CULTURAL QA 08-2023-13A Q1 Where do cruise liners throw theirwastewater?
A1 Rebecca Williams, knows about boatsand ships18h Wastewater is the term used to describe any water that isused on a cruise ship, such as water from toilets, sinks, showers, laundry,pools, spas, and medical facilities. Wastewatercan be divided into two main categories: sewage and gray water. Sewage iswastewater that contains human waste and other organic matter. Gray water iswastewater that does not contain human waste but may still havecontaminants such as soap, detergent, food particles, oil, and grease. Cruise liners have different ways of disposing oftheir wastewater, depending on the type of water, the location of the ship, andthe environmental regulations that apply. The most commonoption for cruise liners is to discharge their wastewater into the ocean. However, they must follow certain rules and standardswhen doing so. For example, according to theCruise Lines International Association (CLIA), membersagree to process all sewage through a sewage treatment system that is certifiedin accordance with international regulations, prior to discharge. They alsoagree to discharge sewage only when the ship is more than three nautical milesfrom shore unless they have an advanced wastewater treatmentsystem that meets higher standards. Gray water can be discharged at any distance from shore, aslong as it does not contain harmful substances or pose a threat to human healthor the environment. Another optionfor cruise liners is to dispose of their wastewater at a port that has thefacilities and capacity to receive it. This option is especially used when cruise liners are in areas whereocean discharge is prohibited or restricted. For example, insome parts of Alaska, California, and New England, there are no-dumping zoneswhere cruise liners cannot discharge any wastewater into the ocean. In thesecases, cruise liners must store their wastewater onboard and dispose of it at aport that can handle it. Q2 How many miles will an average truckdriver drive per day? How do they stay alert? A2 Erika Fernandez, Car Lover3h According to theFederal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), a truck drivercan drive for a maximum of 11 hours in a 24-hour period, after taking 10hours off duty. This means thata truck driver can be on duty for a total of 14 hours, but only 11 of thosehours can be spent driving.The remaining 3 hours can be used for loading, unloading, fueling, inspecting,or resting. The FMCSA alsolimits the number of driving hours and miles per week. A truck driver can drive foreither 60 hours in 7 consecutive days or 70 hours in 8 consecutive days.To reset the weekly limit, the truck driver has to take at least 34consecutive hours off duty. Thisis known as the 34-hour restart rule. Based on theserules, an average truck driver can drive about 55 to 60 miles per hour,depending on the traffic, weather, and route conditions. This means that most truck driverscan drive around 605 to 650 miles per working day. However,this number may vary depending on the type of truck, the cargo, the terrain,and the driver’s experience and preference. Drivingfor long hours and miles can be exhausting and dangerous for truck drivers.They have to deal with various challenges and risks on the road, such asfatigue, boredom, isolation, stress, distractions, accidents, and weatherhazards. To stay alertand safe on the road, truck drivers use various techniques and tools, such as: Taking regular breaks and naps. The FMCSArequires truck drivers to take a 30-minute break after driving for 8consecutive hours. Truck drivers can also take short naps during their breaksor off-duty time to refresh their minds and bodies. Eating healthy and balanced meals and snacks.Truck drivers need to maintain their energy levels and avoid dehydration andhunger. They can eat nutritious foods that are rich in protein, fiber,vitamins, and minerals, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, eggs, cheese, yogurt,and lean meat. They should also drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol,caffeine, sugar, and junk food. Listening to music, podcasts, audiobooks, or radio.Truck drivers can use audio entertainment to keep their minds stimulated andengaged while driving. They can listen to music that suits their mood andpreference, or podcasts and audiobooks that interest them or teach themsomething new. They can also listen to radio stations that provide news,weather updates, traffic reports, or sports commentary. Q3 What's the use of the "tinywings" on aircraft engines? And why are they pointing downwards? A3 Jagrata Banerjee, Studied Aviation Updated2y Nice observation !!! All modern commercial aircraft have these “tiny wings”attached on the side of the engine cowling, somewhat near the engine pylon. These are known as NacelleChines/Strakes. What is the cause of using the nacelle strakes ?? The nacelle chinesare specially fitted on those airplane engines, which are mounted under the wings of the aircraft. Whatactually happens is when the aircraft rotates or pitches up during takeoff, thehuge engines block some of the airflow, thus preventing them to reach the wing.This causes less air to flow over the wing. And also, during pitching up, the wing approachesthe critical angle of attack. With less airflow over the wing the wing approaches the criticalangle of attack, the wing might lose lift and eventually stall. To prevent this kind of situation, the Nacelle Strakesare used. The way the nacelle strakes work is when theairflow approaches the wing and the engines, these nacelle strakes REDIRECT the boundary airflowover the engines to flow over the wing. They actuallyre-energize the oncoming airflow, thus creating an energized vortex to flowover the wing, thus generating lift. This compensates for the loss of airflow,earlier created by the engines. Why the nacelle strakes are pointed downwards? The nacelle strakes are pointed downwards, so as toredirect the energized vortex to the upper surface, that is, to the uppersurface of the wing. Disadvantage of the nacelle strakes: Since, theyare only needed when the aircraft operates at high angles of attack, it is notused during cruise flight. Thus, it creates an unnecessary aerodynamic drag (though very little) in cruiseflight. Q4 Is helium hard to make? How expensiveis the process? A4 Geoffrey Widdison, Been learningscience since I was six, still getting started. Tue Make? Yes, very hard. You need a nuclear reactor to do so. Helium is anelement, so to produce it, you either need larger atoms to undergo nucleardecay and produce it as a by product, or hydrogen atoms to fuse together. Either way, aton of energy would be produced, but only a small amount of helium. Producinguseful amounts of helium by either process is unlikely in the forseeablefuture. Lucky for us,some of those nuclear reactions happen naturally, within the crust of the earth,and have for untold millions of years. Over that timescale, those comparativetrickles of helium make for pretty large amounts. Most of thatjust leaked into the atmosphere, and most of that escaped into space. But someof it got trapped in deposits in the rocks. Now, deposits of helium are never pure. In fact, at best, they’re only afew percent of the gasses in there. Helium separation startedwhen a series of natural gas deposits along the Oklahoma-Texas border turnedout to have unusually high helium concentrations (something like 8%). That was enough tocreate problems, so they built facilities to separate the helium and throw itaway. Over time, they realized that helium had some usefulproperties, andit began to be used for a number of purposes. Eventually, they starteddeliberately looking for gas deposits with high helium concentrations, so theycould produce more helium. Then, in 1925,the US government created a strategic reserve of helium, because it was believedthat the helium supply was potentially important for national security. Thereserve has since been privatized. The point, though,is that helium is effectively a non-renewable natural resources. How expensiveit is has something to do with how expensive it is to extract, but also withavailability of the resource itself, which is often beyond our control. The process forseparating helium from natural gas is a well-established industrial process.Not something the average person could do in their kitchen, but hardlyoutside the norm of large-scale manufacturing. Finding helium, on the otherhand, is rather trickier. Q5 A passenger arrives early with nochecked bags for their flight and wants to go on an earlier flight where thereare available seats. Why do many airlines not let them get on the flightwithout a fee? A5 Mitch Stevenson,Lives in Sydney,Australia11h In Australia. One of the 2 main airlines (VirginAustralia) have this as a stated policy. It works well if there's a seat on the earlier flight. To get it though. You need to beone of their top tier platinum flyers. Also, I generally fly in business classand there's rarely business seats left available at the last minute. So if youdon't mind downgrading to economy it's fine. If I had to get somewhere urgently, then go for it.But if it's only a small wait of a couple of hours. I'll wait for my booked flightand enjoy the lounge a bit further. All the above QA are from Quora digest to me on 13-08- 2023. Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers . Compiled andposted by R. 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