I It is a Bible version and Tamil is the old script of those in the culverts. KR Ist print in vernacular IA The *Gutenberg Bible* (also known as the *42-line Bible*, the *Mazarin Bible* or the *B42*) was the earliest major book <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book> printed using mass-produced movable metal type <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type> in Europe. It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_Revolution>" and the age of printed books in the West. The book is valued and revered for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities as well as its historical significance. It is an edition of the Latin Vulgate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate> printed in the 1450s by Johannes Gutenberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg> in Mainz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz>, in present-day Germany <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany>. Forty-nine copies (or substantial portions of copies) have survived. They are thought to be among the world's most valuable books, although no complete copy has been sold since 1978. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II> wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible displayed in Frankfurt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main> to promote the edition, and that either 158 or 180 copies had been printed (he cited sources for both numbers).xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx II Saint Paul's College and the first works printed
Printing operations began in Goa in 1556 (with the first printing press being established at the Jesuit Saint Paul's College <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa> in Old Goa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Goa>), resulting in the publication of *Conclusiones Philosophicas*. 1557 saw the posthumous printing of St. Francis Xavier’s *Catecismo da Doutrina Christa* five years after the death of its author. No extant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_literature> copy of this work is however, available. Juan Bustamante and the early days of printing in India[edit <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_in_Goa&action=edit§ion=3> ] The individual responsible for the initiation of printing in India was one Joao De Bustamante <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joao_De_Bustamante> (rechristened Joao Rodrigues in 1563), a Spaniard <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniard> who joined the Society of Jesus in 1556. Bustamante, who was an expert printer, along with his Indian assistant set up the new press and began to operate it. Among others, four books are known to have been printed by Bustamante: - *Conclusões e outras coisas* (Theses and other things) in 1556. - *Confecionarios* in 1557. - *Doutrina Christa <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doutrina_Christa&action=edit&redlink=1>* by St. Francis Xavier in 1557. - *Tratado contra os erros scismaticos dos Abexins* (A Tract against the Schismatic Errors of the Abyssinians) by Gonçalo Rodrigues in 1560. The earliest, *surviving* printed book in India is the *Compendio Spiritual Da Vide Christaa* (Spiritual Compendium of the Christian life) of Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Jorge_de_Le%C3%A3o_Pereira>, the Portuguese Archbishop of Tharangambadi(place Tamil Nadu). It was printed by Gutenberg in 1561 and re-edited by Manuel de Araujo in 1600, and was embellished with ornate woodcut initials on each opening chapter. This was followed by the printing of Garcia da Orta <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_da_Orta>’s *Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia* on 10 April 1563 by Joao de Endem. In 1568, the first illustrated cover page (the illustration being done with the relief technique of woodblock) was printed in Goa for the book *Constituciones Do Arcebispado De Goa*. xxxxxxxxxxxxxx III Another Spaniard to play a major role in the history of printing in India was Joao Gonsalves, who is credited with preparing the first printing types <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface> of an Indian script- Tamil <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language>. However, since they were not satisfactory, new casts were made in Quilon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilon>(Kollam) by Father Joao da Faria. On 20 October 1578, these types were used to print the first book in an Indian language *in India* (the first Tamil book was printed in Lisbon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon> in 1554 in Romanized Tamil script.)- Henrique Henriques <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Henriques>’s *Doctrina Christam en Lingua Malauar Tamul – Tampiran Vanakam*, a Tamil translation of St Francis Xavier’s Doutrina Christa. This 16 page book of prayers and catechetical instructions was printed in Quilon. Though no extant copies of the first edition are available, MSS copies dating 1548-1614 are preserved in Lisbon and Rome <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome>. It should be mentioned here that Henriques was inducted into the Society of Jesus with the express intention of sending him to India to assist Francis Xavier. After the first press, a second press was set up. Not much is known about it save that it belonged to John Quinquencio and John Endem. The third press was set up in the St. Ignatius College, Rachol. Though Devanagari <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari> types were cast in 1577, the *Christa Purana <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1>* - an epic poem on the life of Jesus Christ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ> written in the literary form of the Hindu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu> *puranas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas>* - was published not in Devanagari, but in the Roman script <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_script> in the College of Rachol (1616 and 1649) and the College of St Paul (1654). This was primarily because of the intricate shapes of the Devanagari types. In 1626, Diogo Reberio compiled the *Vocabulario da lingoa Canarim* (A Vocabulary of Konkani language) a Konkani <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language>-Portuguese <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal> and Portuguese-Konkani dictionary. The 17th century saw the beginning of a large-scale book-printing in Goa, egged on massively by the need to print Christian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity> texts for the benefit of the newly converted Christians. This time also saw a shift from the use of coercion to that of religious education for conversions. Thus, a number of books were printed in Konkani and Marathi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language> due to the initiative of, among others, Father Thomas Stephens (who, in 1640, produced the first Konkani Grammar- the Arte de Lingua Canarin and in 1622, published *Doutrina Christam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutrina_Christam> em lingoa Bramana Canarim, ordenada a maneira de dialogo, pera ensinar os mininos, por Thomas Estevao, Collegio de Rachol* or Christian Doctrines in the Canarese Brahmin Language, arranged in dialogue to teach children, which was the first book in Konkani and any Indian language), Father Antonio Saldanha, Father Etienne do la Croix, Father Miguel do Almeida and Father Diogo Ribeiro (whose *Declaraçam da Doutrina Christam*, or Exposition of Christian Doctrine in Konkani was printed in 1632). Despite the efforts of Father Stephens and the general familiarity of the Devanagari script, it was found easier to cast not Devanagari, but Roman types for Konkani. This was one of the major factors that alienated Konkani from other Indian languages, since the Roman script failed to fix a number of Konkani sounds that the Europeans faced difficulty in pronouncing. However, this adoption of the Roman script for printing in the vernacular helped printing to flourish in Goa till 1684, when the official decree suppressed the vernacular languages and printing suffered a setback. Printing in Tamil stopped after 1612, and the last books printed in Latin and Portuguese before printing fairly died were published in 1674. KR IRS 281222 On Wed, 28 Dec 2022 at 14:20, Srinivasan Sridharan < [email protected]> wrote: > > > ---------- Forwarded message --------- > From: Srinivasan Sridharan <[email protected]> > Date: Tue, Dec 27, 2022 at 1:35 PM > Subject: First printed page of Tamil > > > > > > Sent from my iPhone > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZooSEMqbZbxbu6fSKE2%3D9TkA-9VkWZswyiBHqivX4P7mTQ%40mail.gmail.com.
