TidBITS#625/08-Apr-02
=====================
Adam has Mac OS X utilities on the brain, and this week's
installment in his overview of utilities for Mac OS X lists out
some of the most essential tools for serious Mac users. Matt
Neuburg returns with the second part of his in-depth look at
Unicode, focusing on how you can use it in Mac OS X. In the
news, we cover the latest Mac OS X security update from Apple,
the release of DVD Studio Pro 1.5, and how to get free exhibit
passes to Macworld Expo NY.
Topics:
MailBITS/08-Apr-02
Top Mac OS X Utilities: Restoring Third Party Capabilities
Two Bytes of the Cherry: Unicode and Mac OS X, Part 2
<http://www.tidbits.com/tb-issues/TidBITS-625.html>
<ftp://ftp.tidbits.com/issues/2002/TidBITS#625_08-Apr-02.etx>
Copyright 2002 TidBITS Electronic Publishing. All rights reserved.
Information: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Comments: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
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MailBITS/08-Apr-02
------------------
**April Mac OS X Security Update** -- Apple last week released the
Security Update April 2002 through Software Update and the Apple
software downloads site. The 4.7 MB download includes updates to
a number of Mac OS X's Unix components, including OpenSSH 3.1p1,
rsync 2.5.2, groff 1.17.2, PHP 4.1.2, sudo 1.6.5, mod_ssl 2.8.7,
and mail_cmds. These updated components provide increased security
against Unix-based exploits for gaining unauthorized access to
your Mac. Everyone should download and install this security
update. Most notable with this release, though, is Apple's first
real use of their Security Announce mailing list, a PGP-signed
posting to which carried more detailed change notes than were
available via Software Update's description of the update. Plus,
the version of the change notes on Apple's Security Updates page
included links where you could read more about the exploits in
question. It's taken over a year, but it appears that Apple is
finally living up to all of the responsibilities to the community
it took on by moving the Macintosh away from the highly secure
Mac OS 9 to the far more open Unix core of Mac OS X. [ACE]
<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120111>
<http://lists.apple.com/mailman/listinfo/security-announce>
<http://www.apple.com/support/security/security_updates.html>
**DVD Studio Pro 1.5 Supports Mac OS X** -- Apple today announced
the release of DVD Studio Pro 1.5, a new version of the company's
professional DVD authoring tool that adds Mac OS X compatibility.
DVD Studio Pro, which sells for $1,000, offers high-end features
such as full-motion menus, higher-quality audio and video, and
inclusion of DVD-ROM material along with video, to separate itself
from Apple's free consumer-level iDVD authoring utility. The new
version of DVD Studio Pro can also use chapter markers set in
Final Cut Pro during the video editing phase of a project to
create chapters on a final video DVD. (This feature requires
Final Cut Pro 3.0.2, scheduled for release later this month as
a free update for Final Cut Pro 3 users.) Owners of earlier
versions of DVD Studio Pro can upgrade for $200. [MHA]
<http://www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro/>
<http://www.apple.com/idvd/>
**Free Macworld Expo NY 2002 Exhibit Passes** -- If you're
thinking about attending Macworld Expo in New York City from
17-Jul-02 through 19-Jul-02, you can register now through April
23rd to get a free exhibit hall pass (supposedly a $35 value).
Just make sure to use the priority code: E-NYCB. You'll also have
to answer the usual "qualifying" questions, but you can opt out
of receiving email from exhibitors. [ACE]
<http://www.macworldexpo.com/macworldexpo/v31/index.cvn?ID=10007>
Top Mac OS X Utilities: Restoring Third Party Capabilities
----------------------------------------------------------
by Adam C. Engst <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
In the first installment of this series on Mac OS X utilities,
I looked at utilities that restored capabilities inherent to
Mac OS 9 that we had all been accustomed to over the years. For
many people though, the full Mac OS 9 experience came not just
from Apple, but from a bevy of utility developers who extended
Mac OS 9 well beyond the stock configuration. This week I'll look
at a few of the most important utilities that have evolved to
bring those capabilities into the world of Mac OS X. We've
examined many of these utilities in the past; in those cases,
consider this compilation a refresher on our previous scattershot
coverage.
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06763>
In an attempt to keep this article relatively short, I've held a
significant set of utilities for a later article. Utilities like
DragThing, LaunchBar, QuicKeys X, Keyboard Maestro, MenuStrip,
PiDock, and others certainly count as restoring capabilities
offered by third party utilities in Mac OS 9, but when you look
deeply at them, you realize that they all basically do the same
thing. You can think of them as alternate control mechanisms for
operating system functions like displaying and opening files,
typing text, restarting the Mac, and more, so I'll cover them
as a group later on.
Finally, a few new utilities have appeared that should have been
mentioned last week. I'll catch up with them at some future point,
but in the meantime, check out the TidBITS Talk threads for the
latest additions and for utilities that have slipped through my
admittedly arbitrary categorizations.
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tlkthrd=1497+1600>
**Default Folder X** -- Apple has never done a good job of making
it easy to open and save files, and as Matt Neuburg pointed out in
"Apple's Dirty Little Secret" in TidBITS-601_, Mac OS X is in many
ways a step back even from Mac OS 9. In earlier versions of the
Mac OS, savvy users fixed Apple's Open and Save dialogs with
utilities like Power On Software's Action Files (the successor to
Now Software's Super Boomerang) and St. Clair Software's Default
Folder. Only Default Folder has made the jump to Mac OS X so far,
and in doing so, it has fixed a number of Mac OS X's Open and Save
dialog navigation problems in Carbon (though not yet Cocoa)
applications. We wrote about Default Folder X 1.0 when it shipped;
it's well worth it for anyone frustrated by Apple's clumsy and
inconsistent Open and Save dialogs. The just-released Default
Folder X 1.1 offers a variety of small feature improvements and
bug fixes, including the option of showing free disk space and
icons in Default Folder's menus. Compatibility has been improved
with a number of programs, including the heavily used Microsoft
Office X. Default Folder X 1.1 is $35 shareware and is a 1.5 MB
download.
<http://www.stclairsoft.com/DefaultFolderX/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06594>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06718>
**CopyPaste-X & PTHPasteboard** -- For most people, Apple's
implementation of the clipboard is sufficient. Select something,
choose Copy or Cut, and the selected item replaces whatever
was on the clipboard and is ready for pasting. Applications
like Nisus Writer and utilities like CopyPaste (reviewed way
back in TidBITS-364_) cleverly extended the clipboard by making
it possible to access multiple clipboards. That functionality
has arrived in Mac OS X thanks to CopyPaste-X and PTHPasteboard.
Both utilities track recently copied or cut items (20 for
PTHPasteboard and between 10 and 200 for CopyPaste-X) and
let you paste any one of them into other applications with
a keystroke or a click in a palette. Both also save the recently
remembered items through restarts, but CopyPaste-X goes beyond
this in making these clipboards editable, storing user-defined
clipboards permanently for repeated use, and providing full
drag & drop to and from the CopyPaste-X palette. If your needs
are minimal, PTHPasteboard is probably sufficient, but for
a full-fledged multiple clipboard utility, CopyPaste-X is the
only way to go. CopyPaste-X is a 1.3 MB download and costs $20
shareware. PTHPasteboard is a 123K download; it's free, although
donations are accepted.
<http://www.scriptsoftware.com/copypaste/cpx.html>
<http://www.pth.com/PTHPasteboard/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=00751>
**USB Overdrive** -- Apple ships only single-button mice with
Macs, but many people prefer mice or trackballs with buttons,
scroll wheels, missile launchers, and so on. Some vendors of
these alternate pointing devices have provided Mac OS X drivers
(Kensington is a notable example), but for many devices, the only
way to bring them into the world of Mac OS X is through Alessandro
Levi Montalcini's USB Overdrive. Currently still in beta for Mac
OS X, USB Overdrive lets you program multiple buttons and access
scroll wheels, although I suspect he won't support missile
launching. Alessandro is extremely up front about the fact that
USB Overdrive is currently a beta, so be sure to read all the
release notes and known problems, and send in detailed reports of
anything you experience. USB Overdrive beta 4 is a 617K download;
it will be shareware when released.
<http://www.usboverdrive.com/trouble.html>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=05831>
**Snapz Pro X** -- Though the Mac OS has, since time immemorial,
offered the capability of capturing an image of the screen, and
even though Apple enhanced this screen capture capability to
capture just windows a few years back, everyone who's serious
about taking screenshots uses a third party utility. The same
truism applies in Mac OS X. There have been numerous such programs
over the years, but Ambrosia Software's Snapz Pro is the screen
capture utility of choice for many people, TidBITS staff members
included. Snapz Pro X makes it possible to take professional
screenshots in Mac OS X; although it isn't quite as snappy as
it was as an extension in Mac OS 9, it's still the only game
in town for screenshots. Snapz Pro X 1.0.2 costs $30 ($50 for
Movie Capture); a licensed version also ships for free with
most new Macs. The utility is a 13.1 MB download.
<http://www.ambrosiasw.com/utilities/snapzprox/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=00696>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06546>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06707>
**Font Reserve & Suitcase** -- Another area in which the Mac OS
has never met the needs of serious users is in font management.
With 15 or 20 fonts, it's not a big deal, but with the hundreds
of fonts and font-intensive projects many users have, a font
management utility like Suitcase or Font Reserve has always been
essential. Matt Neuburg reviewed Font Reserve 3.0 in TidBITS-620_;
he has a review of Suitcase 10 coming soon. Both utilities help
you gather all your fonts from the various different locations Mac
OS X stashes them. Then you can group the fonts into sets and
activate and deactivate them at will to keep the current set at
a manageable size. Font Reserve 3.0 costs $90 with $30 upgrades;
Suitcase 10 is $100 with $50 upgrades.
<http://www.fontreserve.com/products/frmac.html>
<http://www.extensis.com/suitcase/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06751>
Two Bytes of the Cherry: Unicode and Mac OS X, Part 2
-----------------------------------------------------
by Matt Neuburg <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
In the first part of this article, I introduced you to Unicode, a
grand unification scheme whereby every character in every writing
system would be represented by a unique value, up to a potential
one million distinct characters and symbols. Mac OS X has Unicode
built in. In this concluding part of the article, we'll look for
it.
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06774>
**Forced Entry** -- To prove to yourself that Unicode is present
on your computer, you can type some of its characters. Now,
clearly you won't be able to do this in the ordinary way, since
the keyboard keys alone, even including the Option and Shift
modifiers, can't differentiate even 256 characters. Thus there
has to be what's called an "input method." Here's a simple one:
open the International preferences pane of Mac OS X's System
Preferences, go to the Keyboard Menu tab, and enable the Unicode
Hex Input checkbox. Afterwards, a keyboard menu will appear in
your menu bar (on my machine this looks, by default, like an
American flag).
Now we're ready to type. Launch TextEdit from your Applications
folder. From the keyboard menu, choose Unicode Hex Input. Now
hold down the Option key and type (without quotes or spaces)
"042E 0440 0438". You'll see the Russian name "Yuri" written
as three Cyrillic characters. The values you typed were the
Unicode hexadecimal (base-16) numeric codes for these
characters.
<http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf>
Observe that if you now select "Yuri" and change the font, it
still reads correctly. Is this because every font in Mac OS X
includes Cyrillic letters? No! It's because, if the characters
to be displayed aren't present in the font you designate, Mac OS X
automatically hunts through your installed fonts to find any font
that includes them, and uses that instead. That's important,
because a font containing all Unicode characters would be
huge, not to mention a lot of work to create. This way, font
manufacturers can specialize, and each font can contribute
just a subset of the Unicode repertoire.
Now, Unicode Hex Input, though it can generate any Unicode
character if you happen to know its hex code, is obviously
impractical. In real life, there needs to be a better way of
typing characters. One way is through keyboard mappings. A
keyboard mapping is the relationship between the key you type
and the character code you generate. Normally, of course, every
key generates a character from the ASCII range of characters. But
consider the Symbol font. In Mac OS 9, the Symbol font was just an
alternative set of characters superimposed on the ASCII range. In
Mac OS X, though, Symbol characters are Unicode characters; they
aren't in the ASCII range at all. So to type using the Symbol
font, you must use a different keyboard mapping: you type in the
ordinary way, but your keystrokes generate different keycodes
than they normally would, so you reach the area of the Unicode
repertoire where the Symbol characters are.
To see this, first enable the Symbol mapping in the International
preference pane. Next, open Key Caps from the Application folder's
Utilities folder, and choose Symbol from the Font menu. Now play
with the keyboard menu. If you choose the U.S. keyboard mapping,
Key Caps displays much of the font as blank; if you choose the
Symbol keyboard mapping, the correct characters appear. In fact,
it's really the mapping (not the font) that's important, since
the Symbol characters appear in many other fonts (and, as we saw
earlier, Mac OS X fetches the right character from another font
if the designated font lacks it).
Another common keyboard mapping device is to introduce "dead"
keys. You may be familiar with this from the normal U.S. mapping,
which lets you access certain diacritical variations of vowels,
such as grave, acute, circumflex, and umlaut, using dead keys.
For example, in the U.S. mapping, typing Option-u followed by
"u" creates u-umlaut; the Option-u tells the mapping to suspend
judgment until the next typed input shows what character is
intended. The Extended Roman keyboard mapping, which you can
enable in the International preference pane, extends this
principle to provide easy access to even more Roman diacritics;
for example, Option-a becomes a dead key that puts a macron over
the next vowel you type.
<http://homepage.mac.com/goldsmit/.Pictures/ExtendedRoman.jpg>
Various other input methods exist for various languages, some
of them (as for Japanese) quite elaborate. Unfortunately, Apple's
selection of these on Mac OS X still falls short of what was
available in Mac OS 9; for example, there is no Devanagari,
Arabic, or Hebrew input method for Mac OS X. In some cases, the
input method for a language won't appear in Mac OS X unless a
specific font is also present; to get the font, you would install
the corresponding Language Kit into Classic from the Mac OS 9 CD.
In other cases, the material may be available through Software
Update. I won't give further details, since if you need a specific
input method you probably know a lot more about the language, and
Unicode, than I do.
<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106484>
<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=120065>
**Exploring the Web** -- An obvious benefit of Unicode
standardization is the possibility of various languages and
scripts becoming universally legible over the Web. For a taste
of what this will be like, I recommend the UTF-8 Sampler page of
Columbia University's Kermit project; the URL is given below.
You'll need to be using OmniGroup's OmniWeb browser; this is the
only browser I've found that renders Unicode fonts decently. For
best results, also download James Kass's Code2000 font and drop
it into one of your Fonts folders before starting up OmniWeb. (If
you're too lazy to download Code2000 you'll still get pretty good
results thanks to the Unicode fonts already installed in Mac OS X,
but some characters will be replaced by a "filler" character
designed to let you know that the real character is missing.)
<http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omniweb>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2000.ZIP>
<http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/utf8.html>
When you look at the Sampler using OmniWeb, you should see Runic,
Middle English, Middle High German, Modern Greek, Russian,
Georgian, and many others. One or two characters are missing,
but the results are still amazingly good. The only major problem
is that the right-to-left scripts such as Hebrew and Arabic are
backwards (that is to say, uh, forwards). Note that you're not
seeing pictures! All the text is being rendered character by
character from your installed fonts, just as in a word processor.
You may wonder how an HTML document can tell your browser what
Unicode character to display. After all, to get an ordinary
English "e" to appear in a Web page, you just type an "e" in
the HTML document; but how do you specify, say, a Russian "yu"
character? With Unicode, there are two main ways. One is to use
the numbered entity approach; just as you're probably aware that
you can get a double-quote character in HTML by saying """,
so you can get a Russian "yu" by saying "ю" (because 1102
is the decimal equivalent of that character's Unicode value).
This works fine if a page contains just a few Unicode characters;
otherwise, though, it becomes tedious for whoever must write and
edit the HTML, and makes for large documents, since every such
character requires six bytes. A better solution is UTF-8.
To understand what UTF-8 is, think about how you would encode
Unicode as a sequence of bytes. One obvious way would just be
to have the bytes represent each character's numeric value. For
example, Russian "yu" is hexadecimal 044E, so it could be
represented by a byte whose value is 04 and a byte whose value
is 4E. This is perfectly possible - in fact, it has an official
name, UTF-16 - but it lacks backwards compatibility. A browser
or text processor that doesn't do Unicode can't read any
characters of a UTF-16 document - even if that document
consists entirely of characters from the ASCII range. And
even worse, a UTF-16 document can't be transmitted across
the Internet, because some of its bytes (such as the 04 in
our example) are not legal character values. What's necessary
is a Unicode encoding such that all bytes are themselves
legal ASCII characters.
That's exactly what UTF-8 is. It's a way of encoding Unicode
character values as sequences of Internet-legal ASCII characters -
where members of the original ASCII character set are simply
encoded as themselves. With this encoding, an application (such
as a browser or a word processor) that doesn't understand UTF-8
will show sequences of Unicode characters as ASCII - that is,
as gibberish - but at least it will show any ordinary ASCII
characters correctly. The HTML way to let a browser know that it's
seeing a UTF-8 document is a <META> tag specifying the "charset"
as "utf-8". OmniWeb sees this and interprets the Unicode sequences
correctly. For example, the UTF-8 encoding of Russian "yu" is
D18E. Both D1 and 8E are legal ASCII character bytes: on a Mac
they're an em-dash followed by an e-acute. Indeed, you can just
type those two characters into an HTML document that declares
itself as UTF-8, and OmniWeb will show them as a Russian "yu".
If you want to learn more about the Unicode character set and
test your fonts against the standard, or if you'd like to focus
on a particular language, Alan Wood's Web pages are an extremely
well-maintained portal and an excellent starting point. And
TidBITS reader Tom Gewecke (who also provided some great help
with this article) maintains a page with useful information
about the state of languages on the Mac, with special attention
to Mac OS X and Unicode.
<http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/unicode/index.html>
<http://hometown.aol.com/tg3907/mlingos9.html>
**Exploring Your Fonts** -- Meanwhile, back on your own hard disk,
you may be wondering what Unicode fonts you have and what Unicode
characters they contain. Unfortunately, Apple provides no way
to learn the answer. You can't find out with Key Caps, since
the range of characters corresponding to keys and modifiers is
minuscule in comparison with the Unicode character set. Most other
font utilities are blind to everything beyond ASCII. One great
exception is the $15 FontChecker, from WunderMoosen. This program
lets you explore the full range of Unicode characters in any font,
and is an absolute must if you're going to make any sense of
Unicode fonts on your Mac. It also features drag-and-drop, which
can make it helpful as an occasional input method. I couldn't
have written this article without it.
<http://www.wundermoosen.com/wmXFCHelp.html>
Also valuable is UnicodeChecker, a free utility from Earthlingsoft
that displays every Unicode character. Unlike FontChecker, it
isn't organized by font, but simply shows every character in
order, and can even display characters from the supplementary
planes. (Download James Kass's Code2001 font if you want to
see some of these.)
<http://homepage.mac.com/earthlingsoft/apps.html#unicodechecker>
<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2001.ZIP>
**A Long Way To Go** -- Unicode is still in its infancy; Mac OS X
is too. So if this overview has given you the sense that Unicode
on Mac OS X is more of a toy than a tool, you're right. There
needs to be a lot of growth, on several fronts, for Mac OS X's
Unicode support to become really useful.
A big problem right now is the lack of Unicode support in
applications. Already we saw that not all browsers are created
equal; we had to use OmniWeb to view a Unicode Web page correctly
(try the UTF-8 Sampler page in another browser to see the
difference). And there's good reason why I had you experiment
with typing Unicode using TextEdit and not some other word
processor. Also, be warned that you can't necessarily tell
from its documentation what an application can do. Software
companies like to use the Unicode buzzword, but there's many
a slip 'twixt the buzzword and the implementation. Microsoft
Word X claims you can "enter, display, and edit text in all
supported languages," but it doesn't accept the Unicode Hex
Input method and often you can't paste Unicode characters into
it. BBEdit can open and save Unicode text files, but its display
of Unicode characters is poor - it often has layout problems,
and it can display only a single font at a time (whereas, as
we've seen, Unicode characters aretypically drawn from various
fonts). BBEdit also doesn't accept the Unicode Hex Input method,
so you can't really use it to work with Unicode files.
The operating system itself must evolve too. The Unicode standard
has requirements about bidirectional scripts and combining
multiple characters that Mac OS X doesn't yet fully handle. The
installed fonts don't represent the full character set. More input
methods are required, and Apple needs to provide utilities for
creating keyboard mappings, and perhaps even simple input methods,
so that users can start accessing their favorite characters
easily. The Unicode standard, meanwhile, is itself constantly
being revised and extended. At the same time, Windows users
are getting built-in language and Unicode support that in some
respects is light-years ahead of Mac OS X. The hope is that
as things progress, Apple will catch up, and the Unicode promise
of Mac OS X will start to be fulfilled. Then the Mac will be not
just a digital hub, but a textual hub as well.
$$
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