Some texts use the terms "predictor" and "criterion" in place of "independent"
and "dependent" for correlational questions.  Of course, statistical terminology
is a mess.  How about a factorial design with two independent variables vs. a
question of whether two variables are independent--both problems commonly
represented with a 2-way table.  No wonder that students get confused!

Dennis Goff wrote:

> Stuart McKelvie asks:
>         Also: Should we have another name for the "independent" variable
> when
>         it is not truly experimentally manipulated? And should we have
>         another name for the "dependent" variable in this situation?
>
> We have wrestled with this problem within our department. Some of us prefer
> to call these variables "independent" because of their place in statistical
> analyses. That certainly makes things easier for our students, but I argue
> that the label "independent" should be reserved for those variables that the
> experimenter manipulates.

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