Very good. So I have to take class on " marginal" & " infinitesimal" etc too. Your question was will there be variation. Your answer. Is NO. End. For u 50 to 70 may be nothing yet it is the variable factor, not marginal. KR. IRS
On Fri, Sep 16, 2022, 6:35 PM gopala krishnan <[email protected]> wrote: > Respected Mr Rajaram Sir, > > About Q1, what I wrote in simple manner is repeated than elaborated in > your response. > > Normally in no home the ceiling fan or wall mounted fan is kept in > minimum. Most Keep the fan in position above 2, because then only good > movement of air, or some flow of air can be felt. In most homes for drying > wet surface after moping, fan is kept in maximum position. > Some may require fan always a little below maximum. > You can see cash counter in most banks in an enclosure, and wall fan is > fitted for the staff( Unless air conditioner is very close to enclosure) > > All these things I kept in mind and answered the QA with one line, the > consumption difference is marginal. > Gopalakrishnan > Gopalakrishnan > > On Friday, 16 September, 2022 at 01:02:35 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > Q6 The Jordanian concept: "But speech is the really important one. > Other animals have languages but so far as we know none of their languages > are more sophisticated than that of a human toddler (except that crows have > a remarkable ability to describe human faces to each other, which we > haven’t deciphered yet). *Complex speech enables us to construct > elaborate stories which are used as teaching aids (we know that bonobos, > for* example, can gossip but they can’t compose sagas so far as we now), > and it lets us outsource our intelligence and build on the discoveries of > those who came before us, without having to literally re-invent the wheel > in every generation. > Thank God when we say something like this, Jordanian though those > are myths; But Bonobos is science?; animals languages are that of toddlers, > which science said it?; May be Q & A reproductions of the master minds is > also some Bonobos?. I also said the same thing. > When a North Kerala speaks Malayalam, south is stumped; so too > when Tirunelveli and Coimbatore tamil and Madras Tamilian. So it is our > ignorance that we cannot know; not the defect of the language; so too > speeches of the other creatures. Also out scriptures and Puranas speak of > knowing birds' and the animal languages; Vikramaditya decoded all of them; > but we out of ignorance, without reading any of them, follow the great > wisdom of the Jordanians. > Every specie can express and all specie developed their > languages. Ancient birds and animals > > All the birds of water and land spoke in Ramayanam; and chakora spoke > about the greenery of the land of Rama. In the *Ramayana > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ramayana#purana>* there are > descriptions regarding many kinds of birds. These include birds of the air, > water and earth. The following are some of the important birds included in > the *Ramayana*. > > In the *Ramayana*, Valmiki > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/valmiki#purana> describes the flora > and fauna in great details. The descriptions in the *Ramayana* reflect > the supremacy of nature. Valmiki describes the fauna as extensively as he > does the plants in his epic > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/epic#hinduism>. > > In the *Ramayana*, Citrakuta > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/citrakuta#purana> has been > described as Mahavana > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mahavana#ayurveda>. Valmiki has > given detailed information about this Mahavana[1] > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/animal-kingdom-tiryak-in-epics/d/doc825690.html#note-e-173980>.Valmiki > noticed and has made pointed references to both carnivores and herbivores. > Elephants, different types of deer, bears, monkeys, tigers and cheetahs get > special mention. Deer was the most common animal in Citrakuta and it is > given detailed treatment. > > Among the birds found there, we see species of peacocks, cuckoos andsmall > cranes. Various aquatic birds like Rathanga (Ruddy Shelduk), Karandhava > (Coot), Kraunca <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kraunca#purana> (Pond > heron), lava <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lava#purana> (heron), > Hamsa <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/hamsa#purana> (Swan) and > Natyuha (Gallinule) are described. The presence of the common species of > birds like cuckoo and Cakora > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/cakora#purana> provide a melodious > background to the landscape, and thus adds to its natural beauty. > > Among the animals that find mention in the Citrakuta forest are Golangula > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/golangula#purana> (Cow-tailed > monkey), Mahisha <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mahisha#purana>, > Prisatta (Spotted deer) and Riksha > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/riksha#purana> (bear). Then there > are birds like Karandhava (Coot), Koyashthi (Green-Billed Coucal), Kraunca > (pond heron) and Natyula (Gallinule). He has also mentioned singing birds > such as kokila <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kokila#purana>, > mayura <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mayura#purana> and a > migratory bird called sarasa > <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sarasa#purana>. Thus Valmiki has > given a good picture of the aquatic as well as land birds. > > Men who spoke to animals: Asvapati, Seraman Perumal Nayanar,Vikramaditya, > Pulipani, Appar, Swami Vivekanada, Tamil Siddhas, Ramana Maharishi, in > recent times. Ramayana gives a story about Asvapati who knows animal > language. Asvapati was the father of Kaikeyi. Asvapati banished his wife to > forest because she insisted that Asvapati should reveal what two birds > spoke about. Asvapati said to her that he should not reveal what he > overheard. He told her that his head would blow into hundreds of pieces if > he reveals to her the bird’s talk. This happened while they were strolling > the palace gardens. After Asvapati listened to two swans, he laughed > loudly. Kaikeyi’s mother (queen) insisted that he should reveal what he > heard, but he refused and banished her to forest. > > The word “vanara” etymologically means “va” (or) and “nara” (human). That > means when people see them, they appear so similar to humans that people > have a question in mind – is this a monkey or a human. In the Srimad > Bhagavatam, we see that Gajendra, although an elephant, but offers great > prayers. > > CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD iv 4 TO 9 : I am Satyakama Jabala” (V.4.4). The > teacher said: “No one who is not a Brahmana can speak thus. Dear boy, bring > the sacrificial fuel; I shall initiate you as a brahmacarin, for you have > not deviated from truth (IV.4.5).” He duly initiated Satyakama for Vedic > and Vedantic learning. > > The guru, however, did not give the new disciple any instructions. On the > contrary, he selected four hundred lean, weak and frail cows, and asked > Satyakama to tend them in the forest. The boy willingly obliged and drove > the cows to the forest. He vowed that he will not return to teacher’s house > till the cows become one thousand. He lived in the forest with the cows for > a long time. Then one day the chief bull addressed the boy: “Satyakama!’ > “Yes, revered Sir”, thus he responded. ‘Dear boy, we have reached a > thousand; take us to the house of the teacher” (IV.5.1). > > The bull then said: “Let me instruct you about one foot of Brahman also > (IV.5.1).” The bull said that there are four quarters for Brahman. The > first quarter (foot) consists of the four quarters of the Universe. One who > meditates on this first quarter, that is, on the four quarters of the > Universe, will win the radiant regions in the next world. In the evening, > after penning the cows, he kindled the fire. Then the fire volunteered to > instruct Satyakama about the second foot of Brahman, which has also four > parts, namely, the earth, the sky, the heaven and the ocean. One who > meditates on this quarter with four parts will win the endless and > undecaying regions. Satyakama continued his journey with the cows to the > guru’s home. On the way the swan flew to him, and said that he will > instruct him about the next foot (quarter) of Brahman. The third foot > consists also of four parts, namely, fire, sun, moon and the lightening. > One who meditates on this quarter obtains effulgent regions. The fourth > foot of Brahman was explained by the Madgu bird (a kind of diver-bird), > which, again has four parts, namely, prana, eye, ear and mind. The result > of this meditations is the attainment of extensive regions in the next > world. > > All these things happened on the way to the teacher’s house as he was > driving the thousand cows. Finally he reached the house of the teacher. > “The teacher addressed him, “Satyakama!” “Yes, revered Sir”, he responded. > “Dear boy, you shine like a knower of Brahman; who is it that has > instructed you?” Satyakama assured him, “Beings other than men. But I wish, > revered Sir, that you would teach it to me (IV.9.1-2).” The teacher then > taught him the same doctrines, which were already imparted to him by the > bull, the fire, the swan and the Madgu bird. > > So let the learning start from here . For information, many > universities of USA had conformed that birds and animals can converse. That > is late learning while calling ours as myth. As Jordon is proud of Rome, > lets be Proud of us. KR IRS 16922 > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > > On Fri, 16 Sept 2022 at 11:21, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < > [email protected]> wrote: > > Q1 Current consumed > > Work and energy are basically the same, with identical units. Power is > different. It is the time rate of doing work. Power = work / time. Work = > power × time. > > I= V/R where I= current; V = volt supplied; and R= the resistance induced > by the tool, in the fan the regulator. 100 watts fan with the @ 200 ohms > set regulator, consumes 72-Watt power. The same 100 watts fan with lower > speed of resistance altered to 400 ohms, resulted in 57 watts power. 100 > watts if worked for an hour consumes, 0.1 unit of electricity it consumes. > 72 watts will consume, 0.1*72/100 units while it is 0.1*57/100 units; and > in one hour it might be negligible to us; but after 10 hours it is 0.72 > units and 0.57 units with a variation of 0.15 units when multiplied by 60 > days , taking it works only for 10 hours per day, it is 9 units which is > free to 90 rupees today by TNEB. > > Einstein theory also proves the same; E the energy varies with reference > to the M the mass of the fan, with the square of the acceleration of the > fan > > But the mamedhai and the Singapore companion may call me a cockroach for > all these (courtesy Hey Gopala ) KR IRS 16922 > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > Q2 *The Best Train Trips in the World: 2021 Readers' Choice Awards* > > > - El Transcantábrico Gran Lujo, Spain. ... > - The Pride of Africa Rovos Rail, Africa. ... > - Palace on Wheels, India. ... > - Belmond Eastern & Oriental Express, Asia. ... > - Belmond British Pullman, Europe. ... > - The Ghan, Australia. ... > - Rocky Mountaineer, North America. ... > - Seven Stars in Kyushu, Japan. > > > > In the Global 2019 survey authenticated, The best railway was Japan and > Hongkong ranking 1 and 2 with 6.8 & 6.5 whereas, USA was the 12tjhwith 5.5 > and Germany and Russia scored 4.8. Singapore has just 5.8 so-called > regulated nations. The survey included all that is described in that Q &A. > The best train on earth has the 3rd ranked India as seen above.Nandrum > theethum pirar thara vaara. Similarly among the advanced nations I had seen > the worst flights of 4 hrs durations also. KR 16922 > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > Q3 Hasty generalisation of Mr G Pondicherry has > 25 > restaurants for both categories while ananda bhavan is the recent whereas > Sad guru and sat sangam are the old ones with good veg food. Pushkar, > Koidaikanal and Darjeeling are budgetary? If so, every tourist spot has > such grumpy accommodations and the roadside restaurants are so cheap. > Travel is an art. Westerners come with a backpack distanced by 10000 miles, > stay somewhere , eat something and wander lust they become. If we need > tourism ourselves, we have to forgo a lot. I remember driving with my > family in the pouring rain with just a dhoti and angavastram driving all > the way around so many temples of Kumbakonam, leaving at 5 30 AM and back > at 1 PM and leaving at 3 30 PM and back at 9 30 PM. We went to 62 temples > and had the best dharsan, especially the first 3 days since crows were > blank due to heavy rains. Whereas the big bus was waiting after seeing the > water flow across the Bridge near Govindapuram, I as usual drove across > Keeping my Perumal in front and behold the traffic followed me. Travel is > an art and not run on budget. KR IRS 16922 > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > Q5 Whereas the proud Utah university man blew his conch we copied it > back without any pride of did we have any such?. Do not say I am talking > about concrete. He spoke about high on Romans and in the last 4 lines drew > some semblances of the truth; I say always that they come here wear dhoti, > eat dosa and after a few days, in their whole life time never even go to > any Indian architectures at all (exemptions do not make arule); whereas we > do follow all their habits till last ; they wear slim dress but don't > expose; we are far away from that toda and call it as freedom; Now lets see > who we are: > > From the time of the Mahajanapadas (600 BCE–320 BCE), walled and moated > cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used > arched windows and doors and made intense use of wooden architecture, are > important features of the architecture during this period. Indian > architecture depict walled and moated cities with massive gates, > elaborate multi-storied residences, pavilions with a variety of domes, > together with the simple, thatched-roofed huts that remained the basis of > most Indian architectural forms. Grandeur of construction, beautiful > sculptures, delicate carvings, high domes, gopuras and extensive > courtyards were the features of temple architecture India did. > > The Romans were very good at stealing ideas from other cultures, > particularly if those ideas benefited the Romans and could be adapted to > suit their needs. > > In ancient Persia, they developed a system of straight roads, some of them > hundreds of miles long. Roman roads were later constructed using similar, > but often adapted methods, including the use of cobblestones and dressed > stones and the use of a camber and drainage system. > > Other features of the Persian empire that appear again in Roman times > include canals and aqueducts. > > Other features of Persian architecture included Iwan’s - pillared chambers > which opened out on one side to an open space. Gardens and water features, > including pools. Persian architecture was known for the symmetry of its > buildings and the use of domes and vaulted ceilings. > > Roman houses and other buildings also made use of some of these features > and examples of each can be found among the many different structures that > were built during the Roman period. > > The Persians were also keen on the use of mosaics and they included much > decoration in their architecture, including frescoes. > > While many features of Persian architecture are present in Roman buildings > it may be difficult to say whether the influence was directly Persian as > examples of Greek and other styles of architecture are also present. It > would be fairer to say that Persian architecture had an influence on many > different cultures and their buildings and that the Romans were another > stage in the progression of architecture in general. > > Gandhara art represents the art that developed and spread in the north > western part of India from the 1st Century B.C. to the 4th Century A.D. The > major centers of art activity of this school were in the kingdoms in this > region such as Bacteria, Kapisha, Swat and Gandhara > > Gandharan style was an amalgam of Hellenistic- Roman, Iranian and > indigenous art. A number of compositional traits were adapted from Roman > mortuary art > This interaction of artistic components was largely due to the > geographical position of the region which was at the cross roads of > cultural exchange. The area saw the advent of a number of foreign powers > and political configurations ranging from the Greek, Bactrian to Kushana. > > Most of the sculptures from this period are Buddhist and had great > influence from Romans . Example- Standing Buddha images are most > characteristic feature of the style. These figures have a uniformity of > pose, costume, lakshana and other characteristics. The Buddha is usually > depicted standing frontally with one leg bent. He is shown wearing a heavy > robe that covers both shoulders, his left hand hangs down but the right > hand is raised in abhaya or varada mudra. There is an ushnisha or a top > knot on the head. He is not adorned with any other jewelry, though his > elongated earlobes suggest that as a prince he did wear heavy ornaments. > > There are many ancient architectural marvels in India and you can find > them in almost every corner of the country but personally I am amazed by > the Kailasha temple at Ellora caves in Maharashtra. > > The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and carved out of a single stone. > > Imagine UNESCO has listed 830 World Heritage Sites, out of which 26 are in > India. This is less than six other countries. Is this not a tangible proof > of the creative genius and industry of this ancient land, people, and also > of the gifts bestowed on it by nature. Be it the Bhimbetka’s prehistoric > rock art at one end or the innumerable palaces, mosques, temples, > gurudwaras, churches or tombs and sprawling cities and solemn stupas. > > The excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro and several other sites of the > Indus Valley Civilisation revealed the existence of a very modern urban > civilisation with expert town planning and engineering skills. The very > advanced drainage system along with well planned roads and houses show that > a sophisticated and highly evolved culture existed in India before the > coming of the Aryans. The sites of the Indus Valley Civilization were > excavated under the Archaeological Survey of India established by the > British. > > The Harappan people had constructed mainly three types of > buildings-dwelling houses, pillared halls and public baths. Main features > of Harappan remains are: > > 1. The settlements could be traced as far back as the third millennium > BC. > > 2, Some important settlements were excavated on the banks of the river > Indus particularly at the bends that provided water, easy means of > transportation of produce and other goods and also some protection by way > of natural barriers of the river . > > 3. All the sites consisted of walled cities which provided security to > the people. > > 4. The cities had a rectangular grid pattern of layout with roads that > cut each other at right angles. > > 5. The Indus Valley people used standardised burnt mud-bricks as > building material. > > 6. There is evidence of building of big dimensions which perhaps were > public buildings, administrative or business centres, pillared halls and > courtyards, There is no evidence of temples. > > 7. Public buildings include granaries which were used to store grains > which give an idea of an organised collection and distribution system. > > 8. Along with large public buildings, there is evidence of small one > roomed constructions that appear to be working peoples quarters. > > 9. The Harappan people were great engineers as is evident from the > public bath that was discovered at Mohenjodaro. The ‘Great Bath’ as it is > called, is still functional and there is no leakage or cracks in the > construction. The existence of what appears to be a public bathing place > shows the importance of ritualistic bathing and cleanliness in this > culture. It is significant that most of the houses had private wells and > bathrooms. > > 10. At some sites a dominant citadel was excavated in the western part > containing the public buildings including the granaries. This can perhaps > be treated as evidence of some kind of political authority ruling over the > cities. > > 11. There is evidence also of fortifications with gateways enclosing the > walled cities which shows that there may have been a fear of being attacked. > > In the Mauryan period (322-182 BC) especially under Ashoka architecture > saw a great advancement. Mauryan art and architecture depicted the > influence of Persians and Greeks. During the reign of Ashoka many > monolithic stone pillars were erected on which teachings of ‘Dhamma’ were > inscribed. The highly polished pillars with animal figures adorning the top > (capitals) are unique and remarkable. The lion capital of the Sarnath > pillar has been accepted as the emblem of the Indian Republic. Each pillar > weighs about 50 tonnes and is about 50 ft high. The stupas of Sanchi and > Sarnath are symbols of the achievement of Mauryan architecture. The > gateways of the Sanchi Stupa with the beautiful sculpture depicting scenes > from Jataka stories are specimens of the skill and aesthetic sense of the > artisans. > > The blending of Greek and Indian art led to the development of Gandhara > art which developed later. The other schools of art and architecture were > the indigenous Mathura school and Amaravati school. A large number of > statues of the Buddha were built by the artisans of these schools specially > after the first century AD under the influence of the Kushanas. Under the > Gandhara school of art life-like statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas were > made in the likeness of Greek gods even though the ideas, inspirations and > subjects were all Indian. Rich ornaments, costumes and drapery were used to > impart physical beauty. The sculptures were in stone, terracotta, cement > like material and clay. > > The figures of the Mathura school were made of spotted red stone. They had > more of a spiritual look in them. Here along with Buddha we find sculptures > of Jaina deities also. The Amaravati school developed under the patronage > of the Satavahanas of the Andhra region. A great stupa was built at > Amaravati in the Lower Godavari region. > > The walls of the stupa are adorned with bas relief, carved medallions and > decorative panels. Nagarjunakonda is another place that is famous for > Buddhist architecture. > > The Gupta period marks the beginning of the construction of free-standing > Hindu temples. An example of this is the temple at Deogarh (Jhansi > district) which had a central shrine or garbhagriha where the image of the > deity was placed. Another temple at Bhitargaon (Kanpur district) are two > fine examples of this period. > > Enough about the strong architecture of India 4500 years back? The > Brihadeshwara temple was built where there are no rocks and we talk about > unavailability in Roman data? What did we use better than the concrete?. > And we have simply aligned the rocks without pasting , seen strong in spite > of the wind. I am proud of my Mayan architecture of Ramayanam than the > Roman. KR IRS 16922 > > On Fri, 16 Sept 2022 at 05:09, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < > [email protected]> wrote: > > *CULTURAL QA 09-2022-16* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > Q1 How does changing the fan speed on a ceiling fan affect the > amount of electricity used? > > A1 Gopala Krishnan,Former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 > at Department of Telecom (1966–2004)Just now > > While increasing or decreasing speed of a fan, the resistance is > increased or decreased in a rheostat. > > We know I =V / R . When speed is very low, R is more, voltage is constant, > so I will be low. When speed is increased R is reduced and I is more. *But > this increase in R is not much, hence increase of I is marginal.* > > Q2 Is Indian railways changing for better? > > A2 Saurabh Kumar, Lives in Patna, Bihar, India (2020–present)1h > > *Yes, They are.* > > In 2020 me along with my family were travelling from Ahmedabad to Patna by > Azimabad Express (12947). > > As soon as the train left the station, a wash basin outside bathroom > started leaking and water was coming into the coach.Water coming something > like this: > > We called 139 to register a complaint. > > And to my surprise, within 5–10 minutes,2 guys probably from the cleaning > staff came into coach asking about complaint. *We told them the problem > and they apologized for it*. They fixed the problem and then asked us to > rate the service and marked complaint as resolved. We were very happy to > see such a service from railways :D > > *My note- Because all these works are carried out in contract. Consider > the condition of coaches like in double* decker or Satabdi. Push back may > not be working, meals tray closing is missing and toilet is not in good > condition including the lock. Side glasses are partially cracked and not > replaced… > > Q3 What are the really dirt-cheap travel destinations for > Indians? > > A3 Rudra Chauhan, Sep 2 > > I wouldn’t talk about dirt-cheap travel destinations for Indians but the > places that I am going to talk about are *indeed very budget-friendly, > and it won’t break your bank. *The list goes like: > > *Pondicherry: This place comes at first in my mind when we* used to talk > about travel destinations. I love this place because of beaches, and I > adore those ancient French colonies. It is reachable by air, train, and > road. The best time to visit is in the month of October to March. The > average cost would be somewhere between Rs.500–Rs.1000 per day. > > *My note- Except the Adyar anandabhavan, no good* vegetarian restaurant > is not there. It is always crowded and quality too is just OK > > *Pushkar: Do you want to get a religious vibe? Explore this* place has a > quite popular Jagatpita Brahma Temple that is dedicated to Lord Brahma. The > average cost of food and stay would be around Rs.1000–1500 per day. > > *Kodaikanal: This place has all my heart. This place is full of* scenic > views, and it is popularly known as Princess of Hill Stations. This place > is not as crowded as Ooty. The average cost of food and stay would be > around Rs.1000–1500 per day. > > *Darjeeling: How about waking up to the sunrise of Tiger* Hills and > sipping a hot cup of special Darjeeling tea. The best time to visit is in > the month of April to June, and October to January. The average expense > comes to be around Rs.1000–1500 per day. > > These are some budget-friendly travel destinations that you can explore > and I bet you won’t regret your decision. > > Q4 How often should we service our air conditioner, and what > does servicing involve? > > A4 Graham L, BA in Computer Science & Mathematics, The Open > University (Graduated 1990)Tue > > *Most recommendations say twice per year, once in the springtime and once > in the Fall.* > > From my experience it is usual to do the following services (at least in > my area): > > Check refrigerant (often called Freon) for leaks and correct pressure. > > Ensure the outdoor compressor is starting, running, and stopping > effectively and is free of debris and obstructions to good levels of > airflow through it. Check for presence of mold. > > If you have a heat pump, will check the reverser valve is operating > properly and the heat can be felt in the room vents. > > Check/change air filter in the furnace and the presence of mold on the > chiller pipes. Remediate as needed. > > Check operation of ventilator system (if fitted). > > Clean and washout the condensate pipe and check where it drains to is > secure. > > Provide advice on non-maintenance items that may be showing signs of wear > and advice on health and safety for the AC systems when appropriate. > > Those checks will increase the likelihood of a safe environment for your > family that will work throughout the cold winters and hot summers. > > *My note- Most service engineers advice to run the AC whether required or > not for half an hour in a fortnight so* that problem can be set right. > With split AC, even after providing net over the unit from some where > sparrows, squrriels get in and lay eggs and infants grow, obstruct the > external fan working with their nest etc. Some times cats deliver near the > external units creating foul smells of meat taken and given to kittens. > > Q5 Why was the concrete made by the Romans more than 2,000 > years ago stronger than the one used today? > > A5 Bob deWitt, Art History Professor, Utah Valley University > Aug 8 > > *Roman’s were lucky. Roman concrete is amazingly strong because of its > chemistry. Modern-day concrete is typically* made of ‘Portland cement’ > that is then mixed with water and aggregate (like gravel). *Portland > cement-based concrete does deteriorate over time. A common attempt to make > it stronger is to embed steel reinforcing rods in it.* This does increase > its ‘tensile’ strength considerably—far beyond anything that Roman concrete > could do. For instance, *Roman concrete could never be used for a freeway > overpass span like is commonly used today*. *However, steel reinforcement > has one major drawback: steel rusts*. *This not only weakens the material > but it also expands causing cracks and other weaknesses in the concrete.* > > *So, one of the reasons that Roman concrete structures have lasted for > millennia is that the Romans only used it in so-called ‘compression’ mode*, > never in tensile mode (in other words for structures like columns, arches, > and domes—never for horizontal elements like beams). *Because concrete is > only used in compression, the more weight it carries, the stronger it > becomes.* > > Perhaps the most important reason Roman concrete is so strong, though, is > that *it is made with ‘pozzolana’ ash instead of Portland cement. > Pozzolana ash is volcanic ash and the Romans were incredibly lucky in that > pozzolana-based concrete actually grows stronger with age*, especially if > it has been mixed with sea water. This has been recently been shown through > studies made at the University of Utah. Surprisingly, mixing pozzolana ash > with sea water creates something called aluminous tobermorite, a rare > silica-based mineral that's actually very hard to make in the lab, but is > abundant in the ancient Roman concrete and causes the concrete to grow more > rock-like with age. *This not only makes ordinary concrete structures > stronger, but it works like a miracle with underwater structures like > harbor foundations.* > > The pozzolana not only hardens underwater, but the sea water makes the > concrete harder because the aluminous tobermorite actually grows in the > concrete thanks to the sea water sloshing around it, slowly dissolving the > volcanic ash within and giving it space to develop a reinforced structure > from these interlocking crystals of aluminous tobermorite. *As a result, > according to the researchers: "The Romans created a rock-like concrete” by > using pozzolana.* > > *Of course, that still begs the question of why are Roman structures such > as the Basilica of Constantine in Trier, Germany still standing when there > wasn’t any sea water around to use?* > > *There are other reasons for that, such as the technique they used for > such structures, called opus testaceum, as seen in the graphic below:* > > This is where the builders would created two walls of brick spaced a two > or three feet apart, and then pour concrete (which had been mixed with only > a bare minimum of water) into the ‘form’ thus created, and firmly compact > it (which made it stronger). > > As well as simply making walls really thick….Anyway, there you go. Those > Romans just kept thinking of everything…. > > Q6 Aside from speech and clothing, what separates humans from > other animals? > > A6 Claire Jordan, Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaperTue > > *Better dexterity and the ability to throw well. An unusually upright > bipedal posture which frees up our hands to do these things.* > > But speech is the really important one. Other animals have languages but > so far as we know none of their languages are more sophisticated than that > of a human toddler (except that crows have a remarkable ability to describe > human faces to each other, which we haven’t deciphered yet). *Complex > speech enables us to construct elaborate stories which are used as teaching > aids (we know that bonobos, for* example, can gossip but they can’t > compose sagas so far as we now), and it lets us outsource our intelligence > and build on the discoveries of those who came before us, without having to > literally re-invent the wheel in every generation. > > Q7 What is the difference between "evolutionist" and > "biologist"? > > A7 Ken Saladin, Former professor of histology (microscopic > anatomy)1h > > *Biologists are those who scientifically study living organisms* > > An evolutionist (in one sense) is a biologist whose central interest is > the evolution of living organisms. In another sense, it can mean a person > who builds a philosophy around evolution, like Julian Huxley. > > Q8 Can you eat cooked rice that was left overnight? > > A8 Umesh Chandra Kodopi, Former Business Development Associate > at BYJU'S (company) (2021–2022)Sep 9 > > *Yes .. but need some modifications add some water overnight then it > becomes a very probiotic breakfast that actually very benifit for your > overall health and you feel very light mood.*i m belong to a very small > village from Chattisgarh…and there is very Common ritual in breakfast…as > you know that Chattisgarh is known rice of blow so the main food of people > is rice…and maximum food cuisine are in Chattisgarh made from rice…. Above > i mentioned *the recipe that is called in Chattisgarh is BORABASI.* > ….Bora meanes overnight sock with water and basi means.. food that belongs > to yesterday night… pic below 👇. I think this recipe alghhhhso practice > is servals others state of india because it is very traditional and rooted > village food culture … > > Very Common Eating habits in Chattisgarh specific down south of > Chattisgarh baster aadivasi region .they eat with chutney or satl and > chilli powder.. very delicious and most importantly very healthy. > > BENIFIT OF EATING BORABASI (probiotic breakfast) > > *Don't require time and energy to Make this. Control YOUR* body > temperature. Remove dehydration Issue on body > > Best alternative for costly probiotic morden it saves you time and > money. > > It control YOUR B.P maintenance of your overall body > > You feel very light after breakfast… You got very good sleep 😴 > > Overall your mood is fresh and relax that lead to a very happy and healthy > life. You can eat BORABASI with anything but one condition it should be > healthy. downsouth of Chattisgarh Baster tribal people ( common morning > food : BORABASI) > > I hope you got some insight information about your questions…i hope i gave > best possible knowledge i have….that is helpful for you thanks for reading. > > *My note- I have not edited the grammar or language.* > > Q9 How does a person who is a senior citizen, retired and have > no partner (either died or separated), no kids (or living separately), > basically alone, spends his day fruitfully or at least satisfactorily? > > A9 Balakrishnan Lakshmanan, Lives in Bengaluru, Karnataka, > India (2020–present)Sep 5 > > *I think, I am eligible to answer your question*. I spend my day this > way, I am 63 years young, robust health, not on medication. I get up at 6 > or 6.10am (no alarm); drink 2 glasses of warm water, ablution, freshening > up, get ready and go for *at least 5 km walk*, in the Park I do some free > hand exercises, push ups. On my return get some flowers for prayer, some > vegetables, cereals, groceries as required. By 8.30am the maid comes and > does the cleaning, mopping, washing the vessels etc. By 9am shower, by > 9.30am pooja paat, *10am breakfast. Up to 12 noon newspapers, magazine > and half hour TV.* Then I prepare my Lunch which usually takes 45 minutes > to one hour. *Lunch at 1.30pm. Upto 3.30pm browsing the lap Top, replying > to emails another 30 minutes TV.* > > From 3.45pm to 4.30pm I take a shot nap ; then evening Tea/tiffin. Say > 6.00pm to 6.45pm Prayers. By 7pm i go out for a stroll, say around 8.30pm i > get back. *9pm dinner time. By 10 30/10.45pm i hit the sack.* This has > been my daily schedule, at times it is boring, i mumble a little, but again > I thank God for keeping me this way, totally relaxed. *No > friends/relatives visit me, i visit them whenever possible, now and then i > visit some Mall, also watch some good movie and enjoy outside meal, be it > Pizza, Chinese Noodles/Fried rice, Sandwiches, Masala Poori, Paani Poori > and so on. *Minimum 5 days I cook my own Lunch and Dinner that is the > rule of the house, still I am 68/70 Kgs. I am trying to bring it to 65kgs > for the last 3 years, but not achieved, but I will do it before December > 2022. *Most of the people reading this would have concluded that I am a > boring person, but I enjoy living life of my own. *We need to accept > “Destiny" then it is easy to manage life. Oh…I forgot to mention one > thing, *every 45 days I am out for 10 to 15 days, either to friends place > outside Bangalore or Sister's house outside Bangalore or on a short > pilgrimage and the sorts.* I always enjoy travelling, not able to stay > put in one place for long. So, this is the way of Life I am bestowed with. > Once again it is “Providence" - *my sole objective, do not want to be a > burden on anyone. Hopefully, my “Sai Ram" will show me the way. My Best > Wishes*. > > Q10 Does the heat from your house go anywhere when you turn on > the air conditioner? > > A10 Dean Hough, Former Electrical Engineer \ Computer Science21h > > *Yes, the heat from your house gets transferred outdoors*. If you put > your hand next to an air conditioner compressor running outdoors you will > feel the heat being expelled, or rejected, from the fan blowing air across > the radiator. *The compressed refrigerant is hot because it’s in a liquid > state and this heat is cooled off through a radiator*. Then the cooled > refrigerant flows to the evaporation coil located in your home where the > refrigerant evaporates to a gaseous state and it becomes quite cold. *Air > is blown across that evaporation coil to cool your home and the evaporation > coil is just another radiator except this radiator is absorbing heat > because it’s cold.* > > My note- While the airconditioner warms the room/ hall/* building a lot > of warm air is send out which is carried away by wind if blows. * > > *One can observe this very warm air if one go through the area where > cooling system is provided for a building* > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 15-09- 2022.* > > *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .* > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 16-09-2022* > > > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/707988209.3140005.1663285180233%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/707988209.3140005.1663285180233%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Sanathana dharma and science" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sanathana-dharma-and-science/CAL5XZoqaMo2zHTFfPZewGRV8NFTYZNgB4LgzZb6CK3vAojawhg%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sanathana-dharma-and-science/CAL5XZoqaMo2zHTFfPZewGRV8NFTYZNgB4LgzZb6CK3vAojawhg%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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