to decide when, if at all, abortion should be undertaken. Chances
are, if you have an opinion about this topic, you are pretty certain about
the veracity of your perspective. Then again, the person who sits next to
you in class may have a very different opinion and yet be equally confident
about the truth of their perspective. Who is correct?
2 You are each operating under a set of assumptions about the way the
world works, or the way you believe the world should work. Perhaps your
assumptions come from your political perspective, which helps shape your
view on a variety of social issues, or perhaps your assumptions are based
on what you learned from your parents or in religion around. In any case,
there is a paradigm that shapes your stance on the issue. Those paradigms
are a set of assumptions. These beliefs and assumptions influence how we
think about any aspect of the issue*. Paradigms are a way of framing what
we know, what we can know, and how we can know it*. Positivism is the first
paradigm we will consider, as it is likely the first that comes to mind
when thinking about science. *Positivism* is guided by the principles of
objectivity, “knowability,” and deductive logic. Deductive logic is
discussed in more detail in next section of this chapter. The positivist
framework operates from the assumption that society can and should be
studied empirically and scientifically. Positivism also calls for a
value-free science, one in which researchers aim to abandon their biases
and values in a quest for objective, empirical, and knowable truth.
3 Another predominant paradigm in social work is *social constructionism*.
While positivists seek “the truth,” the social constructionist framework
posits that “truth” varies. Truth is different based on who you ask, and people
change their definitions of truth { as in this group a few did and others
watched over ineffectively} all the time based on their interactions with
other people. *According to this paradigm, we create reality through our
interactions and the interpretations that we have of our interactions, as
opposed to the existence of an objective reality. * So, what is the “truth”
of the middle finger or thumbs up? It depends on the gesture’s intended
meaning, the gesture’s interpretation, and the social context in which it
occurs. ( for esy understanding of a paradigm) . In other words, the
meanings that we construct have power beyond the individual people who
create them.
4 A third paradigm is the *critical* paradigm. At its core, the critical
paradigm is focused on power, inequality, and social change. Unlike the
positivist paradigm, the critical paradigm posits that social science can
never be truly objective or value-free. Further, this paradigm operates
from the perspective that scientific investigation should be conducted with
the express goal of social change in mind. The critical paradigm not only
studies power imbalances but also seeks to change them.
5 Finally, *postmodernism* is a paradigm that challenges almost every way
of knowing that many social scientists take for granted . While positivists
claim that there is an objective, knowable truth, postmodernists would say
that there is not. While social constructionists may argue that truth is in
the eye of the beholder(s), postmodernists may claim that we can never know
such truth. This is because postmodernists believe that researchers stamp
their own truth on the investigation when studying and reporting on others’
truths. Finally, while the critical paradigm may argue that power,
inequality, and change shape reality and truth, a postmodernist may ask
whose power, inequality, change, reality, and truth are in question. Much
like paradigms, theories provide a way to look at the world and understand
human interaction. Paradigms are grounded in over-arching, general
assumptions about the world, whereas theories describe more specific
phenomena. They help us answer the “why” and “how” questions we often have
about the patterns we observe in social life. While paradigms may point us
in a particular direction with respect to our “why” questions, theories
more specifically map out the explanation, or the “how,” behind the “why.”
6 Sanskrit has many words for paradigm, but the best is Vivaraṇa (विवरण
).—1) Displaying, expressing, unfolding, opening.; 2) Exposing, laying bare
or open.; 3) Exposition, explanation, gloss, comment, interpretation.; 4)
Describing, description. Thye word describes as facts variables as law
states that each case is different. Hence Paradigm is not the truth. It is
a derivation from certain known facts. KR IRS 28722
On Thu, 28 Jul 2022 at 07:14, Markendeya Yeddanapudi <
[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
> --
> *Mar**The Emergence and Shift of Paradigmatic Bases*
>
>
>
> Paradigm is the connecting conceptual base of understanding. Unless one
> connects to a concept or paradigm developed in one’s mind one cannot
> understand. Understanding actually was the growth of concepts or basic
> paradigms, the scope continuously increasing and developing new branches
> and connections and extensions.
>
> But once understanding was not entangled and bound to concepts and
> paradigms. Every organism, perceived as part and participant of nature, and
> understanding consisted of breathing, smelling, perceiving, acting,
> interacting and in harmonizing as reflex action filled life. In fact one’s
> mind did not find opportunity to suspend the breathe based perception to do
> analysis and then dialysis. One participated in nature as nature, and one
> could not separate from nature to carry on the divorced observation and
> private perception. Nature as God was everywhere, and God created
> Revelations as continuous flashes of enlightenment. One lived as an organic
> part and participant of nature.
>
> With the emergence of the Neo Cortex, the Human organism gradually
> deviated from being a part of the macro perception of the Biosphere as a
> whole. Understanding changed from feeling to detached observation for
> noting and feeling became the sin called bias.
>
> Observation for perception needed the connecting conceptual base, called
> paradigm. The very smell messages from nature were ignored and the human
> struggled to just connect phenomena to the established paradigm in the
> mind. The basic apparatus of perception, through breathing, smelling,
> sensing and perceiving in and as nature has been removed to pave way for
> the scientific or Cartesian mathematical reduction.
>
> Nature no longer was a part and participant in perception. In fact the
> indifferent and insensitive destruction of nature has become the unbiased
> and detached scientific noting by the mind without feeling. The very thrill
> of revelation from nature has been killed by technology. The innate art in
> one’s life as a part and participant in and as nature vanished.
>
> Today the scientific detachment has taken us to the very abandonment of
> perception. We no longer perceive, but only note what the computers tell.
> We do not even need concepts and the paradigmatic bases. This is the era of
> death of paradigms and rule by computers.
>
> We have a machine perform the work of every organ, and we are making our
> organs redundant. In this frenzy to make our Biology redundant, the mind
> too is becoming dysfunctional.
>
> Once when one walked in free, thick and lush nature one perceived along
> with every organism of the Biosphere breathing the smell messages and
> exhaling smell responses. In that ‘Kavi Sammelan Every organism was a
> participant.
>
> This is the era of technology or the techno logic or the logic of the
> machine.AI is taking over.AI does not need paradigms. It needs only the
> synchronization of engineering.
>
> YM
>
--
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