CULTURAL QA 07202412
Topic –Humans. Base Quora QA. Compiled
Dear friends,
These QA are selected and posted for a generally educated member to
understand in a very brief and simple manner. I find member Mr Rajaram copy
paste materials as dumping for these type of simple QA as response.
Read the QA with the intention I have posted.
Gopalakrishnan 12-07-2024
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KR Every time I respond only after the foxes jump to grapes and say
chee chee this is sour phrases; so also, now; one who writes shall not
define whether what he writes is enough or not and define knowledge etc as
he measures-as all the judgements are erroneous. The readers will take,
read, go through, turn the pages, yawn, throw it off, as they need. Simple
answers are not enough if thinking is bad; because the title has a doctor
or PhD, the materials should be perfect as only 20% of the learned can
reproduce to teach; 80% can make out only error prone superficial
materials.
That is why in our education periods, as well as of earlier and
later, we pick out the best teacher and the worst teacher. Have we mot? All
are qualified if so in the standards of Gopalakrishna brains, all are
pundits; but he himself would not have said it as he wrote the best teacher
and the worst guru by himself. Yesterday one of my seniors wrote it was
very good except it is a long as he took time to read. I replied after
thanking him, that I am running a Sravana Bhavan; and present a dosa for
$12; so huge piece; some consume all; some consume and leave out something;
and some consume and ask for a TOGO; some dislikes it and pass to another.
(And he wrote back ‘I am a TOGO customer’)
So I am not a judge to measure the intelligence or knowledge or how
much ration for them today; that is avivekis do; and I feel when I present,
I render in all spectrums, sides, divisions, prospectively, so it runs a
long; but who know who will read when? I just do my duty without errors; I
try my best; I exert to present better; what is the use of kidney
explanation simply which may not answer my question? Don’t they know to
read from somewhere all? NO; each present their compartments in a wholesome
groove (may be sometimes mislead also that is not at all a problem all
other make it exemplary by additions; so, all have learnt in one day 10
contents very well. If you talk about a ocean do it perfect and what is the
use of telling 6 miles depth as if no one knows, and calling the wholesome
as irrelevant by ignorance? K Rajaram IRS 12724
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Q1 In what ways has the human species evolved biologically over
the last 1,000 years?
KR I wouldn’t call the observations as bad; but t is not a biological
evolution at all. It is too much o dupe the readers. Japanese and Chinese
women, made their feet bent and small by certain feet treatment; is that
evolution development? There is a character: DANTA-VAKRAN; TEETH IN AN
INODRDER; THEN EVOLUTION CHANGE OCCURRED 6000 YEARS BACK? By using bamboo
-jumbo words, no one will think any one of you as a professor sir. And if
you are posted in Winterplace, there will be some changes; and coming back
is possible later also. Evolution needs million of years sir not in your
life time.
Over the past 1000 years, biological evolution has been influenced
by a range of factors, including advances in scientific understanding,
technological progress, and environmental changes. (NOT LIKE DENTAL COLOR
ETC AS DESCRIBED) While the principles of evolution have remained constant, our
comprehension and the methods to study it have evolved significantly.
Before Charles Darwin, most societies had creationist views based on
religious or philosophical beliefs. The idea that species could change over
time was not widely accepted. During this period, naturalists like Carl
Linnaeus began classifying organisms, laying the groundwork for the modern
understanding of biodiversity and taxonomy. In 1859, Darwin published On
the Origin of Species, proposing the theory of natural selection. This
revolutionary idea suggested that species evolve *over time* through a
process of variation, inheritance, and competition for resources.
Independently, Wallace developed a similar theory of natural selection and
contributed to its validation and dissemination. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884):
Mendel's work on inheritance patterns (published in 1866) was rediscovered
in the early 20th century, providing a genetic basis for Darwinian
evolution. In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists like Ronald A. Fisher, J.B.S.
Haldane, and Sewall Wright integrated Mendelian genetics with Darwinian
natural selection, forming a unified theory of evolution. James Watson and
Francis Crick's discovery of the DNA double helix structure provided a
molecular basis for genetic inheritance. The field expanded to include the
study of molecular changes in DNA and proteins, revealing how genetic
variations contribute to evolution. Theories changed wrt the he study of
genetic variations within populations and their role in evolution concepts
such as genetic drift and gene flow becoming prominent. NOTHING LIKE AS YOU
WROTE ARE GENETIC EVOUTIONS.
This emerging field involves designing and constructing new
biological parts, devices, and systems, which could impact evolutionary
biology by creating novel forms of life. Technologies like CRISPR-Cas9
allow for precise genetic modifications, potentially accelerating
evolutionary research and applications. understanding how climate change
affects evolutionary processes and species adaptation is increasingly
important. Applying evolutionary principles to conservation efforts helps
in understanding species' genetic diversity and adaptation strategies.
Studying how artificial environments and selection pressures influence
evolution *in controlled settings* provides new insights into evolutionary
mechanisms. So, nothing big events happened in the western science.
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Q2 Why can't humans drink from lakes like animals?
KR Giardia infection is an intestinal infection marked by stomach
cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhoea. Giardia infection
is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in
areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. Giardia can be in water or
food, or on hands, surfaces, or objects. You can get sick when you swallow
Giardia germs. Once the Giardia germs are in your small intestine (part of
your gut), they shed their shell and split in two. These Giardia germs
start absorbing nutrients from you. Giardia germs can continue to multiply
in your small intestine. The germs then move to your colon (lower gut) and
regain their shell. Giardia leaves your body through poop. The Giardia in
your poop can spread to other people and make them sick.
The wide occurrence of cysts in humans and animals suggests
that soil can be contaminated with Giardia through faecal deposition and
sewage disposal practices. Municipal waste waters likely always contain
Giardia cysts. Giardia is distributed worldwide in lakes, ponds, rivers,
and streams. It is even found in high quality water sources with no
municipal wastewater discharges. All surface waters probably contain
Giardia, and whether cysts are detected depends largely on the methods used
to collect and analyze water samples.
In North America, higher levels in water are often reported in
the late summer, fall and early winter. Generally, there is no correlation
of cyst levels in water with coliform bacteria. When Giardia cysts are
detected in environmental samples, information about viability,
infectivity, or species is not usually available. Reported Giardia levels
have ranged from 10,000 to 100,000 cysts/L in untreated sewage, 10 to 100
cysts/L in treated sewage, and 10 or few cysts/L in surface water sources
and tap water. Cysts have also been detected in cisterns and in wells
contaminated by surface water or sewage.
Levels are generally higher in water sources influenced by
agriculture (e.g., cattle or dairy farming) or municipal and residential
wastewater discharges. Contamination levels may-1fluctuate due to storms,
agricultural practices, and the operation of wastewater facilities. Giardia
has been detected on stainless steel and Formica® surfaces in day care
centers. Limited information is available on the levels of cysts in foods;
improvements are needed in both sampling and analytical methods. There are
no published reports on the occurrence of Giardia in air. How long can
Giardia cysts survive in the environment?
The survival of Giardia cysts in the environment is significantly
affected by temperature; survivability decreases as the temperature
increases. A small fraction of cysts can withstand a single freeze-thaw
cycle. Cysts can survive for 2 to 3 months in water temperatures of less
than 10/ C, and at 21/ C, cysts have remained viable for almost one month.
Cysts are killed in 10 minutes at a water temperature of 54/ C. Raising
the water temperature to boiling immediately kills cysts.
So directly drinking water alone is not a cause; many schools in
USA, where drinking through general pipes through hands, well protected
water supply, had caused that. People who were drinking direct from
Veeranam lake did not catch. So, it is better to check water contamination;
but that does not mean all will die; because, SUN plays a very important
role in giving us a protected water supply.
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Q3 How important is education?
KR Define education sir; going to school is not; learning from
life is the best education. So, knowledge is needed. One who knows he knows
not can be trained; but one who knows not, that he knows not, HAS TO BE
SHUNNED. In the case of family head, he is well educated so, he attempts
his children to surpass him. Many parents do it. Only Villainy will refuse
to learn. Education is important in the sense, mot degrees, but knowledge.
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa story of a Pundithaas and the boatman, may be
remembered. Learned respects the learned. Out of 64 arts, one may know
anything; so, you become a learned; a dancer is as good as a software Eng.
The lack of education can be seen from the Tamil Verse…MANNAAVANUM Neeyo,
Valanadum unatho? did I educate myself, depending on you? that kind of
confidence education gives.
------------------------------------------------
Q3 Is a hippopotamus more dangerous to a human than an elephant?
KR It was dangerous only in Africa. The wild west had given facts
and figures where a general observation is as under:
Bear Species and Danger to Humans Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos horribilis):
Grizzly bears are among the most dangerous to humans due to their size,
strength, and territorial nature. They are known to be aggressive,
especially if surprised or if they feel their young are threatened. Attacks
on humans are relatively rare but can be severe. They may occur when bears
are surprised, or if humans enter their territory, particularly in areas
where food is scarce or where the bear is protecting a kill or cubs.
Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus): Polar bears are the largest bear species and
are known to be particularly dangerous because they are apex predators with
no natural enemies in their Arctic environment. They are more likely to see
humans as potential prey.Polar bear attacks are rare but can be fatal. They
are more likely to attack humans if they are hungry or if they perceive
humans as a food source.
Black Bears (Ursus americanus): Black bears are generally less aggressive
than grizzlies and polar bears. They tend to avoid humans and are less
likely to attack unless they feel threatened or are habituated to human
food.
Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus): can be aggressive, but encounters
with humans are less common than with North American bear species. They are
more likely to attack if they feel threatened or are surprised.
Mosquitoes: Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals globally due to their role
in transmitting diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus. They
cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, far exceeding the
fatalities caused by bears. RANK 1
Hippopotamuses: Hippos are extremely dangerous and cause a significant
number of human fatalities annually, with their aggressive behaviour in
water making them particularly hazardous. About 500 deaths reported in
Africa and nowhere else.
Crocodiles: Nile crocodiles, like hippos, are highly dangerous and
responsible for hundreds of human fatalities each year. They are known for
their powerful jaws and ambush tactics.
Sharks: Shark attacks, while widely publicized, are relatively rare
compared to other causes of human fatalities. Sharks are responsible for
fewer deaths than mosquitoes, crocodiles, and in some regions, even bears.
Human Violence and Accidents: Humans are responsible for a vast number of
deaths due to violence and accidents. These include homicide, war, traffic
accidents, and other causes. The number of fatalities from human activities
far exceeds those caused by bears or other wildlife. RANK 2
Q5 Why can a human survive with only one kidney? How?
KR 1. Essential Organs for Survival
Heart: The heart is crucial for pumping blood throughout the body,
supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products. Without a
functioning heart, survival is impossible.
Brain: The brain controls all bodily functions, including breathing,
heartbeat, and cognitive functions. Damage to the brain can be
life-threatening, and complete loss of brain function means death.
Lungs: Lungs are essential for oxygenating blood and removing carbon
dioxide. You cannot survive without them, though there are cases of people
living with only one lung.
Liver: The liver is vital for metabolizing substances, detoxifying the
blood, and producing essential proteins. While the liver can regenerate and
function with partial damage, it is essential for survival.
Kidneys: Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and regulate
electrolytes. You can live with just one healthy kidney, but without
kidneys, survival requires dialysis or a transplant.
Without one becoming non-functional, life is ended.
2. Body Parts You Can Live Without
Appendix: The appendix is a small, tube-like organ attached to the large
intestine. It does not have a critical function, and people can live
without it. Removal of the appendix (appendectomy) is a common procedure.
Gallbladder: The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and helps
digest fats. People can live without it; bile flows directly from the liver
to the intestines after its removal.
Spleen: The spleen helps filter blood and supports immune functions. People
can live without it, but they may be more susceptible to infections. The
spleen’s functions are partially taken over by other organs, including the
liver and lymph nodes.
One Kidney: As mentioned, people can live with only one kidney, as long as
it is healthy. The remaining kidney takes over the filtering functions of
the lost one.
One Lung: It is possible to live with one lung, although respiratory
capacity and overall health might be somewhat reduced. The remaining lung
adapts to take on the functions of both.
st with mobility and daily functions.
3. Functions and Adaptations
Body Adaptation: The human body has a remarkable ability to adapt to the
loss or dysfunction of certain organs or limbs. For example, people who
have lost limbs can adapt to new ways of performing daily tasks with the
help of prosthetics.
Medical Interventions: Modern medicine and surgical techniques allow people
to live healthy lives even after the loss of critical body parts. Dialysis
for kidney failure, organ transplants, and prosthetics for lost limbs are
examples of how medical technology supports those who have experienced
significant loss.
4 Living with one kidney or one lung is possible due to the remarkable
adaptability and compensatory mechanisms of the human body. Here’s how each
organ can function adequately with just one:
One Kidney: When one kidney is removed or non-functional, the remaining
kidney undergoes hypertrophy (enlargement) and increases its filtering
capacity. This adaptation allows it to handle the workload of both kidneys.
The remaining kidney takes over the entire burden of filtering blood and
managing waste products. People with one kidney generally need to maintain
good hydration, avoid excessive use of medications that can harm kidney
function, and manage underlying health conditions such as diabetes and
hypertension to protect kidney health.
Clinical Evidence: Many people live normal, healthy lives with one kidney.
Studies have shown that long-term health outcomes for individuals with a
single kidney are comparable to those with two kidneys, provided the
remaining kidney is healthy.
One Lung: The remaining lung can expand to fill the space of the
missing lung, allowing for more efficient gas exchange. It compensates by
increasing its functional capacity. The single lung often becomes more
efficient in oxygen exchange and carbon dioxide removal due to an increase
in the number of functional alveoli (air sacs). Individuals with one lung
may have reduced exercise tolerance, but most can adapt to normal daily
activities with proper management and rehabilitation.
Clinical Evidence: Many people live healthy lives with one lung, though
they may have some limitations in physical activity and may need to be more
cautious about respiratory infections. Regular medical follow-ups ensure
that the remaining lung remains healthy and functions well.( health line)
K Rajaram IRS 12724
On Fri, 12 Jul 2024 at 09:34, Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> wrote:
> CULTURAL QA 07-2024-12
>
> Topic –Humans. Base Quora QA. Compiled
>
> Dear friends,
>
> These QA are selected and posted for a generally educated member to
> understand in a very brief and simple manner. I find member Mr Rajaram
> copy paste materials as dumping for these type of simple QA as response.
>
> Read the QA with the intention I have posted.
>
> Gopalakrishnan 12-07-2024
>
> Q1 In what ways has the human species evolved biologically
> over the last 1,000 years?
>
> A1 C.S. Friedman, Novelist for 35 Years6y
>
> Overbite.Our teeth used to meet, top and bottom. Now a large proportion
> of people have the top teeth extending out over the bottom teeth.
>
> I read somewhere the wisdom tooth situation has gotten worse, that is,
> fewer people have the jaw structure for them to come in. Perhaps for that
> reason, evolution is now getting rid of wisdom teeth altogether, and people
> are now born who either never develop them, or develop them only as small
> buds that don't threaten neighboring teeth.Increase of many medical
> conditions that used to make one unlikely to reproduce, because
> science/medicine can now compensate for them, such as diabetes.
>
> Isolated populations that move to high altitude environments quickly
> develop changes in their blood that enable it to carry more oxygen.
>
> Resistance to countless diseases that appeared on the scene in that time
> frame, so that we are not as susceptible to them as we were when they first
> appeared. Often there is a co-evolution with the disease, with viruses and
> bacteria mutating to be less fatal, so their hosts will survive longer to
> spread them.
>
> Red-heads: Defect in the MC1R gene causes red hair, freckling and an
> increased incidence of melanoma (1000 years give or take a few centuries)
>
> New mutations appearing recently, not yet widely spread:
>
> Apolipoprotein AI-Milano Improves processing of cholesterol and lowers
> odds of heart disease and arterial blockage
>
> Bone Density
>
> One of the genes that governs bone density in human beings is called
> low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, or LRP5 for short.
> Mutations which impair the function of LRP5 are known to cause
> osteoporosis. But a different kind of mutation can amplify its function,
> causing one of the most unusual human mutations known.
>
> This mutation was first discovered fortuitously, when a young person from
> a Midwest family was in a serious car crash from which they walked away
> with no broken bones. X-rays found that they, as well as other members of
> the same family, had bones significantly stronger and denser than average.
> (One doctor who's studied the condition said, "None of those people,
> ranging in age from 3 to 93, had ever had a broken bone.") In fact, they
> seem resistant not just to injury, but to normal age-related skeletal
> degeneration. Some of them have benign bony growths on the roof of their
> mouths, but other than that, the condition has no side effects - although,
> as the article notes dryly, it does make it more difficult to float. As
> with Apo-AIM, some drug companies are researching how to use this as the
> basis for a therapy that could help people with osteoporosis and other
> skeletal diseases.
>
> Malaria resistance-As reported in 2001 (see also), Italian researchers
> studying the population of the African country of Burkina Faso found a
> protective effect associated with a different variant of hemoglobin, named
> HbC. People with just one copy of this gene are 29% less likely to get
> malaria, while people with two copies enjoy a 93% reduction in risk. And
> this gene variant causes, at worst, a mild anemia, nowhere near as
> debilitating as sickle-cell disease.
>
> Tetrachromatic vision
>
> Massive genetic study shows how humans are evolving
>
> Q2 Why can't humans drink from lakes like animals?
>
> A2 Rebecca T., Lived in Oregon (1985–2016)Jun 2
>
> Humans can drink lake water, but as a rule they shouldn’t.
>
> Water, within any appreciable distance of human settlement and human
> activity, is going to be polluted. Polluted by the very activities allowing
> those settlements to exist. Pollution is the rule, not the exception.
>
> Prior to mass pollution, humans avoided drinking directly from most bodies
> of water unless they knew it to be safe. And even then, those safe water
> spots could easily become contaminated for reasons humans didn’t understand
> until the advent of germ theory. Humans typically treat their water at a
> minimum by boiling it. Water being the drink of choice is a modern thing.
>
> Humans are not used to drinking water or eating food with high levels of
> pollutants or contaminants. We would easily become sick and damage our
> health. Our young would die at high rates, and the life expectancy of those
> who made it through childhood would drastically decrease. One of the
> reasons humans live as long as we do in modern times is hygiene.
>
> Animals in nature are not as healthy as they appear. Many, perhaps most,
> suffer from chronic illnesses and parasites. It is only in modern times
> that chronic illness and parasites are abnormal for humans.
>
> Still, there are rare instances where a human can drink directly from a
> natural water source. If you want to take the risk, that water source
> should be:
>
> Far away from human settlement and activity, including farm/domesticated
> animals.
>
> Looks clear and clean and smells clean.
>
> Higher up in the mountains close to its source.
>
> Flowing rather than sitting still.
>
> Flowing through volcanic rock and soil.
>
> Known to be a relatively safe place to drink water from.
>
> I’ve taken the risk and drank directly from a small creek high up in the
> Cascade mountains. The water was cold, delicious, and fortunately it ended
> up being safe to drink. I only had a handful to taste it. I didn’t fill a
> water bottle.
>
> A friend of mine did the same, in much the same area, and ended up with
> giardia.
>
> If you choose to drink directly from a natural water source, you are
> taking a risk. Don’t do it if you have any existing health issues, and
> monitor yourself for a few weeks afterward.
>
> Q3 How important is education?
>
> A3 Ajay Reddy ,Software Engineer and Fitness freak Updated 2y
>
> You see this person, who never gone to school, but a hard-working person
> and mostly he works 12–14 hours a day to get some extra money. He is my
> brother-in-law (My sister’s husband), and he has been working as a daily
> labourer since he was 15 years of age and now he is around 60 years. He had
> never seen a restaurant or rode a bike forget about movies. During Covid
> times, he walked and cycled around 300 KMs and luckily got a truck that
> gave a lift.
>
> He never enjoyed his life, just worked like an animal I can say, even he
> didn’t attend his daughter's marriage to save money as he was working in
> other states. I wonder, is he born just to work.
>
> However, he understood the importance of education so he educated his
> daughter (my niece) and now she is working in the govt. the sector only
> the girl from the village to do so.
>
> I feel bad for him, but he is happy as his children don’t suffer the way
> he is.
>
> Education is definitely important, and an uneducated can understand better
> than others.
>
> Edit-I put his picture because I feel proud of him, he has not committed
> any crime or harm anyone, he is a hero for his family, the whole post was, if
> he has bit education he could lead a better life that’s all.
>
> Q3 Is a hippopotamus more dangerous to a human than an
> elephant?
>
> A3 Brad Esam, Lives in New Zealand (1989–present)May 5
>
> Absolutely. The easiest way to quantify the outcome of these two
> engagements is by looking at the weight of the combatants. An adult male
> African elephant can weigh over 6,000 kilograms. Up against an adult male
> hippopotamus who tops out at about 1,800 kilograms, the smart money is
> firmly on the elephant.
>
> Looking at the other potential combatant, the pathetic human, these things
> don't stand a chance. The perfect human in terms of combat ability is
> widely acknowledged to be Dwyane ‘The Rock' Johnson. This warrior weighs in
> at an impressive 118 kilograms. Unfortunately, this is nothing compared to
> the mighty who is 15.25 times heavier than the people's champ.
>
> If we take it a step further and compare all of the involved parties, we
> find that the African Elephant is on average 3.33 times heavier than the
> hippo and 50.84 times heavier than The Rock. Good luck with that, measly
> human. Unless Dwayne has access to firearms, in which case the elephant and
> the hippo are probably both are equally dangerous to humans.
>
> Q4 What are some of the best examples of humanity?
>
> A4 Adnan Ghous, Civil Engineer, Freelancer, Book Reader,
> Amateur Photographer6y
>
> A boat kissed the shore of Karachi (a city in Pakistan) in 1947, after the
> partition of India, carrying a twenty years old boy among other migrants.
> To support himself in this newly created state, the young boy started
> working as a street peddler selling pencils, towels, and matches, which he
> held on a tray. Later he started working in a market at a whole sale shop.
>
> But the boy was not satisfied with himself. He said, “After observing the
> environment I was living in, where injustice, bribery and robbery were
> common” he felt an urge to do the welfare work. He started a pharmacy which
> offered free medicine to all needy irrespective of their color, cast, and
> religion.
>
> In 1957, the Asian flu epidemic swept through Karachi. It was a test of
> resolve for this penniless man. He said in an interview, “I saw people
> lying on the pavement ... The flu had spread in Karachi, and there was no
> one to treat them. So I set up benches and got medical students to
> volunteer. I was penniless and begged for donations on the street. And
> people gave. I bought this 8-by-8 room to start my work.”
>
> During this Asian flu epidemic, a generous man donated him money which he
> used to buy an ambulance. He drove the ambulance by himself and help people
> irrespective of their religious affiliations. When he was asked why he is
> willing to help Christians and Hindus, he replied “because my ambulance is
> more Muslim than you!”
>
> In 1965, the war between India and Pakistan broke out in which Karachi
> was bombed. The penniless cared for the civilian victims and organized 45
> funerals, with his wife cleaning the bodies of women and he himself
> preparing the men for burial. It was said he washed thousands of dead
> bodies during his life, with his foundation finding space in its graveyards
> for anyone who needed it. In his memoir, A Mirror to the Blind, he made
> clear his distaste for anyone who thought themselves too grand to touch the
> dead.
>
> The name of this penniless man was Abdul Sattar Edhi.
>
> He died in 2016 aged 88. His charity empire includes
>
> Pakistan's largest volunteer ambulance network (1,500 minivan ambulances)
>
> Homeless shelters,Animal shelters,Rehab centers and orphanages
>
> FEW FACTS ABOUT EDHI FOUNDATION
>
> Edhi foundation have placed cradles outside their offices, where people
> place their unwanted children. Edhi took this decision because most people
> killed their infants children to avoid the social humiliation.
>
> Edhi is registered as parent or guardian of nearly 20,000 children. Edhi
> received a honorary doctorate degree.This world would be much better
> place if we had few more Edhis.
>
> Q5 Why can a human survive with only one kidney? How?
>
> A5 Ken Saladin, Former professor of histology (microscopic
> anatomy)5y
>
> There’s a lot of “redundancy” and excess reserve built into the human
> body, including renal anatomy. Humans can live with as little as
> one-third of one kidney. The trouble is, however, that when renal
> function is so marginal, all it takes is a little added stress on the
> body to push one into renal insufficiency.
>
> Short of hemodialysis or kidney transplant, renal insufficiency will push
> one into azotemia, the accumulation of toxic nitrogenous wastes in the
> blood, leading to the functional decline of other organs (especially the
> brain) and potentially, death from multiorgan failure.
>
> A healthy adult has about 1.0 to 1.2 million microscopic functional units
> called nephrons in each kidney. They do all the work of filtering the blood
> and transforming the filtrate to urine.
>
> Renal nephrons—a vascular “corrosion cast” viewed by scanning electron
> microscopy.
>
> Normally, the two kidneys produce about 1 to 1.5 liters of urine per day,
> or 50 to 60 mL/hour.
>
> If output falls below 400 mL/d for very long, the body can’t rid itself of
> wastes as fast as they’re produced, and azotemia sets in.
>
> If 75% or more of the nephrons are lost or nonfunctional (damaged by
> chronic hypertension or renal atherosclerosis, for example), urine output
> can be as low as 30 mL/h, and then one can’t maintain the body’s internal
> stability (homeostasis). At 90% loss of functional nephrons, azotemia
> develops and can progress to a neurotoxic and potentially fatal level
> called uremia. Such a degree of renal insufficiency will also cause
> hypertension (from fluid accumulation) and anemia (from loss of the
> kidneys’ synthesis of the blood-stimulating hormone EPO, erythropooetin).
>
> We lose a lot of renal function just in the normal course of aging.
>
> From age 25 to 85, we lose 60% to 70% of our nephrons and up to one-third
> of those that remain are bloodless and non-functional. The kidneys of a
> 90-year-old are 20% to 40% smaller than those of a 30-year-old and receive
> only half as much blood.
>
> This is one reason that overmedication of the elderly is common—their
> kidneys cannot remove drugs and their metabolites from the body as
> efficiently as when they were younger.
>
> It’s also one reason why excessive alcohol consumption is a bigger problem
> for older people.
>
> My note- I hope this answer by a professor of Histology in most simple
> manner, about Kidney. As we age kidney becomes less efficient even for a
> healthy person. Then consider the case of a diabetic. A tensionless life
> can do more than medicine’s effect.
>
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