Q AND a 31123B BY g Q3 An irrelevant question; non-human intelligence surprised the researchers than human; and the definition of intelligence shall be defined as definable and then compared, which not done here. Elephant in the animal kingdom is brilliant as found in the research. Brain size does count; and usage alone differed; small weight brain might be a maestro in music; but in other respects that person may not shine; on the contrary heavy brain if used well, might make the person ambi-dextrous. Ther is always difference in intelligent in one field and intelligence in multiple fields which revealed the usage and the weight of the brain. Now reg animals and its intelligence: Now, elephants are regarded as one of the most intelligent non-human animals.
African Gray Parrots African Gray Parrots are thought to be one of the most intelligent species on the planet, rivaling even apes. In some areas, they surpass the abilities of five-year-old children. African Gray Parrots can use deductive reasoning to solve problems, specifically determining which of two cups contains a food reward. More advanced versions of the same test revealed the parrots’ ability for logical thinking. In one such experiment, Griffin, the test subject, outperformed five-year-old children when it came to understanding concepts of certainty versus possibility. Octopuses Octopuses are skilled escape artists, with some even escaping their enclosures and swimming all the way back to the wild. Their jailbreaking is less surprising in light of the fact that they have a larger brain-to-body ratio than any other known invertebrate species.Octopuses are adept at using tools sourced from their surroundings. Some species are known to carry the tentacles of the deadly jellyfish Portuguese man o’ war as a weapon, while others collect and carry coconut shells to build shelters for themselves. Bonobos With a reputation as the hippies of the animal kingdom, bonobos are one of only a few species that live in matriarchal societies. They are also a very intelligent species closely related to humans, and are known to show empathy even towards strangers.In experiments, bonobos will perform a task that results in another bonobo getting a treat. When there’s no other ape present, they are less likely to carry out the task, suggesting that, at least in part, they are motivated by helping the other ape. Rats The intelligence of rats is one reason they are so often used for research. Rats’ ability to learn from experience has been harnessed by numerous experiments testing their cognition and reasoning abilities. One such test is the forced swim test, which has come under fire for being inhumane. Rats are capable of learning and recalling what the test consists of, meaning new rats — who have never been exposed to the test before — have to be used for each retest. . Pigeons Frequently regarded as the rats of the sky, pigeons are often thought of as a nuisance. The reality, however, is that pigeons are extremely intelligent. In an experiment, pigeons were trained to differentiate between Picasso and Monet paintings, something they had no problem learning. They were then able to apply what they learned to distinguish between works they had not previously been shown, telling the difference between other expressionist and cubist artists. Crows Phenomenally intelligent birds, crows are well known for their love of shiny objects. But their talents don’t end with the collection of pretty knick-knacks. They are capable of a form of higher thought previously thought to belong solely to humans and a select few other mammals. By looking in-depth at their neuroanatomy, recent research suggests that crows are aware of the knowledge that they have — and are able to ponder that knowledge. This ability is how individuals make new discoveries. Dogs Dog intelligence is impacted by breed. Of all breeds, Border Collies consistently come out on top in terms of intelligence. Border collies proved more capable than even Labrador Retrievers at social cognition, inhibition control and spatial problem-solving. Cats Though research into cat intelligence is relatively sparce —- in large part because cats generally don’t make very willing participants — what we do know is that cats excel in a variety of areas. The one we know the most about is how they perceive the world. While perception may not be tied directly to cognition in most of the research that’s been done, understanding how cats experience the world sets us up to better study their intelligence. For example, we know cats depend heavily on smell, so when researchers are evaluating the bond a cat has with people, or how cats interact with each other, it’s important that smell is included as a metric. The research done on cats establishes that they have the ability to differentiate between different people and tell the difference between different quantities of objects. Horses Often overlooked when it comes to intelligence, horses communicate with people differently based on the information they believe the person has. This tendency suggests that horses are not only capable of advanced cognition but also flexible cognition. Squirrels One way that squirrels display their intelligence is through deception. When they think they’re being watched, they’ll pretend to bury nuts and seeds while hiding the actual food under their arms. Bees Many people know bees are crucial components to a healthy environment — but you might not be aware they’re also highly intelligent. “Bees are self-aware, they’re sentient, and they possibly have a primitive form of consciousness. They solve problems and can think. Bees may even have a primitive form of subjective experiences,” bee intelligence researchr Stephen Buchmann told the Guardian. Ants Ants are the original computer systems. Instead of thinking as individuals, they think as an entire network in collaboration with their queen and thousands of sisters. As a colony, they set up predetermined ways of doing things, like algorithms on a computer — and then they do them, supporting not just their individual survival, but that of their entire colony. Orcas Orca intelligence is evident from their ability to learn, use echolocation, their large brain size and complex emotions. Different pods of orcas even have different dialects of language. Recently, orcas have been making headlines for their potential ability to organize, as demonstrated by one pod’s behavior toward boats off the coast of Spain. Wolves Wolves exist in packs of several individuals who work together to ensure the survival of the group. This behavior alone, aptly called wolf pack intelligence, speaks to the intelligence of wolves. Deer Despite receiving little attention, deer are intelligent. Differentiating between the calls of different deer, risk assessment, behavior modification and personality are all markers of their smarts. Llamas Llamas are highly intelligent beings capable of learning and using insight to make decisions. When exposed to a mirror in one experiment, llamas were able to use it to find a bucket of food placed otherwise out of their sight. Koalas Koala’s are well-loved for their adorable looks, but they also do well in the intelligence category. They seem to be able to predict what will happen in a particular situation based upon past experiences. One of the main ways this plays out is in their interactions with humans. Instead of swimming across bodies of water — which they’re fully capable of doing — they have learned they can simply hitch a ride on passing boats. Orangutans While orangutans may not use as many tools as some other apes in the wild, that changes substantially with captive or ex-captive orangutans. In captivity, the apes will use everything from sticks to man-made tools. Scientists believe this discrepancy may be due to wild groups simply not passing the skills from one generation to the next. When in captivity, orangutans are forced to figure out how to survive on their own while more isolated, leading to more inventive solutions to problems. Gorillas Koko was perhaps the world’s most famous ape. She knew more than 1,000 hand signs and 2,000 spoken words, allowing her to communicate with the people around her, and demonstrating the considerable intelligence of gorillas Gorillas are so smart that they may actually be more intelligent than our human ancestors. Researchers evaluated blood flow and found that our ancestors from 3 million years ago had less blood going to their brains than today’s gorillas. The findings challenge previous assumptions that human ancestors were more intelligent based simply on brain size. Hyenas Unlike other predators, hyenas’ social groups tend to be quite large —- sometimes in excess of 100 individuals. Every individual knows one another and can differentiate between the calls of different members. More than that, they can also recall each hyena’s rank on the social ladder, helping them avoid any unpleasant run-ins with authority. Raccoons Just like humans, raccoons have different IQs. Researchers have found that some raccoons are capable of solving more complex puzzles than others, and have a greater number of glial cells (cells that support stronger brain function).Einstein had a greater number of glial cells than men of average intelligence. So basically, somewhere, a raccoon-Einstein exists. Honey Badgers Honey badgers are extremely curious animals. They are experts at getting into places they shouldn’t, and making off with what they want. One badger in captivity, Stoffel, would use anything he could to construct a ladder to get out of his enclosure.Though most of what we know about honey badger intelligence comes from anecdotal evidence, there has been some research done that indicates they’re excellent puzzle-solvers. As they’re solving puzzles to get their favorite treats, they’re also demonstrating their ability to overcome problems. Giraffes Giraffes have already demonstrated their ability to discriminate between different quantities and have complex social systems — but just recently, they broke another barrier. They are the first animal with a relatively small brain-to-body-size ratio to demonstrate statistical reasoning in a research setting. In tests, giraffes were able to consistently infer the likelihood they would receive a favorite treat (a carrot)over a less enjoyed snack (a zucchini). Portia Spiders The Portia spider faces an interesting problem: they like to eat other spiders. In order to capture their unsuspecting victims, they have had to do some serious problem solving. To catch their preferred prey, Portia spiders need to be able to plan ahead and recall information based on the best escape and trap routes. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx KR IRS 3 11 23 ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <[email protected]> Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 at 15:07 Subject: [iyer123] CULTURAL QA 11-2023-03 To: Patty Thatha <[email protected]>, Iyer < [email protected]>, Kerala Iyer <[email protected]> *CULTURAL QA 11-2023-03* *All the BELOW QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 03-11-2023.* *QUORA ANSWERS NEED NOT BE 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.* *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 80, on 03-11-2023.* *Q1 Today my boss asked me, do people worship a monkey in India? What could have been my best response?* *A1 Mukund Arya, Follower of a Mystic Religion called Hinduism Updated 6y* *Tell your Boss, we don't just worship a Monkey......* *or a "Cow": or an Elephant: or a Dog: or a Snake: or a Bird (Garuda): or a Fish(God Matsya):* *or Even trees, Tulsi (Basil): or a River (Ganges): or Sun: or Mother Earth:* *or Various form of Humans, Man with normal two hands, one head and two eyes (Lord Krishna):* *or a Man with 4 Hands (Lord Vishnu, the Maintainer):* *or a Man with three eyes (Lord Shiva, the Destroyer):* *or a Man with 4 heads (Lord Brahma, the creator):* *or a "Lady" with 10 hands (Goddess Shakti):* *but we worship every forms of nature, Air (Vayu), Water(Lord Varuna), Rain(Lord Indra), Food (Goddess Annapurna) etc. that made our ecosystem livable for humans.* *Basically Sir, We worship everything that keeps you alive.* *Q2 What level of atmosphere do planes fly in? What is the highest altitude a plane can fly?* *A2 Rebecca Williams, Experience in Aviation Tue* *The atmosphere is divided into five layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer, where most of the weather occurs and where we live.* *The stratosphere is the second layer, where the ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. * *The mesosphere is the third layer, where meteors burn up as they enter the atmosphere. * *The thermosphere is the fourth layer, where auroras and satellites occur.* * The exosphere is the fifth and outermost layer, where the atmosphere gradually fades into space.* *Most commercial planes fly in the lower part of the stratosphere, between 30,000 and 40,000 feet (9,000 and 12,000 meters). * *This is because flying at higher altitudes reduces air resistance and fuel consumption, as well as avoiding turbulence and bad weather in the troposphere.* * However, there are limits to how high planes can fly, depending on their design and performance.* *The highest altitude that a commercial plane can fly today is 45,000 feet (13,700 meters), which is achieved by some private jets and military aircraft. This was not always the case. * *In the past, some planes could fly higher than that. For example, Concorde, the supersonic passenger jet that was retired in 2003, had a cruising altitude of 60,000 feet (18,300 meters). And some military planes could fly even higher than that. For example, the SR-71 Blackbird, a reconnaissance plane that was retired in 1998, had a record altitude of 85,069 feet (25,929 meters).* *These planes used special engines and materials to withstand the extreme conditions at such high altitudes. * *Most planes today use jet engines that require oxygen to burn fuel. At higher altitudes, the air becomes too thin and cold for jet engines to work efficiently. Also, the air pressure drops significantly at higher altitudes, which puts more stress on the plane’s structure and cabin pressure. * *Most planes today are designed to fly at optimal altitudes in the stratosphere.* *My note- The QA is added for the information in addition to height the planes can fly, about the different layers above earth. * *Q3 If an elephant’s brain is bigger than ours, why are they not smarter?* *A3 Gary Meaney, author of Zoology's Greatest Mystery (2022)13h* *This is a good question, because the answer teaches us a lot about the nature of intelligence itself. The average human brain weighs about a kilogram and a half, which is remarkably small really. The sum of all consciousness is housed within that little scoop of nervous tissue. On the other hand, within the cranium of an African bush elephant sits a brain well over twice the size of ours.* *It’s clear that there’s more to intelligence than just brain size. The baleen whales of the oceans have brains weighing 7 kilograms, well over quadruple the mass of ours. However, their behaviour is much less complex and sophisticated than that of humans, or indeed of elephants. Baleen whales aren’t stupid - their songs are a rich and advanced form of communication, and they’ve been known to display altruism - but their intelligence definitely isn’t proportional to their massive brain size.* *This is of course because their brains are tiny relative to their bodies. A blue whale’s brain makes up as little as 0.005% of its total body mass! Our brains, by comparison, are about 2.5% of our bodyweight. So is brain-to-body mass ratio the true decider of intellect? It’s certainly a better metric to compare between animals, but still one which is deeply flawed.* *It turns out that, all else being equal, brain mass does not scale linearly with body mass. After all, there is a minimum number of neurons an animal needs to function, a concept known as the “grey floor”. Smaller animals tend to have much higher brain-to-body mass ratios, without necessarily seeming any more intelligent. A humble shrew, for example, has a brain which constitutes one tenth of the size of its body! If the metric were reliable, the shrew would be taming us!* *While we’re on the topic, I should mention that the species with the lowest brain-to-body mass ratio of all vertebrates on this Earth is the magnificently named bony-eared assfish. Brains consume huge amounts of precious energy, so in the incredibly barren environment of the deep sea, the bony-eared assfish has done away with most of its grey matter.* *For a fish with such an unflattering name, it is hauntingly beautiful!* *Anyway, it’s clear that raw brain-to-body mass ratio is far from a perfect measure of intelligence; it is too harsh on big animals, and too kind to small animals. Scientists have studied the relative brain sizes of mammals, and come up with a formula that adjusts for this problem. Applying this formula gives a new, more refined metric: encephalisation quotient, or EQ for short.* *In other words, EQ is the ratio of actual brain size to predicted brain size. When we compare different animals’ EQ values, the results line up a lot more with what we would expect, intelligence-wise. Humans have the highest score of any animal, at about 7.6. The tucuxi, a very interesting type of freshwater dolphin from the rivers of South America, takes second place. It measures only 1.5 metres in length, and has a bright pink underbelly!* *Manta rays have one of the highest EQs among fish, octopuses triumph among invertebrates, and corvids outperform their feathered friends. These results are all exactly what we would predict based on behavioural signs of intelligence. So, is encephalisation quotient really the answer? Probably not. Once again, this method seems to fall short of being perfect.* *On average, birds have much lower EQs than mammals, but there is ample evidence to suggest that birds are incredibly smart. In fact, all the dinosaurs, not just birds, have surprisingly low encephalisation values. If estimated EQ is to be believed, Tyrannosaurus rex was less intelligent than a slug. Believe it or not, the sauropod dinosaurs have the lowest score of any animal in history ever measured, at as low as 0.01!* *There are several likely reasons for this. The formula for encephalisation quotient was based only on data from mammalian species, so in general it probably shouldn’t be used to compare mammals to non-mammals. Bird/dinosaur cells are much smaller than mammalian cells. For its size, a typical avian brain has twice as many neurons as a standard mammal brain!* *Raw brain size, brain-to-body mass ratio, EQ… all these metrics share a fundamental problem: they’re all based on overall brain mass in some way, and there’s a lot of stuff inside brains that has nothing to do with intelligence. For example, a large portion of whales’ and dolphins’ brain mass is just insulating blubber! There are all kinds of factors like this that really muddy the waters. Perhaps it’s better to just focus on the part of the brain that actually does the thinking.* *The cerebral cortex is thought to be the seat of intelligence in mammals. This grooved and convoluted outer layer of tissue is responsible for processing our senses, finely controlling our movement, abstract thought, and much more. Non-mammal animals don’t have a cerebral cortex per se, but they always have an equivalent brain region - for example, birds have their dorsoventricular ridge, or DVR.* *So far, the single best predictor of intelligence we have found is the number of cortical neurons; that is, the total number of nerve cells within the cerebral cortex (or equivalent area). Humans have at least 16 billion, which is exceptional! Elephants, despite having a brain twice as large, have about a third as many cortical neurons. However, the real world champion is the orca, believe it or not, with an absolutely astonishing 43 billion cortical neurons!* *In fact, by this measure, humans sit at humble fifth place. There are four species of dolphins with more cortical neurons, the most of all belonging to the orca. Some might be quick to discredit this method as soon as they hear that it doesn’t put humans on top, and I would encourage those people to keep an open mind. If we’re so, so sure that orcas are less smart than us, perhaps we’re looking at intelligence in the wrong way.* *But that’s a more philosophical discussion for another answer. Anyway, for centuries, humans have been trying to put a number on intelligence, to find some way to quantify it. None of the metrics we’ve come up with are perfect, but for now, the best we have is the number of cortical neurons. It doubtless has its discrepancies, but overall it seems to be an extremely useful way of comparing animal acumen.* *So, going back to your question, if an elephant’s brain is bigger than ours, why isn’t it smarter? Because the size of a brain, as we’ve seen, has little to do with intelligence. Apologies if this answer was long-winded, though I think we visited some interesting places on our journey through animal minds! Thank you everyone for reading, I hope you enjoyed, and have a great day.* *My note- Not touched item above is parrots- how they talk. I read elsewhere they share same type of chromosomes like humans in the brain, enabling them to talk.* *Q4 Why are cars not made of aluminium; considering it is readily available, rust-proof, and lighter than steel?* *A4 Erika Fernandez, Car Lover Jul 9* *Cars are not made of aluminium for several reasons, despite its advantages of being readily available, rust-proof, and lighter than steel. Aluminium is more expensive than steel, both in terms of material and processing costs. Aluminium requires more energy and specialized equipment to produce, shape, and join than steel, which increases the manufacturing costs and the final price of the car. According to some estimates, aluminium can cost two to three times more per kilogram than steel.* *Aluminium is weaker than steel, both in terms of tensile strength and stiffness. Aluminium has a lower resistance to deformation and fracture than steel, which affects the safety and durability of the car. * *Aluminium also has a lower fatigue limit than steel, which means it can fail after repeated loading and unloading cycles. To compensate for its lower strength, aluminium needs to be thicker or reinforced with other materials, which reduces its weight advantage over steel.* *Also aluminium is less compatible than steel with other materials and components used in cars, such as plastics, rubber, glass, or electronics. Aluminium has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than steel, which means it expands and contracts more with temperature changes, causing stress and distortion in the car structure. Aluminium also has a higher electrical conductivity than steel, which can interfere with the electrical systems and cause corrosion or galvanic reactions.* *Q5 What are some of the best examples of humanity?* *A5 Divya Yadav,May 6* *Meet Babu Muddrappa, the 29 year old auto driver from Bengaluru.* *On his way home Babu found a pregnant woman in labour and crying for help on Whitefield road.* *He took that unknown pregnant woman to the hospital for delivery. The woman was in a lot of pain so he just filled up the admission forms with his details.* *Babu waited till the woman gave birth to a baby girl. But the baby was 2 months premature, weighing just 850 grams and suffered from severe breathing problems.* *He was asked to run the infant to Bowring Hospital for treatment and so he did.* *However, when he came back to the hospital, he found out that the woman had fled.* *Babu felt bad for the newborn and decided to adopt the girl and raise her as his own child. He even took care of the hospital bills.* *He took care of the food and medicines and he did everything that was required to keep the baby girl healthy. But as events turned, her health deteriorated and the baby died after 18 days in the hospital.* *The auto drivers in India, especially in the metropolitan cities, are infamous for charging absurd amount of money and most importantly, refusing a ride.* *However, even amidst their notoriety, there exist drivers like Babu Muddrappa who set an example of striking a balance between one’s duty and humanity.* *People like him make the world a better place to live in!* -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "iyer123" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. 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