CULTURAL QA 06202425 TOPIC-GENERAL BASE QA QUORA –Compoled
Q1 Why would Kalki avatar ride a horse or have non-modern
things if he is to take avatar in the modern and technological era?
KR A good GK (general knowledge) I learnt today. The name
Kalki is derived from Kal, which means "time" (Kali Yuga). The original
term may have been Karki (white, from the horse) which morphed into Kalki.
This proposal is supported by two versions of Mahabharata manuscripts (e.g.
the G3.6 manuscript) that have been found, where the Sanskrit verses name
the incarnation to be Karki. [FROM SANSKRIT EPICS BOOK].
1 In the Kalki Purana, Kalki is born into the family of Vishnuyashas and
Sumati, in a village called Shambala on the thirteenth day during the
fortnight of the waxing moon. At a young age, he is taught the holy
scriptures on topics such as dharma, karma, artha, jñāna, and undertakes
military training under the care of the Parashurama (the sixth incarnation
of Vishnu). Soon, Kalki worships Shiva, who gets pleased by the devotion
and provides him in return a divine white horse named Devadatta (a
manifestation of Garuda), a powerful sword, whereby its handle is bedecked
with jewels, and a parrot named Shuka, who is an all-knower; the past, the
present and the future Other accessories are also given by other devas,
devis, saints, and righteous kings. He fights an evil army and, in many
wars, ending evil, but does not end existence. Kalki returns to Shambala,
inaugurates a new Yuga for the good, and then goes to Vaikuntha. In the
Kalki Purana, there is a mention of a Buddhist city whose residents don't
adhere to dharma (not worshipping the devas, ancestors, and not upholding
the varna system), which Kalki fights and conquers
2 The Agni Purana describes Kalki's role: Kalki, as the son of
Viṣṇuyaśas, (and having) Yājñavalkya as the priest would destroy the
non-Aryans, holding the astra and having a weapon. He would establish moral
law in four-fold varṇas in the suitable manner. The people (would be) in
the path of righteousness in all the stages of life. — Agni Purana,
Chapter 16, Verses 8 - 9
3 The Devi Bhagavata Purana features the devas hailing Vishnu, invoking
his Kalki avatara: When almost all the persons in this world will turn
out in future as Mlecchas and when the wicked Kings will oppress them,
right and left, Thou wilt then incarnate Thyself again as Kalki and redress
all the grievances! We bow down to Thy Kalki Form! O Deva! — Devi Bhagavata
Purana, Chapter 5
4 Buddhist texts The 25- Kalki, who are Kings of Shambala, are
surrounding a Yidam (meditation deity), located in the middle. The first
top two middle rows has seated representations of Tsongkhapa, dressed in
orange/yellow. This originates from the scriptures that are part of
the Indo-Tibetan
Vajrayana Buddhist tradition. The central figure is a Yidam, a meditation
deity. The 25 seated figures represent the 25 Kings Of Shambhala. The
middle figure in the top row represents Tsongkhapa, who is in the top two
middle rows. This comes from the scriptures that is part of the
Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist Tradition. (Picture not included)
5 In the Buddhist Text Kalachakra Tantra, the righteous kings are called
Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in Sammu. There are many Kalki in
this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki
is called "Rudra Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration
by assembling a large army to eradicate a barbarian army. A great war,
which will include an army of both Hindus and Buddhists, will destroy the
barbaric forces, states the text. This is most likely borrowed from
Hinduism to Buddhism due to the arrival of Islamic kingdoms from the west
to the east, mainly settled in West Tibet, Central Asia and the Indian
Subcontinent According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies,
Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism
will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will
reign supreme". The text is significant in establishing the chronology of
the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th
century. Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu
vedic texts. Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text
originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature
picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.
6 Sikh texts The Kalki incarnation appears in the historic Sikh
Texts, most notably in Dasam Granth, a text that is traditionally attributed
to Guru Gobind Singh. The Chaubis Avatar (24 incarnations) section mentions
Sage Matsyanra describing the appearance of Vishnu incarnations to fight
evil, greed, violence and ignorance. It includes Kalki as the twenty-fourth
incarnation to lead the war between the forces of righteousness and
unrighteousness.
7 While there is no mention of Kalki in the Vedic literature the
epithet "Kalmallkinam", meaning "Brilliant Remover Of Darkness", is found
in the Vedic Literature for Rudra (later Shiva), has been interpreted to be
"Forerunner Of Kalki”. {*Tattvadīpaḥ: Journal of Academy of Sanskrit
Research, Volume 5. The Academy. 2001. p. 81.}*
8 Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic
Mahabharata.[19] The mention of Kalki in the Mahabharata occurs only once,
over the verses 3.188.85–3.189.6.
{MAHABHARATHAM GANGULY VANA PARVA 3 .188}: I am the flame known as
Samvartaka, I am the Wind called by that name, I am the Sun wearing that
appellation, and I am the fire that hath that designation. And, O best of
Brahmanas, those things that are seen in the firmament as stars, know them
to be the pores of my skin. The ocean--those mines of gems and the four
cardinal points, know, O Brahmana, are my robes, my bed, and my home. By me
have they been distributed for serving the purposes of the gods. And, O
best of men, know also that lust, wrath, joy, fear, and the over-clouding
of the intellect, are all different forms of myself. And, O Brahmana,
whatever is obtained by men by the practice of truth, charity, ascetic
austerities, and peace and harmlessness towards all creatures, and such
other handsome deeds, is obtained because of my arrangements. Governed by
my ordinance, men wander within my body, their senses overwhelmed by me.
They move not according to their will but as they are moved by me.
Regenerate Brahmanas that have thoroughly studied the Vedas, that have
tranquillity in their souls, they that have subdued their wrath, obtain a
high reward by means of their numerous sacrifices. That reward, however, is
unattainable by men that are wicked in their deeds, overwhelmed by
covetousness, mean and disreputable with souls unblessed and impure.
Therefore, must thou know, O Brahmana that this reward which is obtained by
persons having their souls under control and which is unobtainable by the
ignorant and the foolish,--this which is attainable by asceticism
alone,--is productive of high merit. And, O best of men, at those times
when virtue and morality decrease and sin and immorality increase, I create
myself in new forms. And, O Muni, when fierce and malicious Daityas and
Rakshasas that are incapable of being slain by even the foremost of the
gods, are born on earth, I then take my birth in the families of virtuous
men, and assuming human body restore tranquillity by exterminating all
evils. Moved by my own maya, I create gods and men, and Gandharvas and
Rakshasas, and all immobile things and then destroy them all myself (when
the time cometh). For the preservation of rectitude and morality I assume a
human form, and when the season for action cometh, I again assume forms
that are inconceivable. In the Krita age I become white, in the Treta age I
become yellow, in the Dwapara I have become red and in the Kali age I
become dark in hue, I the Kali age, the proportion of immorality becometh
three-fourths, (a fourth only being that of morality). And when the end of
the Yuga cometh, assuming the fierce form of Death, alone I destroy all the
three worlds with their mobile and immobile existences. With three steps, I
cover the whole Universe; I am the Soul of the universe; I am the source of
all happiness; I am the humbler of all pride; I am omnipresent; I am
infinite; I am the Lord of the senses; and my prowess is great. O Brahmana,
alone do I set a-going the wheel of Time; I am formless; I am the Destroyer
of all creatures; and I am the cause of all efforts of all my creatures. O
best of Munis, my soul completely pervadeth all my creatures, but, O
foremost of all regenerate ones, no one knoweth me. It is me that the pious
and the devoted worship in all the worlds. O regenerate one, whatever of
pain thou hast felt within my stomach, know, O sinless one, that all that
is for thy happiness and good fortune. And whatever of mobile and immobile
objects thou hast seen in the world, everything hath been ordained by my
Soul which is the Spring of all existence. The grandsire of all creatures
is half my body; I am called Narayana, and I am bearer of the conch-shell,
the discus and the mace. O regenerate Rishi, for a period measured by a
thousand times the length of the Yugas, I who am the Universal Soul sleep
overwhelming all creatures in insensibility. And, O best of regenerate
Rishis, I stay here thus for all time, in the form of a boy though I am
old, until Brahma waketh up. O foremost of Brahmanas, gratified with thee,
I who am Brahma have repeatedly granted thee boons, O thou who art
worshipped by regenerate Rishis! Beholding one vast expanse of water and
seeing that all mobile and immobile creatures have been destroyed, thou
wert afflicted with melancholy. I know this, and it is for this that I
showed thee the universe (within my stomach). And while thou wert within my
body, beholding the entire universe, thou wert filled with wonder and
deprived of thy senses. O regenerate Rishi, it is for this that thou wert
speedily brought out by me through my mouth. I have (now) told thee of that
Soul which is incapable of being comprehended by the gods and the Asuras.
And as long as that great ascetic, the holy Brahma, doth not awake, thou, O
regenerate Rishi, canst happily and trustfully dwell here. And when that
Grandsire of all creatures awaketh up, I will then, O best of Brahmanas,
alone create all creatures endued with bodies, the firmament, the earth,
light, the atmosphere, water, and indeed all else of mobile and immobile
creatures (that thou mayst have seen) on the earth!'
'Markandeya continued, 'Having said so unto me that wonderful Deity
vanished, O son, from my sight! I then beheld this varied and wondrous
creation start into life. O king, O thou foremost of the Bharata race, I
witnessed all this, so wonderful, O thou foremost of all virtuous men, at
the end of the Yuga! And the Deity, of eyes large as lotus leaves, seen by
me, in days of yore is this tiger among men, this Janardana who hath become
thy relative! It is in consequence of the boon granted to me by this one
that memory doth not fail me, that the period of my life, O son of Kunti,
is so long and death itself is under my control. This is that ancient and
supreme Lord Hari of inconceivable soul who hath taken his birth as Krishna
of the Vrishni race, and who endued with mighty arms, seemeth to sport in
this world! This one is Dhatri and Vidhatri, the Destroyer of all the
Eternal, the bearer of the Sreevatsa mark on his breast, the Lord of the
lord of all creatures, the highest of the high, called also Govinda!
Beholding this foremost of all gods, this ever-victorious Being, attired in
yellow robes, this chief of the Vrishni race, my recollection cometh back
to me! This Madhava is the father and mother of all creatures! Ye bulls of
the Kuru race, seek ye the refuge of this Protector!' Vaisampayana
continued, "Thus addressed, the sons of Pritha and those bulls among
men--the twins, along with Draupadi, all bowed down unto Janardana. And
that tiger among men deserving of every respect thus revered by the sons of
Pandu, then consoled them all with words of great sweetness."(END)
3 189. MAHABHARATHAM GANGULY VANA PARVA KALKI 3 189
"Vaisampayana said Yudhishthira, the son of Kunti, once more asked the
great Muni Markandeya about the future course of the government of the
Earth.
"And Yudhishthira said, 'O thou foremost of all speakers, O Muni of
Bhrigu's race, that which we have heard from thee about the destruction and
re-birth of all things at the end of the Yuga, is, indeed, full of wonder!
I am filled with curiosity, however, in respect of what may happen in the
Kali age. When morality and virtue will be at an end, what will remain
there! What will be the prowess of men in that age, what their food, and
what their amusements? What will be the period of life at the end of the
Yuga? What also is the limit, having attained which the Krita age will
begin anew? Tell me all in detail, O Muni, for all that thou narratest is
varied and delightful.'
"Thus addressed, that foremost of Munis began his discourse again,
delighting that tiger of the Vrishni race and the sons of Pandu as well.
And Markandeya said, 'Listen, O monarch, to all that hath been seen and
heard by me, and to all, O king of kings, that hath been known to me by
intuition from the grace of the God of gods! O bull of the Bharata race,
listen to me as I narrate the future history of the world during the sinful
age. O bull of the Bharata race, in the Krita age, everything was free from
deceit and guile and avarice and covetousness; and morality like a bull was
among men, with all the four legs complete. In the Treta age sin took away
one of these legs and morality had three legs. In the Dwapara, sin and
morality are mixed half and half; and accordingly morality is said to have
two legs only. In the dark age (of Kali), O thou best of the Bharata race,
morality mixed with three parts of sin liveth by the side of men.
Accordingly morality then is said to wait on men, with only a fourth part
of itself remaining. Know, O Yudhishthira, that the period of life, the
energy, intellect and the physical strength of men decrease in every Yuga!
O Pandava, the Brahmanas and Kshatriyas and Vaisyas and Sudras, (in the
Kali age) will practise morality and virtue deceitfully and men in general
will deceive their fellows by spreading the net of virtue. And men with a
false reputation of learning will, by their acts, cause Truth to be
contracted and concealed. And in consequence of the shortness of their
lives they will not be able to acquire much knowledge. And as a consequence
of the littleness of their knowledge, they will have no wisdom. And for
this, covetousness and avarice will overwhelm them all. And wedded to
avarice and wrath and ignorance and lust men will entertain animosities
towards one another, desiring to take one another's lives. And Brahmanas
and Kshatriyas and Vaisyas with their virtue contracted and divested of
asceticism and truth will all be reduced to an equality with the Sudras.
And the lowest orders of men will rise to the position of the intermediate
ones, and those in intermediate stations will, without doubt, descend to
the level of the lowest ones. Even such, O Yudhishthira, will become the
state of the world at the end of the Yuga. Of robes those will be regarded
the best that are made of flax and of grain the Paspalum frumentacea 1 will
be regarded the best. Towards this period men will regard their wives as
their (only) friends. And men will live on fish and milk, goats and sheep,
for cows will be extinct. And towards that period, even they that are
always observant of vows, will become covetous. And opposed to one another,
men will, at such a time, seek one another's lives; and divested of Yuga,
people will become atheists and thieves. And they will even dig the banks
of streams with their spades and sow grains thereon. And even those places
will prove barren for them at such a time. And those men who are devoted to
ceremonial rites in honour of the deceased and of the gods, will be
avaricious and will also appropriate and enjoy what belongs to others. The
father will enjoy what belongs to the son; and the son, what belongs to the
father. And those things will also be enjoyed by men in such times, the
enjoyment of which hath been forbidden in the scriptures. And the
Brahmanas, speaking disrespectfully of the Vedas, will not practise vows,
and their understanding clouded by the science of disputation, they will no
longer perform sacrifices and the Homa. And deceived by the false science
of reasons, they will direct their hearts towards everything mean and low.
And men will till low lands for cultivation and employ cows and calves that
are one year old, in drawing the plough and carrying burthens. And sons
having slain their sires, and sires having slain their sons will incur no
opprobrium. And they will frequently save themselves from anxiety by such
deeds, and even glory in them. And the whole world will be filled with
mleccha behaviour and notions and ceremonies, and sacrifices will cease and
joy will be nowhere and general rejoicing will disappear. And men will rob
the possession of helpless persons of those that are friendless and of
wisdoms also. And, possessed of small energy and strength, without
knowledge and given to avarice and folly and sinful practices men will
accept with joy the gifts made by wicked people with words of contempt.
And, O son of Kunti, the kings of the earth, with hearts wedded to sin
without knowledge and always boastful of their wisdom, will challenge one
another from desire of taking one another's life. And the Kshatriyas also
towards the end of such a period will become the thorns of the earth. And
filled with avarice and swelling with pride and vanity and, unable and
unwilling to protect (their subjects), they will take pleasure in
inflicting punishments only. And attacking and repeating their attacks upon
the good and the honest, and feeling no pity for the latter, even when they
will cry in grief, the Kshatriyas will, O Bharata, rob these of their wives
and wealth. And no one will ask for a girl (for purposes of marriage) and
no one will give away a girl (for such purposes), but the girls will
themselves choose their lords, when the end of the Yuga comes. And the
kings of the earth with souls steeped in ignorance, and discontented with
what they have, will at such a time, rob their subjects by every means in
their power. And without doubt the whole world will be mlecchified. 1 And
when the end of the Yuga comes, the right hand will deceive the left; and
the left, the right. And men with false reputation of learning will
contract Truth and the old will betray the senselessness of the young, and
the young will betray the dotage of the old. And cowards will have the
reputation of bravery and the brave will be cheerless like cowards. And
towards the end of the Yuga men will cease to trust one another. And full
of avarice and folly the whole world will have but one kind of food. And
sin will increase and prosper, while virtue will fade and cease to
flourish. And Brahmanas and Kshatriyas and Vaisyas will disappear, leaving,
O king, no remnants of their orders. And all men towards the end of the
Yuga will become members of one common order, without distinction of any
kind. And sires will not forgive sons, and sons will not forgive sires. And
when the end approaches, wives will not wait upon and serve their husbands.
And at such a time men will seek those countries where wheat and barley
form the staple food. And, O monarch, both men and women will become
perfectly free in their behaviour and will not tolerate one another's acts.
And, O Yudhishthira, the whole world will be mlecchified. And men will
cease to gratify the gods by offerings of Sraddhas. And no one will listen
to the words of others and no one will be regarded as a preceptor by
another. And, O ruler of men, intellectual darkness will envelop the whole
earth, and the life of man will then be measured by sixteen years, on
attaining to which age death will ensue. And girls of five or six years of
age will bring forth children and boys of seven or eight years of age will
become fathers. And, O tiger among kings, when the end of the Yuga will
come, the wife will never be content with her husband, nor the husband with
his wife. And the possessions of men will never be much, and people will
falsely bear the marks of religion, and jealousy and malice will fill the
world. And no one will, at that time, be a giver (of wealth or anything
else) in respect to any one else. And the inhabited regions of the earth
will be afflicted with dearth and famine, and the highways will be filled
with lustful men and women of evil repute. And, at such a time, the women will
also entertain an aversion towards their husbands. And without doubt all
men will adopt the behaviour of the mlecchas, become omnivorous without
distinction, and cruel in all their acts, when the end of the Yuga will
come. And, O thou foremost of the Bharatas, urged by avarice, men will, at
that time, deceive one another when they sell and purchase. And without a
knowledge of the ordinance, men will perform ceremonies and rites, and,
indeed, behave as listeth them, when the end of the Yuga comes. And when
the end of the Yuga comes, urged by their very dispositions, men will act
cruelly, and speak ill of one another. And people will, without
compunction, destroy trees and gardens. And men will be filled with anxiety
as regards the means of living. And, O king, overwhelmed with covetousness,
men will kill Brahmanas and appropriate and enjoy the possessions of their
victims. And the regenerate ones, oppressed by Sudras, and afflicted with
fear, and crying Oh and Alas, will wander over the earth without anybody to
protect them. And when men will begin to slay one another, and become
wicked and fierce and without any respect for animal life, then will the
Yuga come to an end. And, O king, even the foremost of the regenerate ones,
afflicted by robbers, will, like crows, fly in terror and with speed, and
seek refuge, O perpetuator of the Kuru race, in rivers and mountains and
inaccessible regions. And always oppressed by bad rulers with burthens of
taxes, the foremost of the regenerate classes, O lord of the earth, will,
in those terrible times, take leave of all patience and do improper acts by
becoming even the servants of the Sudras. And Sudras will expound the
scriptures, and Brahmanas will wait upon and listen to them, and settle
their course of duty accepting such interpretations as their guides. And
the low will become the high, and the course of things will look contrary.
And renouncing the gods, men will worship bones and other relics deposited
within walls. And, at the end of the Yuga, the Sudras will cease to wait
upon and serve the Brahmanas. And in the asylums of great Rishis, and the
teaching institutions of Brahmanas, and in places sacred to the gods and
sacrificial compounds, and in sacred tanks, the earth will be disfigured
with tombs and pillars containing bony relics and not graced with temples
dedicated to the gods. All this will take place at the end of the Yuga, and
know that these are the signs of the end of the Yuga. And when men become
fierce and destitute of virtue and carnivorous and addicted to intoxicating
drinks, then doth the Yuga come to an end. And, O monarch, when flowers
will be begot within flowers, and fruits within fruits, then will the Yuga
come to an end. And the clouds will pour rain unseasonably when the end of
the Yuga approaches. And, at that time, ceremonial rites of men will not
follow one another in due order, and the Sudras will quarrel with the
Brahmanas. And the earth will soon be full of mlecchas, and the Brahmanas
will fly in all directions for fear of the burthen of taxes. And all
distinctions between men will cease as regards conduct and behaviour, and
afflicted with honorary tasks and offices, people will fly to woody
retreats, subsisting on fruits and roots. And the world will be so
afflicted, that rectitude of conduct will cease to be exhibited anywhere.
And disciples will set at naught the instructions of preceptors, and seek
even to injure them. And preceptors impoverished will be disregarded by
men. And friends and relatives and kinsmen will perform friendly offices
for the sake of the wealth only that is possessed by a person. And when the
end of the Yuga comes, everybody will be in want. And all the points of the
horizon will be ablaze, and the stars and stellar groups will be destitute
of brilliancy, and the planets and planetary conjunctions will be
inauspicious. And the course of the winds will be confused and agitated,
and innumerable meteors will flash through the sky, foreboding evil. And
the Sun will appear with six others of the same kind. And all around there
will be din and uproar, and everywhere there will be conflagrations. And
the Sun, from the hour of his rising to that of setting, will be enveloped
by Rahu. And the deity of a thousand eyes will shower rain unseasonably.
And when the end of the Yuga comes, crops will not grow in abundance. And
the women will always be sharp in speech and pitiless and fond of weeping.
And they will never abide by the commands of their husbands. And when the
end of the Yuga comes, sons will slay fathers and mothers. And women,
living uncontrolled, will slay their husbands and sons. And, O king, when
the end of the Yuga comes, Rahu will swallow the Sun unseasonably. And
fires will blaze up on all sides. And travellers unable to obtain food and
drink and shelter even when they ask for these, will lie down on the
wayside refraining from urging their solicitations. And when the end of the
Yuga comes, crows and snakes and vultures and kites and other animals and
birds will utter frightful and dissonant cries. And when the end of the
Yuga comes, men will cast away and neglect their friends and relatives and
attendants. And, O monarch, when the end of the Yuga comes, men abandoning
the countries and directions and towns and cities of their occupation, will
seek for new ones, one after another. And people will wander over the
earth, uttering, 'O father, O son', and such other frightful and rending
cries.
"And when those terrible times will be over, the creation will begin anew.
And men will again be created and distributed into the four orders
beginning with Brahmanas. And about that time, in order that men may
increase, Providence, according to its pleasure, will once more become
propitious. And then when the Sun, the Moon, and Vrihaspati will, with the
constellation Pushya 1, enter the same sign, the Krita age will begin
again. And the clouds will commence to shower seasonably, and the stars and
stellar conjunctions will become auspicious. And the planets, duly
revolving in their orbits, will become exceedingly propitious. And all
around, there will be prosperity and abundance and health and peace. And
commissioned by Time, a Brahmana of the name of Kalki will take his birth.
And he will glorify Vishnu and possess great energy, great intelligence,
and great prowess. And he will take his birth in a town of the name of
*Sambhala
i*n an auspicious Brahmana family. And vehicles and weapons, and warriors
and arms, and coats of mail will be at his disposal as soon as he will
think of them. And he will be the king of kings, and ever victorious with
the strength of virtue. And he will restore order and peace in this world
crowded with creatures and contradictory in its course. And that blazing
Brahmana of mighty intellect, having appeared, will destroy all things. And
he will be the Destroyer of all, and will inaugurate a new Yuga. And
surrounded by the Brahmanas, that Brahmana will exterminate all the
mlecchas wherever those low and despicable persons may take refuge."[END]
7 The Kalki incarnation is found in the Maha Puranas such as
Vishnu Purana,8 Matsya Purana, and 9 the Bhagavata Purana. However, the
details relating the Kalki mythologies are divergent between the epic and
the Puranas, as well as within the Puranas.
10 In the Mahabharata, according to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension
of the Parashurama incarnation legend, where a Brahmin warrior destroys
Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil, and the
persecution of the powerless. The epic character of Kalki restores dharma,
restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence The
Kalkin section in the Mahabharata is present in the Markandeya section.
There, states Luis Reimann, can "hardly be any doubt that the Markandeya
section is a late addition to the epic. Making Yudhishthira ask a question
about conditions at the end of Kali and the beginning of Krta — something
far removed from his own situation — is merely a device for justifying the
inclusion of this subject matter in the epic."
11 According to Cornelia Dimmitt, the "clear and tidy" systematization of
Kalki and the remaining nine incarnations of Vishnu is not found in any of
the Maha Puranas.[42] The coverage of Kalki in these Hindu texts is scant,
in contrast to the legends of Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Narasimha, and
Krishna, all of whom are repeatedly and extensively described. According to
Dimmitt, this was likely because just like the concept of the Buddha as a
Vishnu Incarnation, the concept of Kalki was "somewhat in flux" when the
major Puranas were being compiled.
12 This Kalki concept may have further developed in the Hindu texts both
as a reaction to the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by various armies
over the centuries from its northwest, and in reaction to the mythologies
these invaders brought with them Similarly, the Buddhist Literature dated
to the late 1st millennium, a future Buddha Maitreya is depicted as Kalki.
According to John Mitchiner, *the Kalki concept owes "in some measure" to
Jewish, Christian,* Zoroastrian and other concepts. Mitchiner states that
some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a
different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in
greater detail the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the
Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized in other
Puranas. Luis Gonzales-Reimann concurs with Mitchiner, stating that the
Yuga Purana does not mention Kalki.
13 In other texts such as the sections 2.36 and 2.37 of the Vayu Purana,
states Reimann, it is not Kalkin who ends the Kali Yuga, but a different
character named Pramiti. Most historians, states Arvind Sharma, link the
development of Kalki mythology in Hinduism to the suffering caused by
foreign invasions. Unlike other messianic concepts, Kalki's purpose is to
destroy the invaders and heretics in order to reverse the current age Kali
Yuga, the age of evil.
Kalki and Devadatta In the Cyclic Concept Of Time (Puranic Kalpa), Kali
Yuga is estimated to last 432,000 years. In some Vaishnava texts, Kalki is
forecasted to appear on a white horse on the day of pralaya to end Kali
Yuga, to end the evil and wickedness, and to recreate the world anew along
with A New Cycle Of Time (Yuga). Kalki's description varies with
manuscripts. Some state Kalki will be born to Awejsirdenee and Bishenjun,
others in the family of Sumati and Vishnuyasha. In Buddhist manuscripts,
Vishnuyasha is stated to be a prominent headman of the village called
Shambhala. He will become the king, a "Turner Of The Wheel", and one who
triumphs. He will eliminate all barbarians and robbers, end adharma,
restart dharma, and save the good people. After that, humanity will be
transformed and the golden age will begin state the Hindu manuscripts.
In the Kanchipuram temple, two relief Puranic panels depict Kalki, one
relating to lunar (moon-based) dynasty as mother of Kalki and another to
solar (sun-based) dynasty as father of Kalki. In these panels, states D.D.
Hudson, the story depicted is in terms of Kalki fighting and defeating
asura Kali. He rides a white horse called Devadatta, ends evil, purifies
everyone's minds and consciousness, and heralds the start of Satya Yuga.
Kalki avataram iss not seen in the chatur vedas though earlier avatarams
are mentioned. Many puranas speak so differently. And Mahabharatham speaks
in Vana parva. K Rajaram IRS 24624 252624
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q2 What facts about Mumbai would people not believe unless they
come to Mumbai?
Mumbai's 2024 population is now estimated at 21,673,149. In 1950, the
population of Mumbai was 3,088,811. Mumbai has grown by 376,632 in the last
year, which represents a 1.77% annual change. These population estimates
and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization
Prospects. These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Mumbai,
which typically includes Mumbai's population in addition to adjacent
suburban areas.
The percentage of people living in slums is estimated to be as
high as 41.3% in Greater Mumbai, meaning that over 9 million people live in
these areas. The number of people residing in slums throughout the entire
country is estimated to be 104 million, or 9% of the total population of
India. Dharavi is the largest slum in Mumbai and the second largest in Asia
(after Orangi Town in Pakistan). It is estimated that one million people
live in Dharavi, which spans just 535 acres, has a population density of an
incredible 869,565 people per square mile. There are approximately 5,000
businesses and 15,000 single-room factories in Dharavi. The slum is the
most literate in the country, with a literacy rate of 69%.
Delhi, UP certain cities, Bihar certain places, WB 24
Paragana, Chennai George Town and more places in India are similar. In USA
NY is so shabby worse than Mumbai. China has more rat holes. So Mumbai for
these reasons cannot breathe.
Q3 Why do many south Indians not have surnames?
KR Who said the South doesn't have surnames? We don’t use
surnames and we do not have like the west first name, last name etc.
Surname does not denote the caste always, though some may be like that.
Family name is there. Or was there. We eradicated it. But in all
probability, only south Brahmins fearing hits dropped their last name,
family name etc. Every yajnopavita boy should have a surname. Because no
one does sandhyavandanam and is afraid to use it, it appears as if we don’t
have one.
K Rajaram IRS 24624 25624
On Tue, 25 Jun 2024 at 08:51, Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> wrote:
> CULTURAL QA 06-2024-25
>
> TOPIC-GENERAL BASE QA QUORA –Compoled
>
> Q1 Why would Kalki avatar ride a horse or have non-modern things
> if he is to take avatar in the modern and technological era?
>
> A1 Devala Rees, Practitioner of Sanatana Dharma under Mata
> 18
>
> First, Kalki’s horse Devadatta will be no ordinary horse, but a Divine
> superpowered horse who can “go anywhere at will”.
>
> Also, Kalki is not to take Avatarana in the modern and technological era.
> He is to appear in an apocalyptic era in which civilization has already
> collapsed.
>
> Q2 What facts about Mumbai would people not believe unless
> they come to Mumbai?
>
> A2 Dutta, Lives in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Updated 8y
>
> The rent begins where your imagination stops- It’s practically impossible
> to find a half-decent place in your budget. No matter how much the budget,
> you’ll always overshoot it.
>
> The bachelor locha- If you are a single woman/man, you can’t find a nice
> place without unfair restrictions even if you are ready to shell out some
> extra money. Actually you’d be lucky even to find a nice place. Bachelors
> are considered sub-human by the urban khaps called societies.
>
> Living in boxes- Houses or the bungalow, as it’s called here, are either
> very old dilapidated ones, or are owned by the Kapoor family and other
> bollywood stars. Everyone lives in flats. If you tell your colleague that
> you’ve an actual house back home with a terrace and everything, you’d be
> considered seriously rich, and extravagant.
>
> The 1RK phenomenon-There exists something even smaller than a 1bhk. It’s
> called the 1rk- one room kitchen.
>
> What is a balcony? Having a balcony is a privilege that very few have.
> There are entire apartments without any balcony. Sometimes a big window
> with a parapet will be called a balcony by brokers/owners.
>
> Pack and move- Everything including tea can be packed and taken home.
>
> Vada pav- is nothing but a aloo bonda or vada inside a pav or loaf of
> bread. A few places may give you some chutney along, but that’s it, mostly!
>
> The pav factor- Mumbaikars love their pav. To the extent that they have
> samosa, pakoda, omelette and sometimes even bhel with pav. A lot of vada
> pav walas find it weird if you order a samosa, just a samosa that is,
> without pav.
>
> Two idlis in 1 plate- Only in Mumbai is it possible to serve two small
> idlis and call it 1 plate and price it at Rs 60. You do get idlis at the
> road side joints for lesser price and more quantity, but dare you order it
> at a veg eatery or restaurant.
>
> 11. Liberty- In spite of being highly segregated, Mumbai manages to be the
> safest city for women in India. I mean, imagine going from Colaba to
> Kandivali at 1.30 in the night in a local train, that too after some
> serious clubbing! Nobody tries to grope you, no obscene remarks or ogling,
> people just go about their own business.
>
> 12. Need for speed- Mumbaikars don’t believe in slowing down or waiting.
> Therefore when a train arrives at a station, even before it comes to a
> halt, everyone starts jumping in. Once inside the train, the crowd will
> either push forward or block the door, because the next priority after
> getting in, is getting out, even if there are 6 stations in between.
>
> 13. Off hona- If your neighbour tells you, ‘mere dadaji pichhle saal off
> ho gaye’, it doesn’t mean s/he disliked the grandfather. It simply means he
> passed away last year.
>
> 14. Monsoon is unromantic and many times anti-climactic- If you live in
> Mumbai for a couple of years, all your romantic associations with monsoon
> will be washed away in no time. In Mumbai, if it rains it doesn’t stop till
> the next morning and there is a good chance that the train lines will be
> flooded by the time it does, which means it’s a great excuse to skip work.
> In most scenarios, you cannot go for work even if you are a sincere
> employee. But the incessant rain is depressing and gloomy. It’s not the
> kind you’d enjoy with chai and pakoda.
>
> 15. East or West- the Eastern side and Western side of any place is as far
> as two separate islands. So if you are planning to work in the east and
> live in the west or vice versa, you should consider a change of plans. It’s
> easier to live on the same side, than in the same area.
>
> 16. Just how big is the carpet? There is a super built up area, built up
> area, and carpet area. #justsaying
>
> 17. Bombay vs Mumbai- There won’t be any angry mob scenario if you call
> Mumbai as Bombay. Mumbaikars are actually very hospitable and not
> jingoistic at all.
>
> 18. No change, no problem- Unlike all the cities have been to, Mumbai auto
> walahs and taxi drivers would let go off that 1 Re change. Chutta nai hai,
> koi baat nai. At times, the auto drivers have been kind enough to exempt
> even up to Rs 3. And they’re always there, wee hours into the night, early
> morning, always. There are those who would reject you if you want to travel
> a short distance. But then, they always go by metre, there is no need to
> bargain. They are more willing and even more professional, unlike their
> brethren in other Indian cities, like someone mentioned in the comments. So
> if you’re a single woman, new to the city, fear not and trust in the auto
> wale bhaiyaas.
>
> Bombay, or Mumbai as it is called now, reminds me the opening lines of
> W.H. Auden’s poem Refugee Blues.
>
> “Say this city has ten million souls,
>
> Some are living in mansions, some are living in holes:
>
> Yet there is no place for us, my dear, yet there’s no place for us.”
>
> Unlike the Germany of Auden’s time, Mumbai has a place for everyone. You
> probably won’t like the place, you probably would live in the said holes or
> the boxes, and every night you’d smoke the poor man’s cigarette, and watch
> the smoke spiralling upwards towards the mansions that have no place for
> you, the mansions that are symbolic of both opulence and hubris of the
> city. But eventually, it accommodates you.
>
> Q3 Why do many south Indians not have surnames?
>
> A3 Vidhya Ram, IT Professional Feb 14
>
> I’m a South Indian Tamil with no surname. Instead my last name or intial
> is my dad's name or the first letter of his name.
>
> I like this setup. Why ? Because this way no one can guess the caste of
> the other person. My best friend’s name is Kavitha B. I have no idea about
> her caste and don’t care. She has been in my life for 15 years now.
>
> Sometime in the 40s Tamilians decided to drop their surnames and instead
> take the names of their father alone as last name. This helped in a BIG way
> because it kind of removed blind prejudices and levelled the playing field.
>
> So, do I think caste should be eradicated? No, to me caste is just an
> identity BUT ITS A PERSONAL ONE. There is no need to shout it from rooftops
>
> Q4 Who is more intelligent, a lawyer or a doctor?
>
> A4 Gopalkrishna Vishwanath, Retired Structural Engineer &
> language and internet/social media enthusiast. Fri
>
> I will let you decide that yourself.
>
> Read this popular joke/story that has been circulating for quite some time.
>
> A Doctor opened a clinic.
>
> He displayed a board: Rs 20 for consultation. Cure guaranteed. If not
> cured, Rs 100 will be paid as compensation.
>
> A lawyer happened to see this display board. He smelled an opportunity
> extract Rs 100 out of the doctor.
>
> He went to the doctor and said: “Doctor, I am worried”
>
> Doctor: What is the problem?
>
> Lawyer: I have lost my sense of taste.
>
> he Doctor called the nurse and asked her to get bottle No 22 and put two
> drops of liquid it contained on the tongue of the lawyer.
>
> Lawyer: Hey! Why are you putting petrol on my tongue!
>
> Doctor: See? You got your sense of taste back! That will be Rs 20 please.
> Have a good day.
>
> The lawyer paid up but swore revenge.
>
> He visited the doctor next day and put on a mournful tone and said;
> “Doctor, I seem to have lost my memory. Can you do something?”
>
> The doctor called out to the nurse and asked her bring Bottle number 22.
>
> The lawyer exclaimed: “But, Doctor, Isn’t that petrol?”
>
> Doctor: See? You remember it! You got your memory back. That will be Rs 20
> please. Have a good day.
>
> The lawyer was disappointed but quietly paid up.
>
> But this time he was even more determined to take revenge.
>
> He visited the doctor again the next day and complained.
>
> “Doctor, I have lost my eyesight. I am not able to see anything!”
>
> Doctor: Oh my God. I can’t cure that!
>
> Lawyer, (stretching his hand out) “That will be Rs 100 please”
>
> The doctor gave him a Rs 20 note.
>
> The lawyer said : “But this is not a Rs 100 note. It is a Rs 20 currency
> note!”
>
> Doctor: See? You got your eyesight back. Forget about Rs 100. Pay me Rs 20
> please!
>
> I hope our good friend KB enjoyed this joke as much as I did.
>
> If he has any jokes about Engineers, I would love to hear them.
>
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