>From Encyclopedia we are now in Wikipedia,on our way to Rajarampedia. YM
On Tue, Aug 1, 2023 at 8:09 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy <[email protected]> wrote: > *I Is our schools are insane? * > > Study Smarter Not Harder > > Do you ever feel like your study habits simply aren’t cutting it? Do you > wonder what you could be doing to perform better in class and on exams? > Many students realize that their high school study habits aren’t very > effective in college. This is understandable, as college is quite different > from high school. The professors are less personally involved, classes are > bigger, exams are worth more, reading is more intense, and classes are much > more rigorous. That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong with you; it just > means you need to learn some more effective study skills. Fortunately, > there are many active, effective study strategies that are shown to be > effective in college classes. > > This handout offers several tips on effective studying. Implementing these > tips into your regular study routine will help you to efficiently and > effectively learn course material. Experiment with them and find some that > work for you. > > Reading is not studying > > Simply reading and re-reading texts or notes is not actively engaging in > the material. It is simply re-reading your notes. Only ‘doing’ the readings > for class is not studying. It is simply doing the reading for class. > Re-reading leads to quick forgetting. > > Think of reading as an important part of pre-studying, but learning > information requires actively engaging > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/reading-comprehension-tips/> in > the material (Edwards, 2014). Active engagement is the process of > constructing meaning from text that involves making connections to > lectures, forming examples, and regulating your own learning (Davis, 2007). > Active studying does not mean highlighting or underlining text, re-reading, > or rote memorization. Though these activities may help to keep you engaged > in the task, they are not considered active studying techniques and are > weakly related to improved learning (Mackenzie, 1994). > > Ideas for active studying include: > > - Create a study guide by topic. Formulate questions and problems and > write complete answers. Create your own quiz. > - Become a teacher. Say the information aloud in your own words as if > you are the instructor and teaching the concepts to a class. > - Derive examples that relate to your own experiences. > - Create concept maps > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/using-concept-maps/> or > diagrams that explain the material. > - Develop symbols that represent concepts. > - For non-technical classes (e.g., English, History, Psychology), > figure out the big ideas so you can explain, contrast, and re-evaluate > them. > - For technical classes, work the problems and explain the steps and > why they work. > - Study in terms of question, evidence, and conclusion: What is the > question posed by the instructor/author? What is the evidence that they > present? What is the conclusion? > > Organization and planning will help you to actively study for your > courses. When studying for a test, organize your materials first and then > begin your active reviewing by topic (Newport, 2007). Often professors > provide subtopics on the syllabi. Use them as a guide to help organize your > materials. For example, gather all of the materials for one topic (e.g., > PowerPoint notes, text book notes, articles, homework, etc.) and put them > together in a pile. Label each pile with the topic and study by topics. > > For more information on the principle behind active studying, check out > our tipsheet on metacognition > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/metacognitive-study-strategies/> > . > > Understand the Study Cycle > > The Study Cycle > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/the-study-cycle/>, > developed by Frank Christ, breaks down the different parts of studying: > previewing, attending class, reviewing, studying, and checking your > understanding. Although each step may seem obvious at a glance, all too > often students try to take shortcuts and miss opportunities for good > learning. For example, you may skip a reading before class because the > professor covers the same material in class; doing so misses a key > opportunity to learn in different modes (reading and listening) and to > benefit from the repetition and distributed practice (see #3 below) that > you’ll get from both reading ahead *and* attending class. Understanding > the importance of all stages of this cycle will help make sure you don’t > miss opportunities to learn effectively. > > Spacing out is good > > One of the most impactful learning strategies is “distributed > practice”—spacing out your studying over several short periods of time over > several days and weeks (Newport, 2007). The most effective practice is to > work a short time on each class every day. The total amount of time spent > studying will be the same (or less) than one or two marathon library > sessions, but you will learn the information more deeply and retain much > more for the long term—which will help get you an A on the final. The > important thing is how you *use* your study time, not how *long* you > study. Long study sessions lead to a lack of concentration and thus a lack > of learning and retention. > > In order to spread out studying over short periods of time across several > days and weeks, you need control over your schedule > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/weekly-planner-60-min/>. > Keeping a list of tasks to complete on a daily basis will help you to > include regular active studying sessions for each class. Try to do > something for each class each day. Be specific and realistic regarding how > long you plan to spend on each task—you should not have more tasks on your > list than you can reasonably complete during the day. > > For example, you may do a few problems per day in math rather than all of > them the hour before class. In history, you can spend 15-20 minutes each > day actively studying your class notes. Thus, your studying time may still > be the same length, but rather than only preparing for one class, you will > be preparing for all of your classes in short stretches. This will help > focus, stay on top of your work, and retain information. > > In addition to learning the material more deeply, spacing out your work > helps stave off procrastination. Rather than having to face the dreaded > project for four hours on Monday, you can face the dreaded project for 30 > minutes each day. The shorter, more consistent time to work on a dreaded > project is likely to be more acceptable and less likely to be delayed to > the last minute. Finally, if you have to memorize material for class > (names, dates, formulas), it is best to make flashcards for this material > and review periodically throughout the day rather than one long, > memorization session (Wissman and Rawson, 2012). See our handout on > memorization > strategies > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/enhancing-your-memory/> to > learn more. > > It’s good to be intense > > Not all studying is equal. You will accomplish more if you study > intensively. Intensive study sessions are short and will allow you to get > work done with minimal wasted effort. Shorter, intensive study times are > more effective than drawn out studying. > > In fact, one of the most impactful study strategies is distributing > studying over multiple sessions (Newport, 2007). Intensive study sessions > can last 30 or 45-minute sessions and include active studying strategies. > For example, self-testing is an active study strategy that improves the > intensity of studying and efficiency of learning. However, planning to > spend hours on end self-testing is likely to cause you to become distracted > and lose your attention. > > On the other hand, if you plan to quiz yourself on the course material for > 45 minutes and then take a break, you are much more likely to maintain your > attention and retain the information. Furthermore, the shorter, more > intense sessions will likely put the pressure on that is needed to prevent > procrastination. > > Silence isn’t golden > > Know where you study best. The silence of a library may not be the best > place for you. It’s important to consider what noise environment works best > for you. You might find that you concentrate better with some background > noise. Some people find that listening to classical music while studying > helps them concentrate, while others find this highly distracting. The > point is that the silence of the library may be just as distracting (or > more) than the noise of a gymnasium. Thus, if silence is distracting, but > you prefer to study in the library, try the first or second floors where > there is more background ‘buzz.’ > > Keep in mind that active studying is rarely silent as it often requires > saying the material aloud. > > Problems are your friend > > Working and re-working problems is important for technical courses (e.g., > math, economics). Be able to explain the steps of the problems and why they > work. > > In technical courses, it is usually more important to work problems than > read the text (Newport, 2007). In class, write down in detail the practice > problems demonstrated by the professor. Annotate each step and ask > questions if you are confused. At the very least, record the question and > the answer (even if you miss the steps). > > When preparing for tests, put together a large list of problems from the > course materials and lectures. Work the problems and explain the steps and > why they work (Carrier, 2003). > > Reconsider multitasking > > A significant amount of research indicates that multi-tasking does not > improve efficiency and actually negatively affects results (Junco, 2012). > > In order to study smarter, not harder, you will need to eliminate > distractions during your study sessions. Social media, web browsing, game > playing, texting, etc. will severely affect the intensity of your study > sessions if you allow them! Research is clear that multi-tasking (e.g., > responding to texts, while studying), increases the amount of time needed > to learn material and decreases the quality of the learning (Junco, 2012). > > Eliminating the distractions will allow you to fully engage during your > study sessions. If you don’t need your computer for homework, then don’t > use it. Use apps to help you set limits on the amount of time you can spend > at certain sites during the day. Turn your phone off. Reward intensive > studying with a social-media break (but make sure you time your break!) See > our handout on managing technology > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/decreasing-digital-distraction/> > for > more tips and strategies. > > Switch up your setting > > Find several places to study in and around campus and change up your space > if you find that it is no longer a working space for you. > > Know when and where you study best. It may be that your focus at 10:00 PM. > is not as sharp as at 10:00 AM. Perhaps you are more productive at a coffee > shop with background noise, or in the study lounge in your residence hall. > Perhaps when you study on your bed, you fall asleep. > > Have a variety of places in and around campus that are good study > environments for you. That way wherever you are, you can find your perfect > study spot. After a while, you might find that your spot is too comfortable > and no longer is a good place to study, so it’s time to hop to a new spot! > > Become a teacher > > Try to explain the material in your own words, as if you are the teacher. > You can do this in a study group, with a study partner, or on your own. > Saying the material aloud will point out where you are confused and need > more information and will help you retain the information. As you are > explaining the material, use examples and make connections between concepts > (just as a teacher does). It is okay (even encouraged) to do this with your > notes in your hands. At first you may need to rely on your notes to explain > the material, but eventually you’ll be able to teach it without your notes. > > Creating a quiz for yourself will help you to think like your professor. > What does your professor want you to know? Quizzing yourself is a highly > effective study technique. Make a study guide and carry it with you so you > can review the questions and answers periodically throughout the day and > across several days. Identify the questions that you don’t know and quiz > yourself on only those questions. Say your answers aloud. This will help > you to retain the information and make corrections where they are needed. > For technical courses, do the sample problems and explain how you got from > the question to the answer. Re-do the problems that give you trouble. > Learning the material in this way actively engages your brain and will > significantly improve your memory (Craik, 1975). > > Take control of your calendar > > Controlling your schedule and your distractions will help you to > accomplish your goals. > > If you are in control of your calendar, you will be able to complete your > assignments and stay on top of your coursework. The following are steps to > getting control of your calendar: > > 1. On the same day each week, (perhaps Sunday nights or Saturday > mornings) plan out your schedule > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/weekly-action-plan/> for > the week. > > 2. Go through each class and write down what you’d like to get > completed for each class that week. > > 3. Look at your calendar and determine how many hours you have to > complete your work. > > 4. Determine whether your list can be completed in the amount of time > that you have available. (You may want to put the amount of time expected > to complete each assignment.) Make adjustments as needed. For example, if > you find that it will take more hours to complete your work than you have > available, you will likely need to triage your readings. Completing all of > the readings is a luxury. You will need to make decisions about your > readings based on what is covered in class. You should read and take notes > on all of the assignments from the favored class source (the one that is > used a lot in the class). This may be the textbook or a reading that > directly addresses the topic for the day. You can likely skim supplemental > readings. > > 5. Pencil into your calendar when you plan to get assignments completed. > > 6. Before going to bed each night, make your plan for the next day. > Waking up with a plan will make you more productive. > > See our handout on calendars and college > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/using-planners/> for more > tips on using calendars as time management. > > Use downtime to your advantage > > Beware of ‘easy’ weeks. This is the calm before the storm. Lighter work > weeks are a great time to get ahead on work or to start long projects. Use > the extra hours to get ahead on assignments or start big projects or > papers. You should plan to work on every class every week even if you don’t > have anything due. In fact, it is preferable to do some work for each of > your classes every day. Spending 30 minutes per class each day will add up > to three hours per week, but spreading this time out over six days is more > effective than cramming it all in during one long three-hour session. If > you have completed all of the work for a particular class, then use the 30 > minutes to get ahead or start a longer project. > > Use all your resources > > Remember that you can make an appointment > <https://learningcenter.unc.edu/services/academic-coaching/> with an > academic coach to work on implementing any of the strategies suggested in > this handout. > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > *II Factors Deciding the Ranking of the Countries in the standard > education * > > Although several factors help determine the ranking of the countries, > we’ll start by explaining the two major factors: > > - Global Opportunity Index: It is one of the few metrics that indicate > the attractiveness of a country to international investors using a > combination of economic, financial, institutional, and regulatory factors. > - Quality Index: Another metric that helps in determining a country’s > quality of life as a whole in terms of health, education, job > opportunities, economic security, physical safety, etc. > > Top 20 Best Education Systems in the World > > Rank > > Country > > Quality Index > > Opportunity Index > > 1 > > United Kingdom > > 78.2 > > 69.79 > > 2 > > United States > > 72 > > 68.74 > > 3 > > Australia > > 70.5 > > 67.52 > > 4 > > Netherlands > > 70.3 > > 67.21 > > 5 > > Sweden > > 70.1 > > 66.96 > > 6 > > France > > 69.9 > > 66.3 > > 7 > > Denmark > > 69.8 > > 62.54 > > 8 > > Canada > > 69.8 > > 61.01 > > 9 > > Germany > > 69.5 > > 60.64 > > 10 > > Switzerland > > 68.3 > > 60.12 > > 11 > > Japan > > 68.2 > > 59.46 > > 12 > > Israel > > 66.9 > > 57 > > 13 > > Finland > > 66.8 > > 56.68 > > 14 > > Taiwan > > 66.6 > > 55.27 > > 15 > > Singapore > > 66 > > 55.22 > > 16 > > Slovenia > > 65.8 > > 54.38 > > 17 > > South Korea > > 65.2 > > 53.5 > > 18 > > Norway > > 65 > > 53.41 > > 19 > > Belgium > > 64.2 > > 53.02 > > 20 > > United Arab Emirates > > 64 > > 52.94 > > *xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx* > > *III About Schools Around The World* > > 1. A primary school in Phuma Changthang, Tibet, is thought to be the > highest school in the world. > > *It is also the closest of its kind to the sky. At 5,373 metres above sea > level, it is 200 metres higher than the base camp of Mount Qomolangma, the > world’s highest mountain, known as Mount Everest in the West.* > > 2. The Shishi High School located in Chengdu, China is the world's oldest > school. > > *Established in 194 AD, earning the title of being the world's oldest > school comes with no surprise. The first Chinese public school to ever > exist, the school became a modern school in 1902. Despite its age, the > school is up-to-date with quality equipment and supplies and provides > modern education.* > > 3. A school in the Philippines is made entirely of recycled pop bottles. > > *The school named Bottle School is one of its kind in Asia. It took about > 9,000 bottles and dozens of volunteers to build the structure. Each bottle > was filled with sand, water and straw to keep them sturdy. Then, a > cement-like substance was used to hold the bottles in place as they were > stacked on top of each other to create walls.* > > The largest school in the world in terms of number of students is the > City Montessori School in Lucknow, India. > > *The City Montessori School (CMS) in India enters the 2019 Guinness Book > of World Records for its number of pupils attending the school. There are > currently more than 56,000 students attending the school on a daily basis. > In Lucknow city alone, there are 18 CMS campuses with over 4,500 staff > across the city.* > > 5. Back in 2014, there was an elementary school in Turin, Italy that > only had one teacher and one student. > > *This gives the school the reputation of being the smallest school in the > world. The only student of the school admitted to being lonely and had to > imagine there were other students in the classroom. Officials decided to > keep it open as long as there is at least one pupil at the school.* > > 6. The children in the Netherlands start school on their fourth birthday > so there’s always someone new in class. > > *While this means that older students get more time to settle in and make > friends, it does also mean that students should be at a similar development > level by the time their first day at school rolls around.* > > 7. Meal-time in France is considered part of the curriculum. T*hough > kids generally learn eating and tasting food at home, these skills are > reinforced in schools. Kids are expected to learn not only about different > foods and where they come from (schools try to source locally), but also to > display good manners and etiquette.* > > 8. Students in South Korea are expected to stay and help clean and tidy > the classroom when lessons are over. > > *The tasks include sweeping, vacuuming and taking out the trash. No > running out of class the second lesson are over for Korean students!* > > * 9 * Kids in Finland do not start school until the age of 7. > > *Seven is considered one of the oldest ages around the world to start > school. Most do, however, attend high-quality daycare or preschool > programmes.* > > * 1*0. In Russia, children always start school on ‘Knowledge Day’ > (September 1) even if it’s a weekend or a holiday. > > *The morning usually starts with a school assembly during which > 11th-graders (the oldest students) take the first-graders by the hand and > lead them into the school while ringing a ceremonial bell.* > > 11. Have you ever seen a boat school? In Bangladesh, there are no fewer > than 100 boat schools! > > *In Bangladesh, annual flooding can disrupt school for hundreds of > thousands of students. In some areas, roads are impassable during the rainy > season from July to October, when rivers rise as much as four metres, or 12 > feet; hence, the need for boat schools. Each one of the boat schools has > internet access, a library and is solar powered.* > > 12. In a remote area of Colombia, kids have to travel to school on a > zip-line. > > *It turns out the steel wires are the only form of transportation for > those living in an isolated valley called Los Pinos. Very young kids are > not allowed to use the zip-line alone. So they travel along the cable with > their parents or an older sibling. If the kids did not travel this way, > they would have to walk through the rainforest and it would take two hours > to get to school.* > > 13. A school in Germany has been built to look like a giant white cat. > > *The design is complete with whiskers and circular windows for eyes. When > students arrive at the school, they enter the building through the mouth of > the cat. Once inside, it is just like any other school. But there is at > least one more purr-fect feature that students can enjoy: the cat’s tail > found at the back of the building doubles as a slide!* > > 14. Summer vacations in Chile start from mid-December and end in early > March. > > *While schools in the United States normally start summer vacation between > May and June, Chile begins their summer holiday in December with three > whole months away from school!* > > 15. Children in Germany receive special paper cones called Schultüte > when they begin school. > > *Traditionally, the cones are filled with sweets and candy. At present, > children will find sweets alongside school supplies and toys in their paper > cones. But the catch is that they can only open it when they start school. > The cone tradition is a celebration to indicate that the child is moving to > the next stage of their lives.* > > 16. Kids in Japan are the most independent and disciplined of the lot. > > *They travel to school alone, clean their own classrooms and even serve > their own lunch. There are no janitors or canteens in the schools. On > special occasions, students are allowed to bring their own lunch boxes, > however, for most days, they will eat the same meal with each other.* > > 17. It is not mandatory to attend a pre-primary or early childhood > development and education class before joining primary school for children > in Kenya. > > *But they mostly go anyway! The lack of early childhood education among > African children is a hot debate but that is a story for another time.* > > 18. France has the shortest school year from August to June and also the > longest school day. > > *A total school year in France does not exceed 36 weeks while other > countries may go over 40 weeks. French children go to school four days a > week with off days on Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday. They have about two > hours each day for lunch and their school day begins around 8:30 a.m. and > ends at 4:30 p.m.* > > *Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx* > > *KR IRS 1 8 23* > > On Mon, 31 Jul 2023 at 18:58, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> >> >> -- >> *Mar*Vacuum and Space-time >> >> >> >> The Universe mainly is the abstract ocean of electromagnetic waves >> speeding in the infinity at the ultimate speed. When a wave gets arrested, >> the place of arrest is called space, and the event of arrest is called >> time, simply where and when the arrest of the electromagnetic wave took >> place. It is the birth of consciousness and the conscious notice of the >> struggle. The waves struggle to get back to their real ultimate speed and >> join the parent electromagnetic waves. Space-time or consciousness has >> taken birth. The struggle of the space-time is to return to the speed of >> light, the ultimate speed, into the abstract heaven, which one tries to >> feel by closing the eyes and making the mind blank. We call it meditation. >> >> The ultimate vacuum is directing the space-time into which we have been >> photon-synthesized, to return to the speed of light, or join the abstract >> infinity. Basically we are part of that vacuum, the abstract forces, >> directing our photon-synthesized bodies, return to the electromagnetic >> waves. Each one of us is ultimately joined to the vacuum, and we have the >> potential to tap the whole power of the vacuum. >> >> We are joined to the vacuum, the electromagnetic waves. Our Brain is >> electromagnetic, our cells are electromagnetic and the iron in our blood >> carries the hormones, the electromagnetic communications to the cells. When >> you refuse to be jailed in the space-time and strive to join the >> electromagnetic waves by closing eyes and making the mind blank, you are >> trying to join the photons as photons, get enlightened. >> >> We have to team up with nature, the whole of the Biosphere, so that the >> macro waves of emotions create symbiosis in the struggle. Every organism of >> the Biosphere is also struggling along with us to reach the speed of light, >> the abstract heaven, the glimpse of which we get when we get into rapture >> occasionally and rarely. >> >> Rapture is a situation where seeing becomes feeling. When you can see >> everything,atoms,particles,energies etc,you see or actually feel the >> gigantic struggle of the space-time to return to the speed of light, and >> you cannot see the I,You,We ,He,She,They and It, as you enter the abstract >> world. When you see everything, you actually feel (not see) the nothing or >> to be exact ‘The Great Nothing’. Eyes become superfluous. Actually your >> seeing happens on the earth, just in about 15 kilometers of the >> troposphere, above the earth’s surface. You cannot see in the next >> stratosphere even. >> >> The wonderful flowers, plants, trees, the flora and the fauna, spellbind >> with great beauty, showing you the glimpse of the ultimate bliss, the ocean >> of bliss, the vacuum. For that you have to team up with nature, and not >> destroy it and call it economics. >> >> Unfortunately all our Universities have ganged up to destroy nature. They >> are in the frenzy of economics. >> >> Let us pray that at least one university calls a spade a spade and >> struggles to bring sanity in education. >> >> YM >> > -- *Mar* -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. 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