http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/us/politics/22detain.html
The above article on this topic was printed a good number of months ago in the April 22nd NYT's but I managed to get to it only a few days before Linda's post. It provides yet another tragic example of group-think. "In a series of high-level meetings in 2002, without a single dissent from cabinet members or lawmakers, the United States for the first time officially embraced the brutal methods of interrogation it had always condemned." It goes on to claim that no one involved investigated the origins of the techniques that they were approving with little debate. When interviewed, all the top leaders claim that they did not know that the military training program, SERE, had been created decades earlier to give our armed forces a sample of the torture methods used by the Koreans--methods that had succeeded only in getting false confessions from Americans. Now, whether these claims are true is another issue. But combining this article with the one just recently published, it appears that it was mainly the extremely persuasive and authoriative voice of Mitchell that convinced many that only these types of severe interogation tactics would elicit accurate confessions. Sadly, a report released in 2001 by 6 SERE trainers raised stark warnings about the plans to use the SERE methods of interrogations but this report never reached the CIA--only the Defense Department. So this is sadly also another tragic example of how authoritative evidence can win over empirical evidence if the former is presented by a "forceful and brainy" person, as Mitchell is characterized. Joan [email protected] > Dear Colleagues, > > Some of you may be interested in an article from today's NYTimes - 2 > U.S. Architects of Harsh Tactics in 9/11's Wake. > http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/us/12psychs.html > > This article discusses Mitchell and Jessens' backgrounds, involvement > with the SERE program, and their later involvement in what some define > as "harsh interrogations" but others call "torture." Under international > law, specifically the United Nations Convention Against Torture, their > actions would most likely be construed as torture. Moreover, under the > Geneva Conventions (which have been argued to be non-applicable in the > "war on terror"), their actions could be construed as a war crime. > > All of this again raises the issue of the role our professional > associations play in responding to issues of torture and cruel, inhuman, > or degrading treatment or punishment. APS has remained silent on the > issue, although psychological knowledge is being used as the foundation > for these abuses and members could be conceivably involved at detention > sites such as Guantanamo and Bagram. APA has adopted two important > Resolutions* and a Referendum** was voted on by the membership last year > and theoretically enacted as policy (caveat: the final document > clarifies that it is an "unenforceable" policy). APA Council voted last > week to finally work towards changing the Ethics Code to close the > "Nuremberg Defense" loophole (i.e., it is acceptable to just follow > orders). New Ethics Code language will be brought to the next Council > meeting in February. Yet, beyond the statements, has APA adequately > addressed the problem? > > Unfortunately, despite all of the APA statements, nothing has really > changed in terms of actual practice. Psychologists remain at places such > as Guantanamo, which the U.N. still cites as in violation of > international law and human rights standards. This highlights either the > complicity of or the impotence of our professional organizations in > addressing psychologist involvement in torture or cruel, inhuman, or > degrading treatment or punishment. In terms of possible complicity, > organizations such as Psychologists for Social Responsibility have > called for a "Torture Commission to Examine Role of Psychologists and > APA in Prisoner Abuse." In terms of powerlessness, APA has regularly > responded to news reports about the actions of Mitchell and Jessen with > statements noting that these two psychologists are not APA members and > hence, although these psychologists' behaviors are reprehensible, > outside of APA enforceability or accountability. This is a functionally > true statement but one that also spotlights a mechanism for > psychologists to remain involved in coercive interrogations without > consequence. > > At the APA convention, Jonathan Turley (Shapiro Chair for Public > Interest Law, The George Washington University Law School) gave the > /Lynn Stuart Weiss Psychology as a Means of Attaining Peace Through > World Law Lecture/. In his presentation, he commented about the methods > by which the law profession polices its own and how psychology fails to > adequately address those within the profession who behave in ways that > are unethical, illegal, etc. At lunch, we further discussed this issue > and we explained to Jonathan the divide in psychology whereby some in > the profession require a license and some do not. We also discussed that > membership in organizations such as APA is entirely voluntary and that > the Ethics Code for those without state licensing requirements is not > enforceable. > > Based on the above, I think it is imperative that the major > psychological associations work together to create better mechanisms for > accountability within the profession. Many of us have cringed when > seeing our colleagues diminish the profession either through their work > in the entertainment industry, behaving badly in a business setting, > sleeping with students, or engaging in torture. Yet all of these can > continue as long as private institutions or the law allows. If > psychologists do not hold APA membership or a state license, unethical > behavior usually remains unchallenged by the profession. If we are truly > a profession and not just a slogan, then these loopholes need to be > closed. > > Moreover, a independent commission to examine the role of psychologist > involvement in torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or > punishment should be implemented. This is necessary to create a public > record of the events of the past years, to endeavor to restore the > integrity of the profession, and to examine what went wrong with an eye > towards the prevention of similar or related human rights violations in > the future. I recommended such a commission to Sharon Brehm, now > past-president of APA, in 2005. The importance of such a commission was > apparent in 2005 and has only been magnified in the intervening years. > > To Peace, > > Linda > > > * 2006 American Psychological Association Resolution Against Torture and > Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment > 2007/2008 Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association > Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading > Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in > the United States Code as "Enemy Combatants" > > ** 2008 Petition Referendum - Be it resolved that psychologists may not > work in settings where persons are held outside of, or in violation of, > either International Law (e.g., the UN Convention Against Torture and > the Geneva Conventions) or the US Constitution (where appropriate), > unless they are working directly for the persons being detained or for > an independent third party working to protect human rights. > > > As psychologists, we know that human rights are inalienable and every > individual possesses inherent worth and dignity. As psychologists, we > know that human rights violations cause significant and lasting harm to > individuals and their families. As psychologists, we know that when > human rights abuses are institutionalized, our social fabric is torn > causing harm to all - victims, perpetrators, bystanders, and > communities. Finally, as psychologists, we also know that psychological > knowledge can be, but NEVER SHOULD BE, misused for the purposes of > torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. > - Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence Executive > Committee Statement > > > > -- > Linda M. Woolf, Ph.D. > Professor, Psychology and International Human Rights > Webster University > 470 East Lockwood > St. Louis, MO 63119 > > Hulsizer, M. R., & Woolf, L. M. (2008). Teaching statistics: Innovations > and best practices. Malden, MA: Blackwell. > Book Web site at: http://www.teachstats.org <http://www.teachstats.org/> > > Past-President & Internet Editor: Society for the Study of Peace, > Conflict, & Violence (Div. 48, APA) <http://www.peacepsych.org/> > <http://www.nitop.org/> > Board Member: Institute for the Study of Genocide > <http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/> > > Woolf Web page: http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/ > <http://www.webster.edu/%7Ewoolflm/> > Email: [email protected] > > > "Outside of a dog, a book is a man's (and woman's) best friend. . . . > Inside a dog, it's too dark to read." > - Groucho Marx > > Kiva - loans that change lives <http://www.kiva.org> > > > --- > To make changes to your subscription contact: > > Bill Southerly ([email protected]) --- To make changes to your subscription contact: Bill Southerly ([email protected])
