Having read this NIST review paper by Thomas E. Parker, "The uncertainty in the 
realization and dissemination
of the SI second from a systems point of view" 
http://tf.boulder.nist.gov/general/pdf/2564.pdf

...it seems that any potential improvement in frequency standards (Cs fountain 
-> optical clocks) will not benefit most time/frequency users, because existing 
long-range time-transfer methods (TWSTFT and GPS carrier phase) are still 
limited to at best 2E-16 for 30-day averaging, and there is no generally 
practical way to improve them currently in sight.  (Laser ranging of satellites 
being considered not generally practical). Just curious what people think, is 
this too pessimistic a view, or is it fair to say that having a 10x improved 
primary standard would not improve stability or accuracy for anyone outside of 
stabilized optical-fiber distance from such a standard?

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