HABER PROCESS IS VERY OLD AS LONG OR EARLY AS 1913. But I don't understand why it should be mind blowing, because it is written so on the net? Although it was previously thought that the concept of fertilizer use may have only dated back 2,000 to 3,000 years, it is now believed that early farmers were using manure to fertilize their crops as long as 8,000 years ago. A team led by Amy Bogaard, an archaeobotanist at the University of Oxford, decided to look for evidence of earlier fertilizer use.
In ancient times, manure would have been the most logical fertilizer to use and, due to the fact that manure has a higher than normal concentration of the rare nitrogen-15 isotope (N-15), the team noted that recent research showed that plants treated with manure have more N-15. The researchers collected ancient samples of cereals such as wheat and barley, as well as pulses such as peas and lentils, from 13 early farming sites across Europe that dated from 4,400 years to 7,900 years ago. They analyzed more than 2,500 individual cereal grains and pulse seeds, from which it was concluded that the N-15 levels were higher than normal and consistent with the use of manure for fertilizer. So how did farmers thousands of years ago realize that manure could increase their yields? The researchers concluded that early farmers probably first noticed enhanced crop growth in areas of natural dung accumulation where animals gathered. These areas of high fertility would have been obvious to subsistence farmers who saw differences in productivity between their small plots. The researchers also surmised that cropping and herding developed at the same time and were integral from the start. Later the Babylonians, Egyptians, Romans and early Germans all are recorded as having used minerals or manure to increase yields on their farms. However, the predominant source of fertilizer for the next few thousand years was manure. Thus it is not in any manner a new ethics scientifically. And not even new for India, so ancient in agriculture; and all matters whether science or matter are only copied from that one already in existence. For growing the yielding capacity, manures or fertilizers are also used in the agricultural field. Mostly cow dung is used as manure and it is known to the vedic seers as karīṣa, śakan, śakṛt, etc. They know that the use of adequate cow dung in an agricultural field results to a rich harvest (karīṣinīṃ phalavatīṃ svadhām, nityapuṣṭāṃ karīṣiṇīm ). Anything have I to write about cow dung? Poppy: In my teens, I read James Hadley Chase Novel, "Poppy is also a flower"; at that age I went to the library to know what a Poppy is; and Poppy is in India licensed as the only nation to have by UNO. Opium, till today, is the best known source for relieving pain. The word 'opium' is derived from the Greek word 'Opion'. In Arabia it was known as Afyun, in Chinese it is 'Yapien', in Persian it is known as 'Afium', in Sanskrit the ancient Indo-Aryan language it is known as 'Aahi Phen' meaning snake venom. In the North-East part of India, it is referred to as 'Kani'. The opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) [Poppy name is from] belonging to the family Papaveraceae, is an annual medicinal herb. It contains many alkaloids that are frequently used as an analgesic, antitussive and anti-spasmodic in modern medicine. Besides, it is also grown as a source of edible seed and seed oil. Opium Cultivation in India *India is the only country authorised by the United Nations* Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) to produce gum opium. Eleven (11) other countries, i.e, Australia, Austria, France, China, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain Turkey and Czech Republic cultivate opium poppy, but they do not extract gum. They cut the bulb with 8-inch of the stalk for processing in its entirety. This method is known as Concentrate of Poppy Straw process (CPS). Opium poppy has been cultivated in India since the 10th century. The 'Dhanvanatari Nighantu' an ancient Indian medical treatise of the 10th century lists opium as a remedy for a variety of ailments. In the early part of 16th century, opium was cultivated in India as a federal monopoly during the Mughal period. The 'Ain-e-Akbari', a historical record of the times and period of Moghul Emperor - Akbar (1556 to 1605AD) states that opium was cultivated in all the provinces of North India scattered over an area of more than one million sq. km. After the decline of Moghuls, the Britishers controlled opium production from 1773. After independence the Indian Government checks and monitors its production and usage. In India, opium poppy involves lancing and collection of latex from the incised capsule. It is a laborious and skilled job requiring considerable manpower to accomplish the task in a short time span. The capsule is the most important organ of the plant as it provides raw opium - a milky exudate. It contains about 70% of the total morphine synthesised by the plant. The terminal capsule is, in general, richer in morphine content than the lateral ones. K Rajaram IRS 10 9 23 On Sun, 10 Sept 2023 at 10:27, 'venkat giri' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > Respected Sir/s, > > CULTURAL QA 09-2023-07 > > Q2: What are some new discoveries? > > A2: > > 1. James Webb Space Telescope is awe-inspiring. While this is the *most > technically advanced and powerful telescope* ever created, the learnings > about our universe will lead to future missions and exploration for > generations ahead. Recently, the newest mission to the moon was launched > as NASA’s Artemis Program which will pave the way for a future mission to > Mars. This new era of space exploration will drive technological > advancements in fields beyond astronautics and stimulate progress in > real-world applications like materials, food science, agriculture, and > even cosmetics. > > 2. Every year, billions of people depend on fertilizers for the > on-going production of food, and reducing the carbon footprint and > expenses in fertilizer production would reshape the impact agriculture has > on emissions. The Haber-Bosch process for fertilizer *production** > converts nitrogen and hydrogen to ammonia. *To reduce energy > requirements, researchers from Tokyo Tech have developed *a > noble-metal-free nitride catalyst* containing a catalytically active > transition metal (Ni) on a lanthanum nitride support that is stable in the > presence of moisture. Since the catalyst doesn't contain ruthenium, it > presents an *inexpensive option for reducing the carbon footprint of > ammonia production.* > > The La-Al-N support, along with the active metals, such as > nickel and cobalt (Ni, Co), produced NH3 at rates similar to conventional > metal nitride catalysts. > > 3. *Limb loss is projected to affect over **3.6 million individuals* *per > year by 2050**. For the longest time, scientists believed the **single > biggest key to limb regeneration are the presence of nerves.* However, > work done by Dr. Muneoka and his team demonstrated the importance of > mechanical load to digit regeneration in mammals and that the absence of a > nerve does not inhibit regeneration. The advancement of limb regeneration > was also achieved by researchers at Tufts University who have used acute > multidrug delivery, via a wearable bioreactor, to successfully enable > long-term limb regeneration in frogs. This early success could > potentially lead to larger, more complex tissue re-engineering advances for > humans, eventually benefiting military veterans, diabetics, and others > impacted by amputation and trauma. > > 4. Generative design AI……Generative AI technology uses deep learning to > generate creative assets such as videos, narratives, training data, > designs, and schematics. While one might have played with (and enjoyed!) > the likes of ChatGPT and Midjourney, they’re barely more than > surface-level distractions. > > *Enterprise uses for generative AI are far more sophisticated*. If used > to its full extent, this latest technology can reduce product-development life > cycle time, design drugs in months instead of years, compose entirely new > materials, generate synthetic data, optimise part design, automate > creativity… In fact, experts predict that by 2025, 30% of outbound > marketing messages from large organisations will be synthetically > generated, and by 2030, a major blockbuster film will be released with > 90% of the film generated by AI. > > Q3: What are some unwritten social rules everyone should know? > > A3: *Being in a society*, one has the responsibility of following some > etiquette. These, when followed, makes one a better person as viewed by the > society and also help to develop some self-discipline as well. > > When at someone’s place, one certainly has some basic responsibilities > such as > > · Seeking permission before using their things. > > · Replacing the things used, like re-filling used diesel in a car > etc. > > · Apologizing for any inconvenience caused. > > · Being in ones limits and not interfering with all their > personal issues. > > · Don’t disturb others unnecessarily. > > · While driving doesn't honk without need. > > · Follow the rules of the road or that place. > > · Never tease anyone and Keep your attitude to oneself. > > Q5: What are some mind-blowing facts about WW1? > > A5:WW1….WORLD WAR 1 > It was a global war.. Over 30 nations declared war between 1914 and 1918. > The majority joined on the side of the Allies, including Serbia, Russia, > France, Britain, Italy and the United States. They were opposed by Germany, > Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, who together formed the > Central Powers. What began as a relatively small conflict in southeast > Europe became a war between European empires. Britain and its Empire’s > entry into the war made this a truly global conflict fought on a > geographical scale never seen before. > Fighting occurred not only on the Western Front, but > in eastern and southeast Europe, Africa and the Middle East. > > 2. It was Far Better to Face the Bullets... The First World War was not > inevitable or accidental, but began as a result of human actions and > decisions. > > *Over 65 million men volunteered or were > conscripted to fight in mass citizen armies.* Millions of civilians also > contributed to the war effort by working in industry, agriculture or jobs > left open when men enlisted. Victory depended on popular support. Some > nations were forced to surrender as their people, pushed to their physical > and emotional limits, lost the *will *to continue fighting. The First > World War was also a war against people. Invading armies committed > atrocities against civilians in the areas they occupied. Attacks on > civilians became increasingly common as each nation tried to break their > opponents’ home morale and diminish popular support for the war. > > 3. It was a war of production. National > resources were mobilised as each combatant nation raced to supply its armed > forces with enough men and equipment. > > In Britain, early failures in munitions manufacturing led to full > government intervention in war production. These controls helped its > industry produce nearly 4 million rifles, 250,000 machine guns, 52,000 > aeroplanes, > 2,800 tanks, 25,000 artillery pieces and over 170 million rounds of > artillery shells by 1918. > > 4. It was a war of innovation > > Advances in weaponry and military technology provoked tactical changes as > each side tried to gain an advantage over the other. The introduction of > aircraft into war left soldiers and civilians vulnerable to attacks from > above for the first time. > > Major innovations were also made in > manufacturing, chemistry and communications. *Medical advances made the > First World War the first major conflict in which British deaths in battle > outnumbered deaths caused by disease.* > > *5. It was a war of destruction* > > * War left an estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians dead and > countless others physically and psychologically wounded. **The war also > forever altered the world’s social and political landscape**. **It > accelerated changes in attitudes towards gender and class and led to the > collapse of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. **The cost > of waging total war - and of rebuilding afterwards - ravaged the national > economies of both the victorious European Allies and the defeated Central > Powers.* > > * The human cost of the First World War for **Britain saw the > creation of a new language of remembrance**, **which remains to this day. > * > > *Today we see war memorials in cities, towns, schools, places of worship > and workplaces. * > > *WORLD WAR I** is remembered and commemorated > by various war memorials, including civic memorials, larger national > monuments, war cemeteries, private memorials and a range of utilitarian > designs such as halls and parks, dedicated to remembering those involved in > the conflict. Huge numbers of memorials were built in the 1920s and 1930s, > with around **176,000 erected in France alone.* *This was a new social > phenomenon and marked a major cultural shift in how nations commemorated > conflicts. Interest in World War I and its memorials faded after World War > II. Visitor numbers at many memorials increased significantly, while major > national and civic memorials continue to be used for annual ceremonies > remembering the war.* > > *In New Delhi National War Memorial (Rashtriya Samar Smarak)* *was > constructed in 1931 by erstwhile British empire to **commemorate the > Battle Casualty (Fatal) of India during World War I.* *Remembrance Day is > 11 November every year, the same day that World War I ended. It is also > known as Armistice Day (**to commemorate armistice agreement that ended > the First World War**).* > > *Poppies became a symbol of World War I because they have grown around > some of the places where battles were fought.* > *POPPY….* *Red **poppy flower * > > > *[image: Inline image]* > > *Is a symbol of both Remembrance and hope for a peaceful future.* *The > poppy became a widely recognised symbol of remembrance and hope after the > flowers bloomed in **Flanders Field, a major battleground of the First > World War where many lives were lost. The poppy is typically worn > throughout the month of November.* > > * The Queen, who is the head of the armed forces, is often seen sporting > a poppy. But in more recent years, she has been seen wearing five of them.* > > *We hold a two-minute silence at 11am on the 11th day of the 11th > month to remember those who have died. * > > * Remembrance and the **TWO MINUTE SILENCE at 11am on SATURDAY 11 > November2023**.* > > *Regards* > > *V.Sridharan* > *Trichy* > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1804553130.4615050.1694321849255%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1804553130.4615050.1694321849255%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZooA_n_3y0eizsa-awxd%3DkmN_2NozSVv4ZtBBSak57zxeA%40mail.gmail.com.
