Q8 WHAT A Q AND A ? Can you cite the text and verse from the vedas for the answers written. This is called hearsay and Gossip unfounded. any way i shall wait for a week for your answer of evidence KR IRS 19922 Q10 Again site evidence for BP effect on contraceptives; and it is news to me. BP will shoot for anything; but adverse effected as admitted nby medical science I would like to learn K R IRS 19922
On Mon, 19 Sept 2022 at 15:29, Rajaram Krishnamurthy <[email protected]> wrote: > Q3 The cell phone technology in toto is as under and if we have with > us CB Radio more powerful than cell, ( not all cells have 3 watts; there is > even cell with 0.6 watt). Always small fry are always blown as if they are > a major life problem. Have you not seen in the web site where a few had > written why cell phones should be spoken from the right side also; you tube > is one source. " > > The Cell Phone Technology > > It would be useful to give an overview of the cell phone technology here > as this is quite inline with our installation. Let's see how a cell phone > works? What makes it different from a regular phone? What do all those > confusing terms like PCS, GSM <http://www.gsmworld.com/>, CDMA > <http://www.cdmaonline.com/> and TDMA > <http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/tdma/index.html> mean? > > Let's start with the basics: In essence, a cell phone is a radio. One of > the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is actually a > radio -- an extremely sophisticated radio, but a radio nonetheless. The > telephone was invented by Alexander Graham > <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/bellhome.html> Bell in 1876, and > wireless communication can trace its roots to the invention of the radio by > Nikolai Tesla in the 1880s (formally presented in 1894 by a young Italian > named Guglielmo Marconi <http://www.etedeschi.ndirect.co.uk/marconi/>). > It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be > combined! > > In the dark ages before cell phones, people who really needed > mobile-communications ability installed *radio telephones* in their cars. > In the radio-telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per > city, and perhaps *25 channels* available on that tower. This *central > antenna* meant that the phone in your car needed a powerful transmitter > -- big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles (about 70 km). It also meant that > not many people could use radio telephones -- there just were not enough > channels. > > The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small > *cells*. This allows extensive *frequency reuse* across a city, so that > millions of people can use cell phones simultaneously. In a typical analog > cell-phone system in the United States, the cell-phone carrier receives > about *800 frequencies* to use across the city. The carrier chops up the > city into cells. Each cell is typically sized at about *10 square miles* (26 > square kilometers). Cells are normally thought of as hexagons on a big > *hexagonal > grid*, like this: > *Because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, the > same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. The two purple cells > can reuse the same frequencies.* > > Each cell has a *base station* that consists of a tower and a small > building containing the radio equipment (more on base stations later). > > > > A single cell in an analog system uses one-seventh of the available duplex > voice channels. That is, each cell (of the seven on a hexagonal grid) is > using one-seventh of the available channels so it has a unique set of > frequencies and there are no collisions: > > - A cell-phone carrier typically gets *832 radio frequencies* to use > in a city. > - Each cell phone uses two frequencies per call -- a duplex channel -- > so there are typically *395 voice channels* per carrier. (The other 42 > frequencies are used for *control channels* -- more on this on the > next page.) > - Therefore, each cell has about *56 voice channels* available. > > In other words, in any cell, 56 people can be talking on their cell phone > at one time. With digital transmission methods, the number of available > channels increases. For example, a *TDMA-based* digital system can carry > three times as many calls as an analog system, so each cell has about 168 > channels available (see this page > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone6.htm> for lots more > information on TDMA, CDMA, GSM and other digital cell-phone techniques). > > Cell phones have *low-power transmitters* in them. Many cell phones have two > signal strengths: 0.6 watts and 3 watts (for comparison, most CB radios > transmit at 4 watts). The base station is also transmitting at low power. > Low-power transmitters have two advantages: > > - The *transmissions* of a base station and the phones within its cell > do not make it very far outside that cell. Therefore, in the figure above, > both of the purple cells can *reuse the same 56 frequencies*. The same > frequencies can be reused extensively across the city. > - The *power consumption* of the cell phone, which is normally > battery-operated, is relatively low. Low power means small batteries > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm>, and this is what > has made handheld cellular phones possible. > > The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city > of any size. A typical large city can have hundreds of towers > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone11.htm>. But because so > many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Each carrier > in each city also runs one central office called the *Mobile Telephone > Switching Office* (MTSO). This office handles all of the phone > connections to the normal land-based phone system, and controls all of the > base stations in the region. > > Now let's analyses what happens we as you (and your cell phone) move from > cell to cell. > > > *From Cell to Cell *All cell phones have special *codes* associated with > them. These codes are used to identify the phone, the phone's owner and the > service provider. > > Let's say you have a cell phone, you turn it on and someone tries to call > you. Here is what happens to the call: > > - When you first power up the phone, it listens for an *SID* (see > sidebar) on the *control channel*. The control channel is a special > frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to one another about > things like call set-up and channel changing. If the phone cannot find any > control channels to listen to, it knows it is *out of range* and > displays a "no service" message. > - When it receives the SID, the phone *compares it* to the SID > programmed into the phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell > it is communicating with is part of its *home* system. > - Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a *registration request*, > and the MTSO keeps track of your phone's location in a database -- this > way, the MTSO knows which cell you are in when it wants to ring your phone. > - The *MTSO* gets the call, and it tries to *find you*. It looks in > its database to see which cell you are in. > - The MTSO *picks a frequency pair* that your phone will use in that > cell to take the call. > - The MTSO communicates with your phone over the *control channel* to > tell it which frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch > on those frequencies, the call is *connected*. You are talking by > two-way radio to a friend! > - As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell's *base station* > notes > that your *signal strength* is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base > station in the cell you are moving toward (which is listening and measuring > signal strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) sees your > phone's signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate with > each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on > a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This *hand off* > switches > your phone to the new cell. > > > *As you travel, the signal is passed from cell to cell.* > > *Roaming* > If the SID on the control channel does not match the SID programmed into > your phone, then the phone knows it is *roaming*. The MTSO of the cell > that you are roaming in contacts the MTSO of your home system, which then > checks its database to *confirm* that the SID of the phone you are using > is valid. Your home system *verifies* your phone to the local MTSO, which > then tracks your phone as you move through its cells. And the amazing thing > is that all of this happens within seconds! > > *Cell Phones and CBs* > A good way to understand the sophistication of a cell phone is to compare > it to a CB radio or a walkie-talkie. > > - *Simplex vs. duplex* - Both walkie-talkies and CB radios are > *simplex* devices. That is, two people communicating on a CB radio use > the same frequency > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum.htm>, so only one > person can talk at a time. A cell phone is a *duplex* device. That > means that you use one frequency for talking and a second, separate > frequency for listening. Both people on the call can talk at once. > - *Channels* - A walkie-talkie typically has one channel, and a CB > radio has 40 channels. A typical cell phone can communicate on 1,664 > channels or more! > - *Range* - A walkie-talkie can transmit about 1 mile (1.6 km) using a > 0.25-watt transmitter. A CB radio, because it has much higher power, can > transmit about 5 miles (8 km) using a 5-watt transmitter. Cell phones > operate within *cells*, and they can switch cells as they move around. > Cells give cell phones incredible range. Someone using a cell phone can > drive hundreds of miles and maintain a conversation the entire time because > of the cellular approach. > > *In simplex radio, both transmitters use the same frequency. Only one > party can talk at a time.* > > > *In duplex radio, the two transmitters use different frequencies, so both > parties can talk at the same time. Cell phones are duplex.* > > In the next section, you'll get a good look inside a digital cell phone. > > *Inside a Cell Phone* > On a "complexity per cubic inch" scale, cell phones are some of the most > intricate devices people play with on a daily basis. Modern digital cell > phones can process *millions of calculations per second* in order to > compress and decompress the voice stream. > *The parts of a cell phone* > > If you take a cell phone apart, you find that it contains just a few > individual parts: > > - An amazing circuit board containing the brains of the phone > - An antenna > - A liquid crystal display > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/lcd.htm> (LCD) > - A keyboard (not unlike the one you find in a TV remote control > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/inside-rc.htm>) > - A microphone <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question309.htm> > - A speaker <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker.htm> > - A battery <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm> > > The circuit board is the heart of the system. Here is one from a typical > Nokia > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=cell-phone.htm&url=http://www.nokia.com> > digital > phone: > > > > In the photos above, you see several computer chips. Let's talk about what > some of the individual chips do. The *analog-to-digital* and > *digital-to-analog* conversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal > from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. > You can learn more about A-to-D and D-to-A conversion and its importance to > digital audio in How Compact Discs Work > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm>. The *digital signal > processor* (DSP) is a highly customized processor designed to perform > signal-manipulation calculations at high speed. > > > *The microprocessor* > > The *microprocessor* > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm> handles all of > the housekeeping chores for the keyboard and display, deals with command > and control signaling with the base station and also coordinates the rest > of the functions on the board. The *ROM* > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/rom.htm> and *Flash memory* > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/flash-memory.htm> chips provide > storage for the phone's operating system > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm> and > customizable features, such as the phone directory. The *radio frequency* > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum.htm>* (RF) and power* > section > handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds > of FM channels. Finally, the *RF amplifiers* handle signals traveling to > and from the antenna. > *The display and keypad contacts* > > The display <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/lcd.htm> has grown > considerably in size as the number of features in cell phones have > increased. Most current phones offer built-in phone directories, > calculators and even games. And many of the phones incorporate some type of > PDA <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/pda.htm> or *Web browser*. > > *The Flash memory card on the circuit board* > > *The Flash memory card removed* > > Some phones store certain information, such as the SID and MIN codes, in > internal Flash memory, while others use external cards that are similar to > SmartMedia <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/flash-memory.htm> cards. > *The cell-phone speaker, microphone and battery backup* > > Cell phones have such tiny speakers and microphones that it is incredible > how well most of them reproduce sound. As you can see in the picture above, > the speaker is about the size of a dime and the microphone is no larger > than the watch battery beside it. Speaking of the watch battery, this is > used by the cell phone's *internal clock chip*. > > What is amazing is that all of that functionality -- which only 30 years > ago would have filled an entire floor of an office building -- now fits > into a package that sits comfortably in the palm of your hand! > > > > *AMPS* > In 1983, the analog cell-phone standard called *AMPS* (Advanced Mobile > Phone System) was approved by the FCC and first used in Chicago. AMPS uses > a range of frequencies > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum.htm> between 824 > megahertz (MHz) and 894 MHz for analog cell phones. In order to encourage > competition and keep prices low, the U. S. government required the presence > of two *carriers* in every market, known as A and B carriers. One of the > carriers was normally the *local-exchange carrier* (LEC), a fancy way of > saying the local phone company. > > Carriers A and B are each assigned *832 frequencies*: 790 for voice and > 42 for data. A pair of frequencies (one for transmit and one for receive) > is used to create one *channel*. The frequencies used in analog voice > channels are typically *30 kHz* wide -- 30 kHz was chosen as the standard > size because it gives you voice quality comparable to a wired telephone > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htm>. > > The transmit and receive frequencies of each voice channel are separated > by *45 MHz* to keep them from interfering with each other. Each carrier > has 395 voice channels, as well as 21 data channels to use for housekeeping > activities like registration and paging. > > A version of AMPS known as *Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service* (NAMPS) > incorporates some digital technology to allow the system to carry about *three > times as many calls* as the original version. Even though it uses digital > technology, it is still considered analog. AMPS and NAMPS only operate in > the 800-MHz band and do not offer many of the features common in digital > cellular service, such as e-mail and Web browsing. > > *Along Comes Digital* > *Digital* cell phones use the same radio technology as analog phones, but > they use it in a different way. Analog systems do not fully utilize the > signal between the phone and the cellular network -- analog signals cannot > be compressed and manipulated as easily as a true digital signal. This is > the reason why many cable > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cable-tv.htm> companies are > switching to digital -- so they can fit *more channels within a given > bandwidth*. It is amazing how much more efficient digital systems can be. > > Digital phones convert your voice into binary > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/bytes.htm> information (1s and 0s) > and then compress it (see How Analog-Digital Recording Works > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/analog-digital.htm> for details on > the conversion process). This *compression* allows between three and 10 > digital cell-phone calls to occupy the space of a *single* analog call. > > Many digital cellular systems rely on *frequency-shift keying* (FSK) to > send data back and forth over AMPS. FSK uses *two frequencies*, one for > 1s and the other for 0s, *alternating* rapidly between the two to send > digital information between the cell tower and the phone. Clever modulation > and encoding schemes are required to convert the analog information to > digital, compress it and convert it back again while maintaining an > acceptable level of voice quality. All of this means that digital cell > phones have to contain a lot of processing power! > > *Cellular Access Technologies* > There are three common technologies used by cell-phone networks for > transmitting information: > > - *Frequency division multiple access* (FDMA) > - *Time division multiple access* (TDMA) > - *Code division multiple access* (CDMA) > > Although these technologies sound very intimidating, you can get a good > sense of how they work just by breaking down the title of each one. > > The first word tells you what the *access method* is. The second word, > *division*, lets you know that it splits calls based on that access > method. > > - FDMA puts each call on a separate *frequency*. > - TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of *time* on a designated > frequency. > - CDMA gives a unique *code* to each call and spreads > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question326.htm> it over the > available frequencies. > > The last part of each name is *multiple access*. This simply means that > more than one user can utilize each cell. > > FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it > into *uniform chunks of bandwidth*. To better understand FDMA, think of > radio stations: Each station sends its signal at a different frequency > within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for *analog transmission*. > While it is certainly capable of carrying digital information, FDMA is not > considered to be an efficient method for digital transmission. > > > *In FDMA, each phone uses a different frequency.* > > TDMA is the access method used by the Electronics Industry Alliance > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=cell-phone.htm&url=http://eia.org> > and > the Telecommunications Industry Association > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=cell-phone.htm&url=http://www.tiaonline.org/> > for *Interim Standard 54* (IS-54) and *Interim Standard 136* (IS-136). > Using TDMA, a *narrow band* that is 30 kHz wide and 6.7 milliseconds long > is split time-wise into *three time slots*. > > Narrow band means "channels" in the traditional sense. Each conversation > gets the radio for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice > data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that > it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has *three > times the capacity* of an analog system using the same number of > channels. TDMA systems operate in either the *800-MHz* (IS-54) or > *1900-MHz* (IS-136) frequency bands. > *TDMA splits a frequency into time slots.* > > TDMA is also used as the access technology for Global System for Mobile > communications (GSM). However, *GSM* implements TDMA in a somewhat > different and incompatible way from IS-136. Think of GSM and IS-136 as two > different operating systems > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm> that work on > the same processor > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm>, like Windows > and Linux both working on an Intel Pentium III. GSM systems use > *encryption* <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm> to > make phone calls more secure. GSM operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz > bands in Europe and Asia, and in the 1900-MHz (sometimes referred to as > 1.9-GHz) band in the United States. It is used in digital cellular and > *PCS-based* systems. GSM is also the basis for *Integrated Digital > Enhanced Network* (IDEN), a popular system introduced by Motorola > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=cell-phone.htm&url=http://www.motorola.com> > and > used by Nextel > <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=cell-phone.htm&url=http://www.nextel.com> > . > > KR IRS 19922 > > On Mon, 19 Sept 2022 at 14:59, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> QUES ANSW MEDICAL 09-2022-01 >> >> Dear friends, >> >> These are information compiled as QA by me in 1998’s-2014’s and stored in >> my computer. They are posted by *very learnt doctors in kidshealth.org >> <http://kidshealth.org> etc. * >> >> *Many improvements have come in medical field. Hence some information >> may have additions or some times changes.* >> >> *These are for general information, and for any health problem one has >> to consult doctor.* >> >> *BEING COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS.* >> >> Sincerely, >> >> *R. Gopalakrishnan, 78, dated 19-09-2022* >> >> Q1 How many hours of sleep is good for an adult? >> >> >> >> A1 Adults who sleep eight hours or more may have *shorter life spans* >> than those who sleep less, says a new research. >> >> >> >> Q2 Do Drinking coffee could help cure baldness? >> >> >> >> A2 Yes. Drinking coffee could help cure baldness as caffeine >> blocks the effects of a chemical known to damage hair, say researchers. >> it was found that caffeine had boosted the length of the hairs by >> 33-40 percent. >> >> >> >> The scientists believe caffeine affects hair cells in such a way that >> they are able to resist the damaging effects of dihydrotestosterone >> (DHT), a chemical that contributes to baldness.* >> >> >> >> Most baldness is caused when hair follicles are exposed to too much DHT, >> the researchers said. >> >> >> >> Q3 " When you try to call someone through mobile phone, don't put your >> mobile >> closer to your ears until the recipient answers”. What is the reason? >> >> >> >> A3 Because directly after dialling, the mobile phone would use it's maximum >> signaling power, which is: >> >> >> >> 2watts = 33dbi Please Be Careful >> >> >> >> Please use left ear while using cell (mobile), because if you use the >> right one it will affect brain directly. This is a true fact from Apollo >> medical team. >> >> >> >> Q4 What is bad breath? >> >> >> >> A4 Bad breath is the common name for the medical condition known as >> *halitosis* (say: ha-luh-*toe*-sus). There are many different things that >> can cause halitosis – >> >> >> >> From not brushing your teeth to certain medical conditions. >> >> >> >> Poor oral *hygiene* leads to bad breath because when you leave food >> particles in you mouth, these pieces of food can rot and start to smell >> Plus, by not brushing your teeth regularly, plaque (a sticky, colorless >> film) builds up on your teeth. >> >> >> >> Plaque is a great place for bacteria to live and yet another reason why >> breath can turn foul >> >> >> >> And take care of your mouth by brushing your teeth at least twice a day >> and flossing once a day. Brush/Clean your tongue , too, because >> bacteria can grow there. >> >> >> >> Flossing once a day helps get rid of particles wedged between your teeth >> gum disease, also known as *periodontal* (say: per-ee-o-*don*-tul) >> *disease*, can cause bad breath and damage your teeth >> >> >> >> *For instance, if someone has uncontrolled diabetes , his or her breath >> might smell like acetone (the same stuff that's in nail polish remover).* >> >> >> >> Sometimes sinus problems , and rarely liver or kidney problems, can cause >> bad breath >> >> >> >> Q5 What are the changes during puberty? >> >> >> >> A5 During puberty, the body begins making hormones that spark >> physical changes like faster muscle growth (particularly in boys) and >> spurts in height and weight gain in both boys and girls* People who are >> overweight as teens increase their risk of developing health problems, such >> as diabetes and high blood pressure* Although BMI can be a good >> indicator of a child's body fat, it doesn't always tell the full story. >> >> >> >> Someone can have a high BMI because he or she has a large frame or a lot >> of muscle (like a bodybuilder or athlete) instead of excess fat. >> >> >> >> Getting Into Your Genes Heredity plays a role in body shape and what a >> person weighs. People from different races, ethnic groups, and >> nationalities tend to have different body fat distribution (meaning they >> accumulate fat in different parts of their bodies) or body composition >> (amounts of bone and muscle versus fat). But genes are not destiny. No >> matter whose genes you inherit, you can have a healthy body and keep your >> weight at a level that's normal for you by eating right and being active. >> Genes aren't the only things that family members may share. It's also true >> that unhealthy eating habits can be passed down, too Even simple forms of >> exercise, such as walking, have huge benefits for a person's health >> >> >> >> Q6 What is pink eye? >> >> >> >> A6 It's called pinkeye because the white part of the eye and >> inside the eyelids become red or pink when you have it. Conjunctivitis >> lasts a short time, usually about a week or less, and then goes away by >> itself or after treatment. Conjunctivitis is easy to catch just through >> touching. You can get conjunctivitis by touching the hand of an infected >> friend who has touched his or her eyes Kids also get conjunctivitis because >> of allergies or because they get something irritating in their eyes, but >> these kinds of conjunctivitis are not contagious Babies are usually >> given the ointment and kids and adults get the eye drops. Unfortunately, >> these drops won't work if a virus is causing your conjunctivitis >> >> >> >> Q7 What is the difference between the knee of a grown up and baby? >> >> >> >> A7 Babies are born without knee caps. They don’t appear until the child >> reaches 2-6 years of age. >> >> Q8 according to mythology what do the reason given for a female child? >> >> A8 It is said that during an intercourse, excess of seminal fluid leads >> to a boy child whereas excess of Ruj (female fluid of excitement) leads to >> the birth of a girl child. >> Q9 Do the diabetic show signs immediately on occurring? A9 NO. It is a >> silent disease. Signs of the disease occur only after 10-12 years 40 >> per cent of people have blood sugar abnormalities, known as glucose >> intolerance, which can lead on to diabetes. Type II diabetes can damage >> body organs, and is often "silent", not diagnosed. >> >> >> >> *My note- I was found diabetic when I went for a case of high fever and >> body pain while working at Calicut in 1998 beginning on a blood test. * >> >> >> >> Q10 Do there will be an increase of BP for pregnant women? Do use of >> contraceptives will increase BP? >> >> A10 For pregnant women,BP will be low upto 6 months. After 6 months, 15 >> points increase, will be there.(Diastolic) Yes-Use of contraceptives will >> increase BP. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> "iyer123" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> email to [email protected]. >> To view this discussion on the web visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1633310689.4116155.1663579778710%40mail.yahoo.com >> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1633310689.4116155.1663579778710%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >> . >> > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZop0R%2Bf0134%2BW2BwO-2FJnA2oxz9QeqkosV-pX1bENOX_g%40mail.gmail.com.
