Louis Essen was THE man - hence to the Essen Ring quartz oscillator which was a 
development from Dye's original work on that particular quartz configuration.  
The British PO used a bank of Essen Ring references as their standard  
immediately prior to- and I think during most of-  WW2.  Not sure re 
oscillation mode but IIRC the rings had to be suspended from several  silk 
threads.
DaveB, NZ



-----Original Message-----
From: Bob kb8tq [mailto:[email protected]] 
Sent: Thursday, April 01, 2021 15:16
To: Poul-Henning Kamp
Cc: Discussion of precise time and frequency measurement
Subject: [time-nuts] Re: Best frequency to start for GHz synth ?

Hi

Some of the early 100 KHz resonators were ring shaped. The British really 
pioneered this side of things ( while the US was still doing bars …) back in 
the 1930’s. AFIK the mode is not a whispering gallery. 

Given the low frequency of a 100 KHz resonator, a “not space limited” design 
might get to some pretty insane Q values. Meter level dimensions probably would 
be involved.
Good luck sourcing the raw quartz :) :) :) ( …. and yes, that’s only the first 
of a long list of issues ….).

Bob

> On Mar 31, 2021, at 3:23 PM, Poul-Henning Kamp <[email protected]> wrote:
> 
>> If you were going insane on a fountain, you likely would go with one 
>> of the sapphire whispering gallery devices as the start of your 
>> chain. A good one will blow a quartz crystal based part away ….
> 
> That reminds me:
> 
> I think the first quartz-crystal at Bell Labs was ring-shaped, do you know if 
> that used a whispering gallery vibration mode ?
> 
> 
> -- 
> Poul-Henning Kamp       | UNIX since Zilog Zeus 3.20
> [email protected]         | TCP/IP since RFC 956
> FreeBSD committer       | BSD since 4.3-tahoe    
> Never attribute to malice what can adequately be explained by incompetence.
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