In continuation science behind helium reclaim is not that easy is
revealed as under: "HELIUM RECAPTURE IS NOT SO EASY BRITTANICA
Our planet is surrounded by a wispy thin layer of gas that keeps us warm
and allows weather to happen, and basically makes all of life on Earth
possible. Except that precious atmosphere of ours is actually leaking every
second into outer space. Luckily, it's a really slow leak since, for any
object, be it a molecule of gas, a rocket, or a cat, to break the tether of
Earth's gravity and escape, it has to hightail it out of here at 34 times
the speed of sound.
It takes the energy of a metric ton of TNT to boost a person to that speed,
and less energy for lighter objects-- 1/10 of that for a cat, for example.
Barring a large asteroid impact that can inject large swaths of the
atmosphere into space, the only gases that regularly escape Earth's
atmosphere today are hydrogen and helium, the lightest elements in the
universe. There are several ways hydrogen and helium molecules can wind up
on a one-way mission to space. Some near the top of the atmosphere simply
get enough energy from the sun's heat to escape. Others are fast-moving,
charged particles that would usually be stopped from escaping by the
Earth's magnetic field.
Occasionally, though, these speedy, electron-lacking particles crash into a
neutral molecule with enough force to knock loose and steel one of its
electrons. Now neutral itself, the speeding particle is free of the Earth's
magnetic field, and if the collision happens to set it on a course for the
stars, that's where it goes.
Finally, some of the Earth's magnetic field lines are weakened and pushed
away from the Earth by the solar wind, a violent stream of plasma emanating
from our Sun. Charged particles guided by these magnetic fields can simply
fly off the weak ends like sparks off a live wire. But if our planet didn't
have a magnetic field at all, things could be a lot worse. Mars, for
example, has no protective magnetic field, so what little atmosphere it
does have is constantly buffeted and ripped away by the solar wind.
Even with its protective bubble, Earth is losing enough hydrogen to fill a
meter-wide balloon every second. No need to worry-- it'll take a few
billion years before we lose all our hydrogen this way, but maybe someday
in the distant future someone will look at Earth and ask, just as we do of
Mars now, was there ever life on this chunk of rock?
High-resolution transmission microscopy was applied to study the
microstructure of ilmenite particles. The top layer from the surface of the
ilmenite particle is a glassy layer with dense disordered atomic packing
structures . Its thickness is about 40–50 nm. Beneath the glassy layer is a
partial glass region with a thickness of about 30 nm before reaching the
inner crystalline phase. It is known that the irradiation of high-energy
ions can induce the amorphization of crystalline materials, and the degree
of the amorphization decreases with the increase of the depth. Therefore,
the top glass layer and the partially glassy layer beneath on the surface
of the ilmenite should be attributed to the irradiation of the solar wind
or other high-energy cosmic-ray irradiations.
Helium bubbles are mainly retained in the glassy layer . It is
noticeable that the helium bubbles are in spherical shapes with clear
interfaces, which is attributed to the viscous and flowable characteristics
of glasses. These results suggest that the glassy layer plays a critical
role in capturing and retaining helium gas.
The lunar regolith brought back by Chang'E-5 mission is much younger
than those from the Apollo mission and Luna mission, it contains large
amounts of 3He resource. The 3He gas that is stored in bubbles in the
glassy surface layer of the ilmenite particles is more convenient to
extract *in situ* compared to the 3He atoms retained in lattice defects.
This work provides the first evidence for the advantage of glass in
capturing and retaining 3He on the moon owing to its stable disordered
atomic packing structure, which acts as a reservoir of the noble 3He gas. Our
findings suggest the possibility for future exploration of 3He resources on
the moon.
Thus the moon is being tried as a collecting vessel to recapture
Helium which is far away from 2025. NB In the meantime, stupids like
narayanaswamy can blabber anything and some may jalra also KR IRS 17922
On Sat, 17 Sept 2022 at 18:43, Rajaram Krishnamurthy <[email protected]>
wrote:
> Sure. But the scientist who predicted the disaster around 2025 had said
> recapturing helium with the same feature may not be feasible. Also now
> research on inert gas reclamation is going on. Thank u K. R. IRS
>
> On Sat, Sep 17, 2022, 6:03 PM Srinivasan Sridharan <
> [email protected]> wrote:
>
>> Dear Sir, Dt17th SEP
>> Helium being an inert gas , remains unaffected even after use.
>> However, the once used Helium escapes ( being much lighter than
>> oxygen and nitrogen ) to the top layers of the atmosphere.
>> The atmosphere above 10 miles from top of earth has all the used ( and
>> escaped ) Helium.
>> Research is active on methods of recapturing this helium !
>> Regards, Sridharan
>>
>>
>>
>> On Sat, Sep 17, 2022 at 1:59 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy <
>> [email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>> Thank Mr Gopalakrishnan. I expect from you only such a write up and I do
>>> always send right prescriptions over your gossip materials. So your telling
>>> " I do expect only such from you" is highly remarkable as ignorant words.
>>> Sorry I have to Have a nice time KR IRS 17922
>>>
>>> On Sat, 17 Sept 2022 at 13:59, gopala krishnan <[email protected]>
>>> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Sir,
>>>> Thank you for the addition referring to Ukraine war for deficiency of
>>>> helium now. I require this type of addition from you. Thank you
>>>> Gopalakrishnan
>>>>
>>>> On Saturday, 17 September, 2022 at 10:08:23 am IST, Rajaram
>>>> Krishnamurthy <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Q2 Yes indeed Now Mr G is coming around in thinking and I like
>>>> it; helium is produced by many countries though they are available far away
>>>> from us around the stars; Helio-centric greek word denoting dancing around
>>>> the SUN and its by product was named as Helium. The current helium
>>>> shortage is the fourth to occur since 2006 and is being caused by
>>>> *shutdowns
>>>> at several major helium producers*. The shortage has been exacerbated
>>>> by the war in Ukraine, as Russia is one of the world's top suppliers of
>>>> helium. Based on the technical analysis by cryptocurrency experts
>>>> regarding the prices of Helium, in 2024, HNT is expected to have the
>>>> following minimum and maximum prices: *about $21.91 and $27.33*,
>>>> respectively. The average expected trading cost is $22.72. Investments in
>>>> Helium shares are predicted as unfailing in 2022 analysis. What year
>>>> will we run out of helium? The US currently supplies around 80
>>>> percent of the world's helium supplies. Richardson said it has taken *4.7
>>>> billion years* for the Earth to accumulate our helium reserves, which
>>>> we will have exhausted within about a hundred years of the US's National
>>>> Helium Reserve having been established in 1925 viz 2025. A renowned
>>>> expert on helium says we are wasting our supplies of the inert gas helium
>>>> and will run out within 25 to 30 years, which will have disastrous
>>>> consequences for hospitals and industry. Professor of physics, Robert
>>>> Richardson from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, won the 1996 Nobel
>>>> prize <https://phys.org/tags/nobel+prize/> for his work on
>>>> superfluidity <https://phys.org/tags/superfluidity/> in helium
>>>> <https://phys.org/tags/helium/>, and has issued a warning the supplies
>>>> of helium are being used at an unprecedented rate and could be depleted
>>>> within a generation.
>>>>
>>>> Liquid helium is vital for its use in cooling the superconducting
>>>> magnets <https://phys.org/tags/superconducting+magnets/> in magnetic
>>>> resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. There is no substitute because no other
>>>> substance has a lower boiling point. Helium is also vital in the
>>>> manufacture of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and fiber optics. In MRI
>>>> scanners the helium is recycled, but often the gas
>>>> <https://phys.org/tags/gas/> is wasted since it is thought of as a
>>>> cheap gas, and as such is often used to fill party balloons and as a party
>>>> trick distorting people's voices when it is inhaled. Professor
>>>> Richardson warned the gas is not cheap because the supply is inexhaustible,
>>>> but because of the Helium Privatisation Act passed in 1996 by the US
>>>> Congress. The Act required the helium stores held underground near Amarillo
>>>> in Texas to be sold off at a fixed rate by 2015 regardless of the market
>>>> value, to pay off the original cost of the reserve. The Amarillo storage
>>>> facility holds around half the Earth's stocks of helium: around a billion
>>>> cubic meters of the gas. The US currently supplies around 80 percent of the
>>>> world's helium supplies.
>>>>
>>>> In one lecture I heard being said the Lord Krishna was the helium
>>>> having pervadfed in all the planet and space objects floating them all the
>>>> time, as helium does in a baloon. अथवा बहुनैतेन किं ज्ञातेन तवार्जुन
>>>> |विष्टभ्याहमिदं कृत्स्नमेकांशेन स्थितो जगत् || 42|| atha vā
>>>> bahunaitena kiṁ jñātena tavārjuna viṣhṭabhyāham idaṁ kṛitsnam
>>>> ekānśhena sthito jagat.
>>>>
>>>> AYURVEDAM READ WITH THE TREATISE OF VAISEHIKA OF KANADHA RISHI SPEAKS
>>>> IN SANSKROIT VERSE AS UNDER , ATLEAST 5000 YEARS AGO, WHEN HELIUM WAS
>>>> AVAILABLE AND PRESERVED WELL AS SEEN BELOW ONE BY ONE: Why do I call
>>>> hydrogen THE space element? Here are supporting quotes: “Hydrogen is
>>>> estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms — three quarters of the
>>>> mass of the universe!“(2)“Hydrogen gas is so light that, uncombined,
>>>> hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that
>>>> they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere “(2)// Therefore,
>>>> our understanding of Space = paramanu = H+ = not yet matter is still an
>>>> option from Vaisheshika. Also, space is well described in Ayurveda as
>>>> being nuclear energy. Energy is matter. Hydrogen is used to make nuclear
>>>> energy. So, I feel confident that in the analogy of the five Ayurvedic
>>>> elements to the Periodic Table, space IS matter, space is hydrogen protons,
>>>> called “paramanu” by Kanaada. What is interesting too is that, just as
>>>> in Vedic theory, hydrogen (space) goes on to make air: “Stellar
>>>> hydrogen fusion processes release massive amounts of energy by combining
>>>> hydrogens to form helium.”(2)[Ed: called “dvyanuka” or double atom by
>>>> Kanaada] // “the second most abundant element in the known *Universe
>>>> ”in** part because*“… all natural gas contains at least trace elements
>>>> of helium.”(3)Electrical energy is huge here even with the complete
>>>> “noble gas” helium, *because Almost** all helium in the Universe “is
>>>> found in a *plasma <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29>*
>>>> state,
>>>> with properties quite different from those of atomic helium. In a plasma,
>>>> helium’s electrons are not bound to its nucleus, resulting in very high
>>>> electrical conductivity, even when the gas is only partially ionized.” **//
>>>> { samskritha bharati text}. Hence helium was used long ago; preserved long
>>>> ago; worried only today; now one can under stand the words of productions
>>>> need advocated in Russia by our PM, since Russia has Helium and we are
>>>> running short and we have to arise, awake and stop not. Relationship with
>>>> Russia diplomacy. KR IRS 17922*
>>>>
>>>> *xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On Sat, 17 Sept 2022 at 04:41, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <
>>>> [email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> *CULTURAL QA 09-2022-17*
>>>>
>>>> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>>>>
>>>> Q1 The train is diverted and taken a different route
>>>> delaying 3 hours. Can we get a refund? I need to complaint because it’s an
>>>> inconvenience to the passengers, trying to connect 139 but no response.
>>>>
>>>> A1 D S P CHANDRA SEKHAR,Worked at South Central Railway
>>>> Zone, India (SCR) (1983–2018)6h
>>>>
>>>> *Even the train ran in correct route with more than three hours late
>>>> the ticket can get full refund*. If you are unable to get refund in
>>>> IRCTC website or PRS counter (in case of manual ticket ), you can apply to
>>>> Chief commercial Manager (Refunds ) of the Zone where that train started.
>>>> You must give full details of your ticket your address, mobile no. your
>>>> bank account no. IFSC code, details of your nearest railway station. For
>>>> counter tickets you must enclose the ticket keeping a photo copy of it.
>>>>
>>>> *My note- If the departure time is delayed by more than three hours the
>>>> passenger can get refund* by cancelling his ticket. While travelling
>>>> in the train, if the train is delayed more than three hours to
>>>> reach the destination station or taken different route, *no refund is
>>>> possible I think*. I had an instance while travelling to New Delhi in
>>>> an official trip, train took a different route due to derailment, and
>>>> *delayed
>>>> by 14 hours* to reach New Delhi during 1999 or so. *The purpose of my
>>>> travel was not fulfilled. *
>>>>
>>>> Q2 Why is there a helium shortage?
>>>>
>>>> A2 Tiny Nair, Cardiologist at PRS Hospital, Trivandrum
>>>> Updated 4y
>>>>
>>>> *August 16, 1868, Pierre Janssen, a French astronomer, traveled all the
>>>> way to Guntur, in erstwhile state of Madras, in south India, to observe a
>>>> ‘total’ solar eclipse; such eclipse being seen only in a narrow geographic
>>>> corridor over land.*
>>>>
>>>> He carried with him an unusual instrument called ‘Spectroscope’ and
>>>> planned to watch the solar flare during the eclipse. *He was
>>>> fascinated to see hitherto unseen yellow line in the spectroscope, with a
>>>> wavelength of 587 nanometers *. He was keen enough to note that,
>>>> though close, *it was distinctly different from ‘hydrogen’.* British
>>>> Astronomer Norman Lockyer independently observed the same spectrum and
>>>> *named
>>>> this new element as Helium (Helios – sun)*
>>>>
>>>> Despite being abundant in the universe, Helium, the ‘gas-balloon’ gas
>>>> is difficult to procure. Areas of Amarillo, Texas in USA and Qatar has
>>>> natural Helium available in subterranean caves.
>>>>
>>>> Helium as ‘gas’ can fill fun in a balloon, but ‘liquid’ helium is
>>>> needed for scientific and industrial use. The challenge is to cool it
>>>> to minus 269 degree Celsius, store it in special canisters and transport by
>>>> specially built container trucks.
>>>>
>>>> The tiny nation of Qatar supplies about 30% of all helium worldwide. With
>>>> its borders sealed by Saudi Arabia in the recent crisis, land-route blocked
>>>> Qatar has scaled down production of helium, sending panic signals to
>>>> the research labs as well as manufacturing facilities that use helium, all
>>>> over the globe.
>>>>
>>>> *Helium is used in the MRI scanners worldwide; a crisis of Helium
>>>> supply might hit the hospitals badly. Shutting down MRI scanners in today's
>>>> diagnostic world is unimaginable.*
>>>>
>>>> Can we do something? Sure; ask your daughter not to insist on getting
>>>> those “floating up” Gas-balloons for her next birthday party. The
>>>> helium lost into the upper atmosphere is lost forever and never ever
>>>> replaced.
>>>>
>>>> *My note- Very informative answer.*
>>>>
>>>> Q3 Why are people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s falling victim
>>>> to cardiovascular attacks?
>>>>
>>>> A3 Narayana Health, Health for all. All for health. Updated
>>>> Sep 1
>>>>
>>>> There has been a rise in heart diseases and sudden heart attacks
>>>> becoming life-threatening for many in their 20s, 30s and 40s. Let us delve
>>>> deeper to understand the cause of heart attacks in younger age groups.
>>>>
>>>> *Some common symptoms of heart attack are:*
>>>>
>>>> Feeling of pressure or tightness or pain in the chest or arms spreading
>>>> to the neck, back, or jaw
>>>>
>>>> Abdominal pain, nausea, and indigestion Breathing difficulty Cold
>>>> sweat Dizziness and fatigue
>>>>
>>>> Certain factors may play a pivotal role in developing heart disease in
>>>> a person. Some of them are curable and controllable and some are not. Some
>>>> risk factors pass through the generations (hereditary) while some are due
>>>> to a sedentary lifestyle. Lifestyle factors, diet, and genetic issues are
>>>> leading to an increased incidence of heart attacks in the 20s, 30s and 40s.
>>>>
>>>> Source: Narayana Health[1] CAD (Heart Disease) in Young People[2]
>>>>
>>>> Q4 What are the benefits of taking a long-distance train
>>>> journey in India in an A/C or non-A/C sleeper class?
>>>>
>>>> A4 Indian Railway Information, Posted by Shreyash Trivedi,
>>>> Thu
>>>>
>>>> I have been frequently travelling by Indian trains for more than 20
>>>> years. During this period, I experienced a lot of long journeys ( 30
>>>> hours+) in which I travelled in both air-conditioned & non-air-conditioned
>>>> classes.
>>>>
>>>> In India, there are mainly five types of classes available on
>>>> long-distance trains. They are AC 1st class, AC two-tier, Ac three-tier,
>>>> 3AC economy & non- ac sleeper class.
>>>>
>>>> *Note: All types of coaches provide sleeping facilities.*
>>>>
>>>> I am going to share the outcome of my journeys after travelling in
>>>> various classes.
>>>>
>>>> *Ac 1st class( Code - H) :*
>>>>
>>>> I generally prefer this class for short-mid journeys i.e., journeys
>>>> which are less than 24 hours. *The fare of this class is more often
>>>> equal to the economic class of any budget flight in India so It completely
>>>> becomes a personal preference. *Time or comfort.
>>>>
>>>> Ac two-tier ( Code -A) :
>>>>
>>>> This is the most appropriate class for long journeys. If someone wants
>>>> comfort & peaceful time then this class is definitely made for them. I
>>>> travelled in 2AC for up to 76 hours.
>>>>
>>>> *AC three tier ( Code -B):*
>>>>
>>>> I recently travelled in Ac three tier for my journey to Bangalore (
>>>> approx 42 hours) and here are a few points which I would like to share:
>>>>
>>>> You cannot expect a comfortable journey if your berth is Lower, middle,
>>>> upper & side lower. Only the side upper berth has enough space &
>>>> allows you a comfortable undisturbed journey.
>>>>
>>>> 2. Since 3AC has much higher occupancy than 2AC so you might face
>>>> things like noise & crowd in your coach ( some may not like this)
>>>>
>>>> *3. Washrooms in some trains are seriously not in a condition to using.
>>>> ( This is train specific problem)*
>>>>
>>>> Conclusion : 3AC can be a suitable class for people who want to travel
>>>> in an air-conditioned class economically.
>>>>
>>>> *3AC economy( Code-M) :*
>>>>
>>>> I will not recommend this class for any type of journey. They have less
>>>> space in comparison to 3AC and carry more passengers which makes them
>>>> compact & crowdy both. You do not get any bedding as well. *The worst
>>>> thing is their fare is almost the same as of 3AC.*
>>>>
>>>> *Non-ac sleeper class ( Code- S):*
>>>>
>>>> Last month I travelled in a sleeper class of Goa Exp. from Vasco de
>>>> Gama to New Delhi and here are a few points which I would like to share:
>>>>
>>>> *You have to be very careful about your belongings.*
>>>>
>>>> 2. In summer & humid weather, non-ac sleeper classes will not be
>>>> suitable for many people.
>>>>
>>>> *3. Safety is a concern ( One of my co-passenger got arrested for
>>>> misbehaving with passengers)*
>>>>
>>>> 4. You will have to carry your bedding with you.
>>>>
>>>> *5. Washrooms are usually not clean & hygienic to use.*
>>>>
>>>> 6. Track sound; which is good for people who love trains & travelling
>>>> but can be a problem for people who rarely travel.
>>>>
>>>> Now if we compare AC and Non-ac classes then definitely AC classes are
>>>> better in terms of safety, comfort, peace and providing a pleasant
>>>> temperature whereas non-ac class is way more economical.
>>>>
>>>> In my opinion, if you can manage travelling in 3AC then it is more
>>>> economical (than higher classes) and fulfils almost all the requirements.
>>>>
>>>> If money is not a problem then 2AC is the most appropriate class for
>>>> long train journeys.Hope this comparison & my experience will help you
>>>>
>>>> Q5 Are rough feature walls good for bathrooms?
>>>>
>>>> A5 Gopala Krishnan, Former Assistant General Manager
>>>> 1996-2004 at Department of Telecom (1966–2004) Just now
>>>>
>>>> *Instead of walls. rough feature of floor tiles is good for washrooms,
>>>> kitchen and work area*. Aged may slip in wash rooms, hence I feel best
>>>> rough floor tiles in bathroom. Olden days rough cementing was provided.
>>>>
>>>> Regarding walls, present day bathrooms have tiled walls at least up to
>>>> 5 feet from floor level. This enables quick washing of dirt. For
>>>> floors rough tiles may pose a problem in well cleaning of tiles, moping or
>>>> swiping, *but above that irrespective of age slipping on floor is more
>>>> important*. For aged people support holders in walls in bathing area,
>>>> near closet etc. is more important. Present day detergents works more
>>>> in rough surface.
>>>>
>>>> Regarding rough walls, an area convenient to scratch back of persons is
>>>> good to remove itching in wash rooms at convenient height on wall without
>>>> spoiling the appearance of bathrooms and without noticing by others.
>>>>
>>>> Q6 What is the reason for a ceiling fan to work slowly in
>>>> regulator position 1-4 and rotates at high speed with position 5?
>>>>
>>>> A6 Vijay Falcao, Former Manufacturer of LED Products.
>>>> Electronics Since 86 3y
>>>>
>>>> *In a Stepped (Capacitor Based) Regulator, there are Three Capacitors
>>>> (Usually of values 3.3, 2.2 and 1 microfarad*). For positions 1 to 4
>>>> of the regulator, one or more capacitors come in the loop of the fan. There
>>>> is no Capacitor in the loop in positions 5. *In most cases, capacitor
>>>> of value 3.3 microfarad fails, followed by 2.2 microfarad*.
>>>>
>>>> As a result of this the fan will work either at the slowest speed or
>>>> high speed, and not at any in-between speed.
>>>>
>>>> Q7 What is the best food that can be cooked to eat in a
>>>> train while traveling long distances?
>>>>
>>>> A7 Kumar Subramanian, Studied State Boards (Graduated 1986)
>>>> Wed
>>>>
>>>> We used to travel from Mumbai ( then Bombay) to madurai . (Changeover
>>>> at Chennai ( then Madras) . The total journey will be about 36–38 hours.
>>>> Usually we will carry following items.
>>>>
>>>> *Idli Smeared with molagapodi . This will last for 12–18 hrs.*
>>>>
>>>> *Tamarind rice , with vadaam or chips. This will last easily for* 24
>>>> hrs. Alternative is lemon rice but it will last only 12–18 hrs. Deep fried
>>>> Potato curry can be packed but it should be fried very dry. It will last
>>>> only 12 -hrs in day time.( Not overnight )
>>>>
>>>> *Curd rice : preparation in rice+milk and add curd to ferment* it . It
>>>> will last for about 18–24 hours.
>>>>
>>>> *Chapathi with onion+tomato chutney well fried and ground* with
>>>> chillies. This will last easily for 30–36 hours till we reach destination.
>>>> Infact on arrival at madurai at 6.30 am our grandma will ask for the
>>>> remaining chapathis and taste it.🙏
>>>>
>>>> after all these packed food : Hot Puri masala , idli saambar , Pongal
>>>> vadai , filter coffee will be waiting for us at grandma's home !*For
>>>> packed food don't use coconut chutney. They don't stay long max 6 -8 hrs
>>>> only*. Only Dry shredded coconut fried in oil and ground with spices (
>>>> coconut molagapodi) can be packed . This dry chutney goes well with
>>>> chapathis. ! 👍
>>>>
>>>> In packed food the key trick is to avoid moisture and condensates , by
>>>> not packing it when it's very hot. Allow to cool and then pack to avoid
>>>> condensation
>>>>
>>>> Q8 What is the difference between an "A1" and a "HA1" coach
>>>> in Indian Railways?
>>>>
>>>> A8 Saurabh Kumar, Lives in Patna, Bihar, India
>>>> (2020–present)7h
>>>>
>>>> So see basically there are two type of coaches involved here which are
>>>> AC 2ND TIER and AC 1ST TIER. The AC 2ND TIER is denoted by the symbol
>>>> A1,A2…. And the AC 1ST TIER is denoted by the symbol H1,H2..
>>>>
>>>> *But But But …Since the number of passengers travelling in 1ST TIER is
>>>> very low and sometimes it becomes difficult to fill entire coach so a 2ND
>>>> TIER and a 1ST TIER coaches are combined together to make a new coach
>>>> called HA1*.This coach is half 2ND TIER and half 1ST TIER
>>>>
>>>> *My note- In the Chennai –Alleppy express there is only one* coach for
>>>> 2nd and 1st AC passengers. It is totally separated in the middle. I
>>>> have travelled in HA1 coach in the 2nd AC.
>>>>
>>>> Q9 What are some unknown facts about Mr. Kamaraj?
>>>>
>>>> A9 Bhuvana Rameshwar, Worried about India 3y
>>>>
>>>> Shri K. KAMARAJ was a simple person. Once when he was chief minister
>>>> of Tamil nadu, the govt officials had come home to meet him. *As they
>>>> discussed some matter they saw that Kamaraj’s mother, an old feeble senior
>>>> person, carrying pots of water from outside and bringing them home and
>>>> filling a drum*. Immediately the govt official to his capacity as a
>>>> high level officer ordered a corporation water connection with tap be given
>>>> inside their house, out of turn.
>>>>
>>>> When Kamaraj came back home he was shocked to see this out of turn
>>>> water connection given just because he was the CM. He was very furious
>>>> and immediately ordered it to be removed as it would be considered as
>>>> misuse of office power, as a bribe given to him for some favours and as CM
>>>> it would set such a bad example to his people.
>>>>
>>>> Q10 Is it safe to drink from a plastic water bottle that has
>>>> been refilled with tap water and then put back in the refrigerator for
>>>> later use?
>>>>
>>>> A10 Christopher2.0,Owner at Refrigeration (1995–present) Sep
>>>> 11 *Copied from WebMD…*
>>>>
>>>> Here are three of the most common kinds of plastics found in water
>>>> bottles.
>>>>
>>>> *Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE or PET). If you see a “1”* on your
>>>> bottle, it means polyethylene terephthalate. *This lightweight plastic
>>>> is useful for water bottles and containers like sauce bottles, nut butter
>>>> containers, and other food packaging.*
>>>>
>>>> High-density polyethylene (HDPE). If your bottle displays a “2,” the
>>>> plastic is high-density polyethylene (HDPE*). HDPE is a more sturdy,
>>>> durable plastic. This makes it a good material for detergent bottles, soap
>>>> bottles, and gallon-size liquid containers.*
>>>>
>>>> *Other. “7” is the ID code for plastic materials that don’t fit* under
>>>> any other category. Some water bottles in this category may contain
>>>> bisphenol A, otherwise known as BPA. BPA is a chemical that has been
>>>> linked to disruptions in the endocrine system, which is in charge of
>>>> regulating your hormones. Many people avoid products that contain BPA
>>>> because of their potential impact on hormonal balance.
>>>>
>>>> Concerns with type-1 bottles (PET plastics). The FDA has declared PET
>>>> plastics as safe for single and repeated use.
>>>>
>>>> But when these types of plastics are kept in extremely high
>>>> temperatures, there is a risk of a chemical called antimony leaching.
>>>> Still, chemical leaching risks are low when you store PET bottles
>>>> correctly. It’s best to keep these bottles at room temperature and out of
>>>> the sun to minimize any chance of any leaching.
>>>>
>>>> *Concerns with type-2 plastics (HDPE plastics). If you happen across a
>>>> water bottle marked with a “2,” you can reuse it as long as it’s washed
>>>> well and not cracked or otherwise damaged.* This type of plastic is a
>>>> low risk for chemical leaching.
>>>>
>>>> *Concerns with type-7 plastics. Not all plastics classified as “7” have
>>>> BPA, but some do. Polycarbonate bottles fall under this category*. A
>>>> study found that participants who drank from polycarbonate bottles for one
>>>> week showed a significant increase of BPA in their urine sample.Some
>>>> bottles in this category could leach BPA. If this is something you want to
>>>> avoid, you can skip polycarbonate bottles and BPA-containing plastics.
>>>>
>>>> *My note- Best to purchase water grade bottle from shop for* keeping
>>>> water or to see the number at bottom. Normally thick transparent
>>>> bottles comes with 1 or 2
>>>>
>>>> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 16-09- 2022.*
>>>>
>>>> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>>>>
>>>> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 17-09-2022*
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
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>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sanathana-dharma-and-science/CAL5XZopjdSo154oee_4fU3nzrcOvOczpGOn4itttraEyXALExQ%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>
>>>> .
>>>>
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