5
The genealogies of Śrī Rāma, beginning from Vaivasvata Manu, are preserved
across several major texts, including the Brahmanda Purāṇa (Madhya Bhaga,
Ch. 63), Vāyu Purāṇa (Ch. 88), Viṣṇu Purāṇa (4.2–3), Bhagavata Purāṇa
(9.6–12), Brahma Purāṇa (7.13), Harivamsa (1.14– 16), Agni Purāṇa
(272–273), Padma Purāṇa (1.8), Garuda Purana (1.138), and the Rāmāyaṇa
(1.70). These IIThāsa–Purāṇa tradiTIons underwent repeated compilation and
redaction, particularly between 1500–300 BCE, which likely introduced
genealogical reinterpretations and compression.
Classical Greco-Roman writers such as Pliny the Elder (6.21.4–5) and
Solinus (52.5), drawing on Megasthenes’ Indica, report that Indians counted
6451 years and about 153–154 kings from Dionysus (Bacchus) to Alexander
(identified as Sandrocottus). This testimony suggests that Megasthenese was
unaware of the later application of the 4,320,000-year Yuga cycle in Indian
chronology, and instead reflects a more historical king-list tradition. It
further implies that the large cyclical Yuga framework may have been
retroactively imposed on historical chronology, possibly during the Gupta
period. Prior to the Gupta period, Indian historians generally maintained
the genealogical history starting from 7322 BCE.
Accordingly, the identification of Sandrocottus with a Chandragupta
of the Parashiva Naga lineage (rather than the Maurya ruler) has been
proposed, leading to a revised chronological framework aſter correcting
the 661-year
error: Chandragupta (975–925 BCE), Alexander (992–983 BCE), and the
Seleucid era (972 BCE). It appears that using the Seleucid epoch (972 BCE),
Greek calculations yield a date of 7423 BCE for Dionysus (7423–972 = 6451),
which broadly aligns with the traditional Indian reckoning of the beginning
of the seventh Mahāyuga around 7322 BCE.
SYSTEM OF CHATURYUGA WORKED OUT IN DEVA YUGA PATTERN AS A VERSION EXPLAINED:
The traditional Yuga system initially operated on shorter cycles—five-year
yugas and twenty- year Caturyugas—which continued for 27 cycles aſter 7322
BCE. A major astronomical reform is attributed to Mayāsura, who is said to
have observed a rare planetary alignment on Caitra Śukla Pratipadā (22
February 6778 BCE) and composed the Surya Siddhanta. With the introduction
of the 12-year Jovian cycle, the astronomical schools of Brahma and
Paitāmaha Siddhāntas expanded the Yuga to 1200 years (100 Jovian cycles)
beginning 6777 BCE, facilitating more precise calendrical computations. In
this scheme, the 28th Kṛta Yuga spans only for 5 years 6782–6777 BCE, while
the 28th Tretā Yuga extends for 1200 years from 6777– 5577 BCE, within
whose final century (5677–5577 BCE) the events of the Rāmāyaṇa are placed.
Purāṇic genealogies enumerate approximately 62 kings from the
commencement of the seventh Mahayugas (7322 BCE) to SRI Rāma (5635–5603
BCE). {KR WHILE MINIMUM 62 KINGS ARE ENUMERATED EQUALLING BY AVERAGE AGE OF
50 YEARS OR 500 YEARS SAY AVARAGE OF 400+300+200+100=1000 AT A MID POINT,
NUMBER OF YEARS PASSED WOULD BE ANYTHIG FROM, 3100 YEARS TO 31000 YEARS AND
IF SO HOW ONE IN TRETA YUGA OR KRITHA YUGA OR DWAPARA YUGA WHO CAN LIVE 120
YEARS, WILL GO ON OAND ON? GOOGLE SAYS ALL TRUTH AND GUTTER AND ADPTING
GOOGLE ONE CANNOT RELY ON IT ABSLUTELY BECAUSE GOOGLE DOES NOT LIE BUT
WRITERS WHO DOES NOT THINK ONLY LIES} As a result, early Ikṣvāku 6 rulers
such as Trishanku, Hariścandra, Kalmāṣapāda, Vikukṣi, Purañjaya, Anaraṇya,
Māndhātā, Sagara, and Bhagīratha—who likely belonged to much earlier
epochs—were conflated with later Ikshvaku kings bearing similar names.
Date
1 Śaśāda 7322-7300 BCE
2 Kakustha 7300-7270 BCE
3 Anenāḥ 7270-7250 BCE
4 Prithu 7250-7230 BCE
5 Vishtarāśva 7230-7200 BCE
6 Ardra 7200-7180 BCE
7 Yuvanāśva II 7180-7150 BCE
8 Śrāvasta (the founder of the city of
Śrāvastī) 7150-7120 BCE
9 Brihadaśva 7120-7100 BCE
10 Kuvalāśva II 7100-7070 BCE
11 Driḍhāśva 7070-7030 BCE
12 Haryāśva I 7030-7000 BCE
13 Nikumbha 7000-6980 BCE
14 Saṁhatāśva 6980-6950 BCE
15 Kriṣāśva 6950-6920 BCE
16 Prasenajit (Son of Kriṣāśva) 6920-6900 BCE
17 Yuvanāśva III 6900-6880 BCE
18 Māndhātā II 6880-6850 BCE
19 Purukutsa (Son of Māndhātā II) 6850-6820 BCE
20 Trasadasyu or Duhsaha 6820-6800 BCE
21 Saṁbhūta 6800-6780 BCE
22 Anaraṇya II 6780-6760 BCE
23 Prishadaśva 6760-6740 BCE
24 Haryāśva II 6740-6720 BCE
25 Sumana or Sudhanva 6720-6690 BCE
26 Tridhanvā 6690-6660 BCE
27 Tryāruṇa 6660-6630 BCE
28 Satyavrata II
6630-6600 BCE
29 Harischandra II
6600-6570 BCE
30 Rohitāśva
6570-6540 BCE
31 Harita
6540-6510 BCE
32 Chanchu
6510-6480 BCE
7
33 Vijaya
6480-6450 BCE
34 Ruruka 6450-6420
BCE
35 Vrika
6420-6390 BCE
36 Bāhu
6390-6370 BCE
37 Sagara II
6370-6340 BCE
38 Asamañjasa
6340-6320 BCE
39 Aṅśumān 6320-6300
BCE
40 Dilīpa I
6300-6280 BCE
41 Bhāgīratha II 6280-6250
BCE
42 Śruta or Prasushruta or Prasushruka 6250-6220 BCE
43 Nābhāga 6220-6200
BCE
44 Ambarīṣa 6200-6170
BCE
45 Sindhudvīpa 6170-6130
BCE
46 Ayutāyu or Bhangashvina or Bhagasvara 6130-6100 BCE
47 Rituparṇa 6100-6080 BCE
48 Sarvakarma Ārtaparṇi 6080-6050 BCE
49 Sudasa 6050-6020
BCE
50 Saudasa Mitrasaha 6020-6000 BCE
51 Ashmaka 6000-5970
BCE
52 Mūlaka
5970-5950 BCE
53 Śataratha or Narikavacha 5950-5920 BCE
54 Aidavida or Nighna 5920-5890 BCE
55 Anamitra 5890-5860
BCE
56 Viśvasaha or Duliduda 5860-5830 BCE
57 Dilīpa II Khatvanga 5830-5800 BCE
58 Dīrghabāhu 5800-5780 BCE
59 Raghu 5780-5730 BCE
60 Aja 5730-5710
BCE
61 Daśaratha 5710-5649 BCE
62 Bharata (during the vanavasa of 14 years) 5649-5635 BCE 62
63 Rāma 5635-5603
BCE
ONLY 1719 YEARS CONSIDERED EVEN THEN ONE CANNOT LIVE THAT FAR TO LOVE FROM
KASHYAPA DATE TO GRAND SON OF Arjuna in maha Bharatha!!
The relative chronology of the early kings of Ayodhyā—outlined at the
beginning of this chapter from Triśaṅku through Māndhātā to
Bhajeratha—provides a critical framework for distinguishing between the
early and later lineages of Ayodhyā’s rulers, as elaborated below:
1 Trishanku I (13350
BCE)
Satyavrata Trishanku II (6630-6000 BCE)
8
Triśaṅku I, son of Tryāruṇa and grandson of Traivṛṣṇa, is the earliest
known king of Ayodhyā. He is described as a contemporary of Viśvāmitra I,
the father of Śakuntalā and grandfather of Bharata.
Satyavrata or Satyaratha, son of Tryāruṇa and grandson of Tridhanvan, is
described as a later descendant of Ikṣvāku.
2 Harishchandra I (11250 BCE)
Harischandra II (6600-6570 BCE)
Hariścandra I, a descendant of Triśaṅku, is described in the Aitareya
Brāhmaṇa as having vowed to sacrifice his son Rohita to Varuṇa. Rohita,
however, fled to the forest to avoid the sacrifice. In his place,
Śunaḥśepa, the son of Ajīgarta, was offered as a substitute but was
ultimately spared through divine intervention.
Thereafter, Ṛṣi Viśvāmitra is said to have adopted Śunaḥśepa. Hariścandra
II, renowned as Satya Hariścandra, is celebrated for his unwavering
commitment to truth and duty. His wife was Tārāmatī, and his son was
Rohitāśva. In fulfillment of a vow, he relinquished his kingdom to Ṛṣi
Viśvāmitra. Thereafter, he endured severe trials— selling his wife and
serving at a cremation ground—yet remained steadfast in his principles.
Ultimately, he was restored to his throne as king of Ayodhyā.
3 Vikukshi (11230 BCE)
Shashada (7322-7300 BCE)
Vikukṣi was the eldest son of Ikṣvāku and the grandson of Vaivasvata anu.
Śaśāda was a later descendant of Ikṣvāku. The well-known episode involving
the consumption of a rabbit (śaśa), from which he derives his name, is
associated with him, not Vikukṣi.
4 Puranjaya (11210 BCE)
Kakustha (7300-7270 BCE)
Purañjaya is described as having assisted Indra in the war beteen the Devas
and Asuras. In recognition of this, he earned the epithet Indravāha.
Kakutstha was a celebrated later descendant of Ikṣvāku. His lineage came to
be known as the Kākutsthas, a designation that extends to his illustrious
descendants, including Śrī Rāma.
5 Kalmashapada (11220 BCE)
Saudasa Mitrasaha (6020-6000 BCE)
Kalmāṣapāda is described as having developed deep enmity toward Vasiṣṭha
and his lineage, culminating in the slaying of Śakti, the son of Vasiṣṭha.
Saudāsa (Mitrasaha)’s queen, Madayantī, is said to have onceived a son,
Aśmaka, through niyoga with Vasiṣṭha. Aśmaka later established a kingdom at
Paudanyapura (identified with present- day Bodhan in elangana) on the banks
of the Godāvarī, which came to be known as the Aśmaka Janapada.
6 Kuvalashva I (11190 BCE)
Kuvalashva II (7100-7070 BCE)
9
Kuvalāśva I is said to have slain Dhundhu—traditionally described as a son
of Madhu and Kaiṭabha—in battle. Kuvalashva II was a later descendant of
Ikshvaku.
7 Mandhata I (11150 BCE)
Mandhata II (6880-6850 BCE)
Māndhātā I was a renowned king of the Vedic period. His son Muchukunda
is traditionally regarded as a contemporary of Devakīputra Kṛṣṇa. Mandhata
II was a later descendant of Ikshvaku.
8 Sagara I (10980 BCE)
Sagara II (6370-6740 BCE)
Sagara I, the posthumous son of King Asita, is portrayed as a pivotal
figure in the Ikṣvāku lineage. Prior to his reign, the descendants of
Ikṣvāku—from Ikṣvāku himself to Asita—are associated with rule over
Madhyadeśa. Sagara is credited with re-establishing royal authority in
Ayodhyā.
Sagara II, the son of Bāhu, is described as a later descendant of Ikṣvāku.
9 Bhagiratha I (10940 BCE)
Bhagiratha II (6280-6250 BCE)
Bhagīratha I was a celebrated king of Ayodhyā, renowned for clearing the
channel from Gangotri to Devaprayāga to bring the waters of the Gaṅgā to
the plains. Aṣṭāvakra, the grandson of Uddālaka Āruṇi, is traditionally
regarded as his mentor.
Bhagīratha II, the son of Aṁśumān, is described as a later descendant of
Ikṣvāku.
10 Hiranyanabha Kaushalya (11000 BCE)
Hiranyanabha and Kaushalya (5040-4970 BCE)
Hiraṇyanābha Kauśalya of the Vedic period is described as a disciple of
Jaimini II (Sukarman) and a contemporary of Ṛṣi Pippalāda.
Hiraṇyanābha is described as the father of Kauśalya; both are regarded as
descendants of Śrī Rāma and are placed in the post-Rāmāyaṇa period.
It is evident from the foregoing discussion that the Purāṇic redactors
conflated the histories of several Ayodhyā kings bearing similar names. A
careful reconstruction of relative chronology helps to resolve these
inconsistencies and restore the sequence of events more coherently.
Another issue is the variation in nomenclature, whereby the same king is
referred to by different names across textual traditions. A representative
example is King Ṛtuparṇa (c. 6100– 6080 BCE), who is described as a
contemporary of King Nala and Queen Damayantī. The
10
Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra (18.13) and Āpastamba Śrautasūtra (21.20.3) identify
him as the son of Bhangaśvina, while the Mahābhārata (3.8.2) refers to him
as the son of Bhagasvara. In contrast, the Purāṇas name Ayutāyu as his
father. Such divergent traditions highlight the extent of genealogical
variation and the need for critical reconciliation.
Migrations from the Afghanistan Region to Anatolia and the Black Sea: The
Scythians, Yavanas, and Shuras of India (7400–6200 BCE)
According to traditional Greek sources, Dionysus II (7423 BCE), also known
as Liber Pater or Bacchus, conquered the peoples of the Afghanistan region
6,451 years prior to the time of Alexander the Great (992-983 BCE) and
established the city of Nysa, located near present-day Jalalabad,
Afghanistan. *Mount Meru (Tirich Mir)* was situated to the north of
Jalalabad, where Dionysus I was born and raised during the era of the
Olympians. Dionysus II left India and placed his friend Spatembas in
charge, who passed the rule on to his son, until eventually kings were
appointed based on merit for 300 years.
Over a span of 300 years (7400–7100 BCE), various groups—including
those from the Sumeru region, the Yavanas residing in the city of Nysa, the
Shakas (or Scythians), and the Shuras— migrated out of India.
The inhabitants of the Sumeru region settled in the Black Sea area
and became known as the Cimmerians.
The Yavanas from the city of Nysa migrated to western Anatolia and
were recognized as the Hittites.
The Shuras from India evolved into the Hurrians (Mitannis) of
Anatolia.
The Scythians journeyed to the east of the Black Sea and later
expanded into Gaul. A group of Scythians also migrated to Iberia and
Ireland before eventually reaching Scotland.
From Ireland and Scotland, they proceeded further to Scandinavia.
The Cimmerians and Scythians introduced the worship of the goddess Astarte
(or Ishtar) to Europe.
The migrations that occurred between approximately 7400 and 6200
BCE were instrumental in the establishment of numerous nations across
Eurasia.
During this period (7400–7100 BCE), the Kayanian dynasty of Persia
declined, and the Scythians occupied a vast region, dominating areas of
Persia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the central steppe.
King Raghu’s Digvijaya (~5750 BCE)
Around 6000 BCE, the Indian summer monsoon—vital for sustaining rainfall
across the Indus basin and parts of eastern Afghanistan—began to fluctuate
and gradually weaken, leading to increasing aridity. In response, the
Arattas, Bāhlīkas, and Kambojas, inhabiting regions west of the Indus and
along the Oxus (Vaksu) River, appear to have moved eastward, crossing the
Indus in an attempt to expand their domains into the region of the five
rivers of Punjab.
11
King Raghu (5780–5730 BCE), a powerful ruler of Ayodhyā, is traditionally
credited with leading a campaign to check these movements. He subdued the
Arattas, Bāhlīkas, and Kambojas and effectively contained them west of the
Indus River.
In the Raghuvamsha, Kalidasa gives particular emphasis to Raghu’s
northwestern campaign. dvancing beyond the Indus, Raghu confronts the
frontier tribes—Śakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, and Pahlavas—near the region of
the Oxus (Vaksu) river. These groups, renowned for their cavalry warfare,
are subdued through decisive engagements. Kalidasa vividly describes how
Raghu’s forces broke their resistance, humbled their pride, and compelled
them to offer tribute. The campaign symbolizes not merely territorial
expansion but the extension of Aryavarta’s political and cultural influence
into the trans-Hindukush regions. After securing the northwest, Raghu
reinstates local rulers as subordinate allies, reinforcing imperial
authority while maintaining regional stability.
Dating of the Ramayana Era (5677-5577 BCE)
Maharṣi Vālmīki, a contemporary of Śrī Rāma, was the author of the
Rāmāyaṇa. The Skanda Purana and the Adhyatma Ramayana relate that Vālmīki
was born to Brāhmaṇa parents but was raised among Kirātas; in his early
life he is described as a robber who later transformed into a great ṛṣi
through spiritual awakening. Tamil traditions place Vālmīkinar in the
Second Sangam period (6822–3122 BCE), when Kāvātapuram served as the
capital of the Pāṇḍya dynasty—a city also mentioned in the Rāmāyaṇa itself.
Traditional chronology situates Śrī Rāma in the 28th Tretā Yuga of the 7th
Mahāyuga of the Vedic Yuga calendar. The Mahabharata explicitly indicates
that the events of the Rāmāyaṇa occurred toward the end of the Tretā Yuga.
As stated in the Ādiparva (वापरयसंधौ राम तां वर), Rāma flourished at the
juncture of Tretā and Dvāpara Yugas. Astronomical considerations based on
the Surya Siddhanta—particularly the epoch of a seven-planet conjunction in
Aries dated to 22 February 6778 BCE—suggest the beginning of the Tretā Yuga
around 6777 BCE. At this stage, Indian astronomers incorporated the 12-year
Jovian cycle into calendrical reckoning and expanded the Yuga duration to
1200 years for improved intercalation accuracy. While earlier systems
equated the Yuga cycle and the calendar cycle with a 5-year cycle, this
reform distinguished the two, resulting in a 5-year Kṛta Yuga (6778– 6777
BCE) followed by a 1200-year Tretā Yuga (6777–5577 BCE). Thus, the calendar
cycle remained as a 5-year cycle, but the Yuga cycle expanded to 1200 years.
Accordingly, the historical events of Rāmāyaṇa may be placed in the
final century of the Tretā Yuga, in 5677–5577 BCE. This placement aligns
with traditional statements that Rāma lived near the end of Tretā Yuga.
K RAJARAM PART 2 4626
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