Mr Rajaram,
Reg Q1, it is a simple question. Whether the petrol/ diesel from different oil 
companies  can be filled from the outlets or adhere to one?. Answer is Yes, 
that is all.  In the high way vehicles stop to fill in their vehicle petrol/ 
diesel  irrespective of the outlet belonging to  the same company or different 
companies. This matter is elaborated and told.

You simply make copy paste from somewhere  information stored by you.Better you 
can write about such matters as a different posting. Members will be more 
interested to read Mr Rajaram's postings than responses. Now most members skip 
your copy paste good  information, since they consider it as arguments. 

Have you not seen Bangalore airport with granite? Regarding  Chennai airport 
your information is not up to date. Probably being  in USA, you have not seen 
the composite Terminal inaugurated just about a month back in Chennai. It is 
fully granite. 

I am responding just because you  write , you are providing up to date and 
correct information. 

Please understand - Elephant also will slip it's feet. Nothing more. 

No more responses will be from me. I have no time for arguments.
Gopalkrishnan

    On Friday, 18 August, 2023 at 09:49:31 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy 
<[email protected]> wrote:  
 
 Q1       So we need not think about sulphur content of petroleum and corrosion 
of engine on variation but can we use all sundries? News came in paper: India 
adopted Euro-III equivalent (or Bharat Stage-III) fuel with a sulphur content 
of 350 ppm in 2010 and then took seven years to move to BS-IV that had a 
sulphur content of 50 ppm. From BS-IV to BS-VI it took just three years. "It 
was a conscious decision to leapfrog to BS-VI as first upgrading to BS-V and 
then shifting to BS-VI would have prolonged the journey to 4 to 6 years. 
Besides, oil refineries, as well as a ..   I say always think before ink. Q2    
   Granite originates by solidification and cooling of Magmadeep within the 
earth over a period of millions of years. It is classified as anigneous rock 
because of its origin from the cooling down of molten Magma.During the process 
of heating and then slow cooling, granite forms as anexceedingly hard material. 
Granite consists of mainly Feldspar, Quartz whichare very hard minerals. 
Granite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.Granite easily resists 
scratches and damage from heat, making it an idealmaterial for kitchen counters 
both inside the home and outside. Granitecounters will not scuff or discolour 
from everyday household activities. Theextreme density of granite makes it 
capable of resisting virtually all stainsfrom foods and liquids. Even acidic 
liquids like vinegar will not permeategranite as long as you maintain an 
effective sealant barrier on the granite.
Marble is classified as metamorphic stone because it iscreated by the 
transformation of another type of stone called sedimentarystone. Sedimentary 
rocks form from sediments in the earth combined with buriedplant life under the 
earth over a long period of time. These sedimentary rocksget metamorphosed into 
marble under intense heat and pressure. This processincorporates other minerals 
into the marble that can give the stone attractivecolors. So basically, Marble 
originates as limestone and transforms into marble. Marble mainly consists of 
Calcium Carbonate which is much softer than thecomponents of granite. Marble 
has a hardness of 3 to 5 on Mohs scale. Marblelacks the same durability as 
granite and it will suffer damage from commonkitchen tasks such as cutting. 
Contact with hot pans and dishes may also damagemarble. As a surface, marble is 
a more suitable choice for low-traffic spotssuch as bathroom vanities, 
fireplace surrounds and decorative accents. Themetamorphic attributes of marble 
results in a more porous material. Theporosity of marble will result in 
absorption of some materials upon contact. Sincegranite countertops have 
inherent stain resisting properties, they need lessfrequent sealer application 
than marble materials.

Now cost is a factor and hence in high traffic area likerailway stations, 
granite is considered, but in airports, Marble is used.  See Chennaiairport. 

Q5       “To Sardar Patel, but for whom mine eyes wouldnot have seen the shine 
of Somnath rise again”. Thisis how K.M.Munshi dedicates his book, “Somanatha 
-TheShrine Eternal”, to Sardar Patel. The book recounts the fascinating 
Somnathtemple story and the Somnath temple history. One of the greatest temples 
thathave survived the march of time.


The dedication of Munshi’s book to Sardar Patel speaksvolumes of the importance 
of the Somnath Temple to India as well as the roleplayed by Sardar Patel and of 
course K.M.Munshi himself inrebuilding the Somnath temple that lay in ruins 
after India’s independence. TheSomnath temple is said to have been destroyed no 
less than 17 times and stillstands tall and mighty today while its marauders 
have bitten the dust and liein some obscure corner of the world.

Why is the Somnath temple so important? Who built Somnathtemple? Why was it 
destroyed so many times and rebuilt again and again? Whydoes it occupy a unique 
position among the temples of India? What is thesignificance of this Shiva 
Temple andhow is it different from other Shiva temples like those in Gokarna, 
Varanasi,etc.?

To find answers to these and many other questions oneneeds to delve deep into 
the Somnath temple history which in many ways is alsothe history of the land, 
of India itself. The Somnath story starts from thetime of creation itself 
according to mythology. It all started with the Moon God being cursedby his 
father-in-law, Daksha. Read on to know more about the Somnath story aswe delve 
deep into the Somnath temple history, myths, and lesser-known factsabout the 
Somnath temple.

Somnath Story | Somnath Temple History – TheUltimate Saga of Resilience

Somnath Temple

The triangular flag flutters in the breeze that blowsacross from the Arabian 
Sea. Seagulls fly above the blue waters. Devotees waitpatiently in a queue for 
the much-awaited Somnath Darshan. A family poses infront of the imposing 
Somnath Temple for a picture. The sun is setting behindthe temple in a blaze of 
orange, its rays making kaleidoscopic patterns on therising and ebbing waters 
of the sea. A mother runs playfully as her toddlerwaddles behind her.  The 
Somnath temple seems to be covered in an aura ofpeace and tranquility.

This oasis of serenity was not always peaceful. Its peacehad been ruptured and 
its sanctity violated repeatedly across time by invadingmarauders drawn by its 
riches and the fact that it symbolized faith, a faiththat was alien to them and 
about which they had no inkling.

Today, the Somnath temple is much bigger than its physicalform. It is a 
standing monument to the faith and undying determination of thepeople who have 
inhabited the region from the beginning of time itself.

The Myths And Legend of Somnath – The SomnathStory | Somnath Temple History

The Somnath temple is shrouded in an incredible aura ofmyths and legends. To 
understand the Somnath story one needs to dive deep intothe mythology of the 
Somnath temple.

The Somnath temple story starts with the partiality ofChandra (the Moon God) to 
Rohini, one of his 27 wives who were all daughters ofDaksha Prajapati, the son 
of Brahma. The sisters of Rohini were jealous of the extraattention that Rohini 
received and complained of this to their father. In spiteof a warning, the Moon 
did not mend his ways and the angered Daksha Prajapaticursed him, because of 
which the Moon lost his lustre.

Alarmed with the curse of Daksha Prajapati, the Moonrushed to Prajapati Brahma, 
the creator of the World. Brahma advised him tovisit Prabhas Teerth, bathe in 
the Triveni Sangam where the rivers Hiran,Saraswati, and Kapila meet and 
worship Lord Shiva there. The Moon did as he wasadvised and was relieved of his 
curse. As a token of gratitude he built atemple in Gold to honor Lord Shiva and 
the temple came to be known as Somnath.

Interpretations from the Puranas say that the Moon hadbuilt a golden temple and 
entrusted the worship and upkeep of the temple to theSompura Brahmins whom he 
had created specifically to do Yajnas and otherceremonial worship to Lord Shiva 
during the prathishta or installation ceremonyof the temple.

Even today there lives in Somnath a community of SompuraBrahmins who trace 
their ancestry to the moon. In fact, when the Somnath Templewas rebuilt after 
Independence, the masons and artists who gave shape to itwere from the Sompura 
Salat community, a branch of the Sompura Brahmincommunity known for their 
architectural and artistic skills.

Legend has it that ages after the Moon God built thetemple of God, Ravana built 
a temple in silver, and later in the Dwapara YugaShree Krishna had a temple of 
wood built at Somnath.

As per theinformation on the website of the Somnath Trust, it is believed that 
the firstSomnath Temple was built during the tenth Treta Yug of the Vaivswat 
Manvantarand calculate this to be some 7,99,25,105 years ago.

Somnath Story | Somnath Jyotirlinga Story –Somnath Temple History

Somnath Story

Are you a person who is fascinated by history and wouldlike to delve deep into 
the Somnath story and the history of Somnath temple?

If yes, we recommend the book, “Somanatha –The Shrine Eternal“.

In terms of Somnath temple history, the main sources ofinformation seem to be 
the writings of Persian and Arabic travellers. one ofthe accounts of the 
Somnath Temple is found in the writings of a 13th centuryPersian Geographer and 
traveller named Zakariya al-Qazwini. Belowis an excerpt said to be from his 
book in Arabic titled, “Wonders of Creation”.

‘Somnath is a celebrated city of India, situated on theshore of the sea and 
washed by its waves. Among the wonders of the place wasthe temple in which was 
placed the idol called Somnath. This idol was in themiddle of the temple 
without anything to support it from below, or to suspendit from above. It was 
regarded with great veneration by the Hindus, and whoeverbeheld it floating in 
the air was struck with amazement, whether he was aMussulman or an infidel.

The Hindus used to go on pilgrimage to it whenever therewas an eclipse of the 
moon, and would then assemble there to the number of morethan a hundred 
thousand. They believed that the souls of men used to meet thereafter 
separation from the body and that the idol used, at its pleasure, toincorporate 
them in other bodies, in accordance with their doctrine oftransmigration. The 
ebb and flow of the tide were considered to be the worshippaid to the idol by 
the sea.

‘Everything that was most precious was brought there asofferings, and the 
temple was endowed with the taxes gathered from more thanten thousand villages. 
There is a river, the Ganges, which is held sacred,between which and Somnath 
the distance is two hundred parasangs. They used tobring the water of this 
river to Somnath every day, and wash the temple withit.

A thousand Brahmans were employed in worshipping the idoland attending on the 
visitors, and five hundred damsels sang and danced at thedoor – all these were 
maintained upon the endowments of the temple. The edificewas built upon 
fifty-six pillars of teak, covered with lead. The shrine of tileidol was dark 
but was lighted by jewelled chandeliers of great value. Near itwas a chain of 
gold weighing two hundred mans. When a portion, or watch, of thenight, closed, 
this chain used to be shaken like bells to rouse a fresh lot ofBrahmans to 
perform worship.

‘When Sultan Mahmud, the son of Sabuktagin, went to wage areligious war against 
India, he made great efforts to capture and destroySomnath, in the hope that 
the Hindus would then become Mohammedans. He arrivedthere in the middle of 
Zu-l-ka’da, 416 A. H. (December 1025 A.D.). The Indiansmade a desperate 
resistance. They kept going into the temple weeping and cryingfor help, and 
then they issued forth to battle and kept fighting till all werekilled. The 
number of the slain exceeded fifty thousand.

The king looked upon the idol with wonder and gave ordersfor the seizing of the 
spoil and the appropriation of the treasures. There weremany idols of gold and 
silver, and countless vessels set with jewels, all ofwhich had been sent there 
by the greatest personages in India. The value of thethings found in the 
temples of the idols exceeded twenty thousand thousanddinars.

When the king asked his companions what they had to sayabout the marvel of the 
idol, and of its staying in the air without prop orsupport, several maintained 
that it was upheld by some hidden support. The kingdirected a person to go and 
feel all around and above and below it with aspear, which he did, but met with 
no obstacle. One of the attendants thenstated his opinion that the canopy was 
made of loadstone, and the idol of iron,and that the ingenious builder had 
skilfully contrived that the magnet shouldnot exercise a greater force on any 
one side – hence the idol was suspended inthe middle.

Some inclined toward this explanation, others differedfrom it. Permission was 
obtained from the Sultan to remove some stones from thetop of the canopy to 
settle the point. When two stones were removed from thesummit, the idol swerved 
on one side; when more were taken away, it inclinedstill further, until at 
last, it rested on the ground.’

This is one account of the destruction of the SomnathTemple by Mahmud of 
Ghazni. Even before the destruction of theSomnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni, the 
earlier version of the temple built by theYadavas is said to have been 
destroyed by an Arab Governor named Al-Junayd. andafter that, a red-sandstone 
temple was erected in its place by Nagabhata-IIfrom the Gurjara-Pratihara 
dynasty.

After the Somnath Temple was desecrated and destroyed byMahmud Ghazni, it was 
again built by King Bhima I who belonged to the Chalukyasof Gujarat who then 
ruled over parts of what is Gujarat and Rajasthan now.The temple was again 
destroyed by the army of AllauddinKhalji.

The Somnath temple rose again, rebuilt by Mahipala I whobelonged to the 
Chudasma dynasty of the region during the earlier part of the14th century. 
however, the temple again was razed to dust towards the end ofthe 14th century 
by Zafar Shah who was the then Governor of Gujarat under therule of the Delhi 
Sultanate.

The sacred temple next bore the brunt of an attack byMahmud Begada, the then 
Sultan of Gujarat during the mid of the 15th century.Finally, it was the turn 
of Aurangzeb whowanted the Somnath temple to be destroyed such that it never 
surfaced again. Inkeeping with Aurangzeb’s dictum, the Somnath Temple was 
destroyed and a mosquecame up. Domes appeared between arches and the temple was 
silenced. However, itseems that the mosque too was abandoned and the Somnath 
temple lost its shineand lay in ruins, a far cry from its heyday, waiting to 
rise again, with theresurgence of faith.

After Independence,the initiative to rebuild the Somnath Temple was taken by 
Sardar VallabhaiPatel and the task was completed by K.M.Munshi with the help of 
many othersincluding the Jam Saheb of Jamnagar,N.V. Gadgil, and others. 
Initially, there were some who wanted to preserve theruins of the old Somnath 
temple as is, however, Sardar Patel and K.M.Munshiwanted the temple of Somnath 
to rise again and shine at the very spot where ithad straddled the earth from 
time immemorial.

The sun shone on the resurrected Somnath temple as thethen President of India 
Dr. Rajendra Prasad did the Prana-Pratishta orinstallation of the deity on the 
11th May 1951. A moment that underlined thetrue independence of India.

KR  IRS   18 8 23



On Fri, 18 Aug 2023 at 19:40, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 
<[email protected]> wrote:


CULTURAL QA 08-2023-18

Q1         Howbad is it to mix vehicle gasoline from different companies?

A1         Mcleodproducts, BusinessConsultant | Digital Marketing Services | IT 
Guru7h

Gasoline is a crucial fuel sourcefor vehicles, powering millions of cars around 
the world. With various gasolinebrands available, drivers often wonder whether 
it's safe ordetrimental to mix gasoline from different companies in their 
vehicles.This guide aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact 
ofmixing gasoline from different companies, debunking myths and shedding light 
onthe realities of fuel blending. By examining the chemistry of gasoline, 
engineperformance, and industry standards, we can discern whether mixing 
gasoline istruly harmful or simply a matter of preference.

The Chemistry of Gasoline

Gasoline is a complex mixture ofhydrocarbons, additives, and detergents 
designed to optimize engineperformance, reduce emissions, and prevent engine 
deposits. Different gasolinebrands may use varying formulations and additive 
packages, each claiming uniquebenefits.

Debunking Myths

1. Myth: Mixing Gasoline Causes Explosions or Fires: Mixing gasoline from 
different companies does not pose a risk ofexplosions or fires.Gasoline must 
reach a specific temperature and concentration in anenclosed space to ignite.

2. Myth: Mixing Brands Will Damage Your Engine: Modern engines are designed to 
handle a range of fuel qualities andadditives. Mixing gasoline brands is 
unlikely to cause significant damage toyour engine.

3. Myth: Fuel Octane Ratings Must Match Exactly: Whileusing a higher octane 
fuel than recommended can offer minimal benefits, slight variations in octane 
ratings between brands won't harm yourengine.

4. Myth: Fuel Brands Must Be Consistently Used: It's not necessary to stick to 
a single brand to ensure engine health.Changing brands occasionally is unlikely 
to lead to performance issues.

5. Myth: Premium vs. Regular Fuel Mixing: Mixingpremium and regular gasoline is 
generally safe and won't harm your engine.However, it's important to stick to 
the manufacturer's recommendations foroptimal performance.

Effects of Mixing Gasoline from Different Companies

While mixing gasoline fromdifferent brands is generally safe, there are 
potential effects to consider:

1. Additives and Detergents: Different brands mayinclude varying levels of 
additives and detergents. Mixing brands mightslightly alter the effectiveness 
of these additives.

2. Performance and Efficiency: Engine performance and fuelefficiency might be 
affected marginally due to variations in fuel formulations,although the impact 
is typically minimal.

3. Engine Deposits: Some brands advertise detergents to reduceengine deposits. 
Mixing fuels with different detergents may slightly alterdeposit prevention 
effectiveness.

4. Combustion Efficiency: While fuel combustion isoptimized for specific fuel 
formulations, modern engines are designed to adaptto varying gasoline qualities 
without significant issues.

5. Emissions: Fuel additives can influenceemissions. Mixing gasoline might have 
subtle effects on exhaust emissions, butthey are unlikely to be noticeable 
under normal driving conditions.

Practical Considerations

1. Consistency vs. Variability: While some drivers preferto stick to a single 
brand for consistency, occasional mixing is unlikely tocause significant 
problems.

2. Manufacturer Recommendations: To ensure optimalperformance and adhere to 
warranty requirements, it's recommended to follow themanufacturer's guidelines 
for fuel octane ratings.

3. Brand Loyalty: Loyalty to a particular brand can stemfrom personal 
preferences or brand-specific benefits, such as loyalty programsor credit card 
rewards.

4. Fuel Quality Standards: Gasoline sold byreputable companies adheres to 
industry quality standards, minimizing the risksassociated with poor-quality 
fuel.

Mixing gasoline from different companies isgenerally safe and unlikely to cause 
severe harm to your vehicle's engine. Whileslight variations in additives, 
detergents, and fuel formulations may haveminimal effects on performance, 
modern engines are designed to handle arange of fuel qualities.Ultimately, the 
decision to mix gasoline brands depends on personalpreference, convenience, and 
any potential brand-specific benefits you mightvalue. As long as you adhere to 
the manufacturer's recommendations for fueloctane ratings and use reputable 
gasoline suppliers, your vehicle's engineshould continue to perform well 
regardless of occasional fuel brand variations.

Q2        Ifgravity is a constant force and our planet revolves around the Sun, 
why don'twe fall towards the Sun?

A2         C Stuart Hardwick, Scifi author and science nerd. UpdatedAug 9

We are falling toward the sun. I know, I know. You think I’mbeing a smart aleck 
or playing a semantic trick. I am not.

This is literally true. We are falling toward the sun, right now,as I type 
this, acceleratingat about 6 thousandths of a meter per second per second.

So, you might reasonably ask, if we are falling toward thesun as I say, how is 
it we aren’t getting closer to it? And this isthe crux of the issue. You don’t 
understand what an orbit is, or you wouldn'thave asked the question. That’s 
okay; asking questions is how you get answers.

Sir Isaac Newton probably never got hit in the head with an apple,but he was a 
pretty smart fellow. Three hundred years ago, he understoodgravity and inertia 
and proposed this thought experiment: Say you climb up tothe top of Mount 
Everest with a shiny new cannon. After negotiating the tipwith your sherpa, you 
fire the cannon flat and level toward the horizon. Whatwill happen?

Nothing, right? You fire theball, it falls and hits some mountaineer on the 
head, lawyers are called, theusual. But if you pack more powder into the 
cannon, you can fire the ballfurther. Fire it far enough, and you can hit base 
camp. Gravity attracts the ball toward the Earth,but the faster the ball leaves 
the cannon, the further it can go before it hitsthe ground. Eventually, the 
curvature of the earth starts to carry the groundaway beneath the falling 
cannonball, so it can actually travel farther than itwould if Earth were flat.

Now what if you traded your magicbeans for elfin gunpowder that lets you fire 
the cannon as hard as you like andsend your projectile flying without any 
resistance from the air? Eventually, itwould fly so far that the ground was 
carried perpetually away and the ballwould circle the globe–forever. This is 
what we call an orbit, and we can actually do it inspace where the air is so 
thin it takes months, years, or centuries to slowdown our cannon balls, er 
satellites.

The same thing is true of the Earth and everything else orbiting the sun. We 
are falling toward the center of the sun, but we are speeding along inour orbit 
at exactly the right speed to carry us off at a tangent at exactlythe rate we 
are falling, so we stay in orbit.

You might then ask how we managed to get into this delicate balancingact? The 
answer is simple. All the matter in the solar system thatwasn’t moving in the 
right direction at the right speed to orbit the sun longago either fell into 
the sun, was flung away into interstellar space, orclumped onto something 
bigger than itself (like a planet) that was, alteringits orbit only slightly. 

Q2        Aregranite and marble slabs suitable for high-traffic areas?

A2         Gopala Krishnan,RetiredAGM BSNL, just now. 

I am answering from Chennai,India. In southernstates in most of the important 
railway stations, the platforms as well aswaiting area are laid with granite. 
Though granite may be slipperyon falling of water, still for cleaning 
efficiency, walking efficiency, granitein place of R C C is used. Probablyfor 
keeping heritage one platform is kept with old type flooring.

So granite is suitable for high traffic area. 

Some bus stands and all airports use granite  for flooring in traffic areas of 
persons.

Q3        Whywere Victorian era boys dressed as girls up to the age of 
approximately 6years?

A3         Alice Twain, PeritaLinguistica from ITSOS via Pace 10Wed

As other answers pointed out, they weren't dressed as girls, they were dressed 
as children. 

Children do a couple of peculiarthings: they can'tcontrol very well when they 
pee and poop, and they grow superfast andmore in height than in width.

Skirts have a couple of advantages overtrusers in these fields.

When the baby or toddler is stillwearing a diaper it is easier to change the 
disper without having to remove anyother piece of clothing.

When the child is older and needsto go in a hurry there is nothing to remove, 
just pull up the skirt and seatthe child on a suitable container (panties for 
most of this long period did notexist).

Skirts are anyhow less likely to get badly soiled in case of anaccident.

Finally, a loose dress will grow with the child and remain wearable 
forlonger.The waist may ride up, but that's fine.

There is one last issue. People had a lot of children. Andclothes were costly, 
but also made of very good materials, so they lasted forvery long. By making 
baby's and toddler's dressesunisex they could use the same garments with all 
children

Q4        Whathappened in Jhansi in 1857?

A4         Arpan Roy,An enthusiastMon

In 1857, during the Indian Rebellion against British colonial rule,also known 
as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny, the city of Jhansiwitnessed a 
significant episode in the larger uprising. 

The rebellion was a widespread and coordinatedresistance against the British 
East India Company's rule, with various regionsand communities participating in 
the struggle.

Jhansi was ruled by Rani Lakshmibai, the widow of MaharajaRaja Gangadhar Rao, 
who had died earlier. When the Indian Rebellion of1857 broke out, Rani 
Lakshmibai played a prominent role in the resistanceagainst British rule. She 
refused to cede control of Jhansi to the British, andher leadership became a 
symbol of the rebellion's defiance.

In June 1857, Rani Lakshmibai led her forces in defending Jhansiagainst the 
British. The British forces, under the command ofMajor-General Hugh Rose, 
besieged the city. 

The battle for Jhansi was fierce and marked by acts of bravery fromboth sides. 
Ultimately, Rani Lakshmibai and her forces were unable to hold thecity against 
the British military might, and Jhansi fell to the British on June5, 1858.

Despite the loss of Jhansi, RaniLakshmibai and her forces continued to resist, 
adopting guerrilla tactics andengaging in battles in other regions. She died in 
battle on June 18, 1858, while fighting nearthe city of Gwalior.

Q5        Whatare some of the interesting facts about Somnath temple?

A5         Aashish Kumar Dimri, One who loves IndiaMon

Gem : Many lengends claim that Syamanatak mani of LordKrishna is hidden inside 
hollowness of Jyotirlingam.

It is also known as Philospher’s stoneand like Paras mani can turn any metal 
into pure gold .

Sangam :Like proverbial sangam atPrayag (former Allahabad), Uttar pradesh ; 
Somnath shrine also hasconfluence of three rivers -Kapila ,Hiran and Saraswati .

Light house : Lord SomnathJyotirlingam, with its immense light, once acted as a 
light house for seafarers in ancient India.

Departure : It is also believed that LordKrishna ended his life journey in this 
area.

Prayer : Sita Ram Jai Badri Vishal Sri Somnath Mahadev sharanamprapadaye !

All the above QA are from Quora  digest to me   on  18-08- 2023. 

Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .

Compiled andposted by R. Gopala krishnan,  on 18-08-2023

 


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