WRT https://youtu.be/PvBA7xXfLvk
Preponderances of the probabilities
In science <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science>, the
*probability* of an event
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)> is a number that
indicates how likely the event is to occur. It is expressed as a number in
the range from 0 and 1, or, using percentage
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage> notation, in the range from 0%
to 100%. The more likely it is that the event will occur, the higher its
probability. The probability of an impossible event
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_event> is 0; that of an event
that is certain to occur is 1. The probabilities of two complementary
events *A* and *B* – either *A* occurs or *B* occurs – add up to 1. A
simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. If a coin is fair,
the two possible outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are equally likely; since
these two outcomes are complementary and the probability of "heads" equals
the probability of "tails", the probability of each of the two outcomes
equals 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).These concepts have
been given an axiomatic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_axioms> mathematical
formalization in probability theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory>, a branch of mathematics
that is used in areas of study
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_study> such as statistics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics>, mathematics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, science
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science>, finance
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance>, gambling
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling>, artificial intelligence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence>, machine learning
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning>, computer science
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science> and game theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory> to, for example, draw
inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is
also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex
systems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems>.
2 When dealing with random experiments
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(probability_theory)> – i.e.,
experiments <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment> that are random
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness> and well-defined
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-defined_expression> – in a purely
theoretical setting (like tossing a coin), probabilities can be numerically
described by the number of desired outcomes, divided by the total number of
all outcomes. This is referred to as *theoretical probability* (in contrast
to empirical probability
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_probability>, dealing with
probabilities in the context of real experiments). For example, tossing a
coin twice will yield "head-head", "head-tail", "tail-head", and
"tail-tail" outcomes. The probability of getting an outcome of "head-head"
is 1 out of 4 outcomes, or, in numerical terms, 1/4, 0.25 or 25%. However,
when it comes to practical application, there are two major competing
categories of probability interpretations, whose adherents hold different
views about the fundamental nature of probability:
- Objectivists
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)> assign
numbers to describe some objective or physical state of affairs. The most
popular version of objective probability is frequentist probability
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_probability>, which claims
that the probability of a random event denotes the *relative frequency
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)> of occurrence* of
an experiment's outcome when the experiment is repeated indefinitely. This
interpretation considers probability to be the relative frequency "in the
long run" of outcomes A modification of this is propensity probability
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_probability>, which interprets
probability as the tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome,
even if it is performed only once. Subjectivists
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_probability#Objective_and_subjective_Bayesian_probabilities>
assign
numbers per subjective probability, that is, as a degree of belief. The
degree of belief has been interpreted as "the price at which you would buy
or sell a bet that pays 1 unit of utility if E, 0 if not E", although that
interpretation is not universally agreed upon The most popular version of
subjective probability is Bayesian probability
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability>, which includes
expert knowledge as well as experimental data to produce probabilities. The
expert knowledge is represented by some (subjective) prior probability
distribution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_probability_distribution>. These
data are incorporated in a likelihood function
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function>. The product of the
prior and the likelihood, when normalized, results in a posterior
probability distribution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_probability_distribution> that
incorporates all the information known to date.[8]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability#cite_note-9> By Aumann's
agreement theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem>, Bayesian
agents whose prior beliefs are similar will end up with similar posterior
beliefs. However, sufficiently different priors can lead to different
conclusions, regardless of how much information the agents share
3 *preponderances* (plural noun)
1. the quality or fact of being greater in number, quantity, or
importance:
*"the preponderance of women among older people" · "forests with a
preponderance of Apache pine"*
Instead of proving your case beyond any reasonable doubt, the plaintiff
must only show that their proposition is more likely to be true than not
true. The preponderance of the evidence standard of proof (AKA balance of
probabilities) is essentially met if there is greater than* 50% chance* that
the plaintiff’s claims are true. The preponderance of the evidence standard
is a burden of proof used in civil cases. This standard requires the party
with the burden of proof to show that it is more likely than not that their
version of events is true. In other words, they must show that their
evidence is more convincing and has more weight than the evidence presented
by the opposing party.
To meet the preponderance of the evidence standard, a party must provide
enough evidence to tip the scales in their favor. This means that their
evidence must be more convincing than the evidence presented by the other
party. The standard is often described as a scale that is balanced, and the
evidence must weigh more on one side than the other to meet the
preponderance of the evidence standard.
4 PREPONDERANCE OF PROBABILITY: : the* standard of proof* in most
civil cases in which the party bearing the burden of proof must present
evidence which is more credible and convincing than that presented by the
other party or which shows that the fact to be proven is more probable than
not. *“Proved”: - *A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the
matters before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its
existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of
the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists. "A fact is
said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the Court
either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable that a
prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act
upon the supposition that it exists." When the evidence is of an
overwhelming nature and is conclusive, there shall exist no dispute, nor
shall there be any doubt and the Court can say that the fact does exist.
In short, while groping for a black cat, in the dark room, which is
supposed to exist only, then on facts of the abstract or the hidden truth,
unseen by direct perception, only the probability and the preponderance are
proof of the existence. Probability cannot be Zero, but even one is enough;
Preponderance is that having a perfect set up to occur, which alone, can
explain the phenomena.
5 Long ago this example I heard which is true; HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT YOUR
MOTHER AND FATHER WERE/ARE ONLY x AND y? Of course, I can hear some one
pronouncing the DNA test is science. Pistoi warns that while these tests
can be fascinating, and can present the vast diversity of humanity's genetic
<https://www.livescience.com/27332-genetics.html> history, we should be
wary of what these results really tell us. "Saying you are 30 percent East
Asian or Celtic is just a statistical inference about your genome and
hardly reflects your real ancestry," Pistoi wrote. "Nevertheless, these
tests are having a profound impact on self-perception, and this is why they
are so successful. I am mostly interested in exploring the social
consequences of this technology." According to a customer care article
<https://www.anrdoezrs.net/links/9088230/type/dlg/sid/livescience-us-6298956308708746000/https:/eu.customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/204448904-DNA-Relatives-Detecting-Relatives-and-Predicting-Relationships>
by
23andMe, the probability of detecting a first cousin through their service
is around 100%, while detecting second, third and fourth cousins
<https://www.livescience.com/32121-whats-a-second-cousin-vs-a-first-cousin-once-removed.html>
becomes
less probable the more distantly they are related. A third cousin, for
example, has a 90% probability of being detected accurately, while a fifth
cousin has as little as 15% probability. Similarly, Ancestry DNA's opt-in DNA
Matching function
<https://www.prf.hn/click/camref:1011l4xQd/pubref:livescience-us-2576076534999995400/destination:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Flp%2Fgenetic-testing%2Fancestrydna-test-accuracy>
claims
to have a high level of accuracy for closer relations, with the probability
of identifying other relatives, and determining a specific relationship,
reducing the more distantly they are related. In short, yes it appears to
be true but not absolutely true. The probability is that X and Y are
parents. Or the mother tells a lie or the truth, which is the truth, simply
swallowed, without arguing. There are more mysteries in life, which one has
to accept as we do accept E=MC2, without doing any experiments, because it
was taught in your curriculum.
6 When given an equal perception in a class, only one is number 1
followed by the other numbers. The Rank is not by spinning a coin. By hard
work, where at least 6 60% of the class worked hard, with the same spirit,
as the same teacher taught to all at the same hour. The constitution, and
the brain levels are the same to all that listened to the teacher. Then
given the equal freebees, what was that pushed one alone in Rank one? In
the example of the parent, that parent, who delivered, say 6 children, in
equal intervals, finds that all of them are not even SIMILAR. Similar in
character, discipline, quality, absorptions and other gunas; source is the
same; outcomes are different. What were the factors that made all the 6
different species? Are they head or tail Samachar? Deivathin kural, a
German scientist who approached the MahaPeriyava, wanted to define Karma.
MahaPariava said that let him go to the Gynaecology hospital the next day
morning; take stock of children born at a particular time; take the data of
their parents’ livelihood, wealth and education and all other
paraphernalias; watch those children moving in and out of the hospital and
come back. After returning back, Maha Periava asked how come the children
born at 6 AM, were in different status; went back home in different
vehicles; were dressed differently; were different in their appearances?
MahaPariava said that all that were born at that time, were equal on this
earth as they did not do any Karma of their own at all! While at that
birth, when all of them were equal, where is the question of so many
inequalities in the start of their lives? AND THAT IS KARMA. When there is
a cause, there shall be an effect; an effect causes a cause. And such
causes are births and rebirths. And in between there was death. There must
be an accountability for the Karma which is the mind and the DNA as the
Soul is independent and wears a worm or human dress. As the body is a
matter there is no destruction of the matter and shall exist in some
format. II Law of thermodynamics. So where is the probability and the
preponderance in this , if that Questioner knew his parents only through
the mother and believed? K Rajaram IRS 19 6 23
On Sun, 18 Jun 2023 at 03:28, Rangarajan T.N.C. <[email protected]>
wrote:
>
> https://youtu.be/PvBA7xXfLvk
>
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