Mike:
Good finds.
I spent an afternoon using archive.org to go through many of
Hall's publications (Adolescence, ...), including later editions,
looking for references to "Freud" and "Iceberg" without success.
I thought that result to be odd given that GS Hall is the
official translater of "A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis"
(1920).
Chris Green: You have any insights about this disparity?
Translating a book is a lot of work. One would think that Hall
would have used more of this work in subsequent publications.
Ken
---------------------------------------------------------------
Kenneth M. Steele, Ph.D. [email protected]
Professor
Department of Psychology http://www.psych.appstate.edu
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
USA
---------------------------------------------------------------
On 2/11/2015 9:47 AM, Mike Palij wrote:
On Tue, 10 Feb 2015 12:54:31 -0800, Christopher Green wrote:
[snip]
Can we find other psychoanalytic textbooks prior to 1953?
Consider the following sources that either explicitly identify
Hall and
his description of the iceberg metaphor or describe the iceberg
metaphor with mentioning Hall:
(1) White, W. A. (1916). Mechanisms of character formation:
an introduction to psychoanalysis. Macmillan.
https://books.google.com/books?id=l_QNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39&dq=iceberg+psychoanalysis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TH7aVID6K8TIsASe5oDgDg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=iceberg%20psychoanalysis&f=false
Cites Hall (1898) AJP explicitly on p39-40. Uses 1/10-9/10 figure.
(2) White, W. A. (1917). The principles of mental hygiene.
Macmillan.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=a74ZAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=White,+W.+A.+%281917%29.+The+principles+of+mental+hygiene.+Macmillan&ots=0T8iDnDrG6&sig=bUgNKbylRGaIRhJu8T0SBkzcU4g#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cites Hall on page 37 but no source. Uses 1/10-9/10s.
Quote:
"It is the conflict between
man's aspirations, his hopes, which he consciously
entertains and which involve sacrifice in their attainment,
and his historic past which drags him back
and makes him desire the path of least resistance,
which is selfish. Dr. Hall has illustrated this situation
most happily by using the simile of the iceberg.
The iceberg is nine-tenths submerged, and although
it may appear that its motion is controlled by the
forces which act upon its visible portions, yet we
very frequently see that this is not so, that the great
submerged nine-tenths often move it in direct opposition
to winds and superficial currents. And so it
is with the unconscious,-its motive power has always
to be reckoned with and oftentimes it moves us
to action in a direction quite contrary to that which
we would consciously choose. The unconscious
wishes are, therefore, always selfish." (Page 37-38)
(3) Tridon, A. (1919). Psychoanalysis: Its history, theory, and
practice.
BW Huebsch.
https://books.google.com/books?id=cDwFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=iceberg+psychoanalysis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TH7aVID6K8TIsASe5oDgDg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=iceberg%20psychoanalysis&f=false
Cites Hall on page 22 and his iceberg but provides no source or
numbers.
Quote:
"The unconscious has been likened by Stanley Hall to
an iceberg which proceeds on its voyage regardless of the
direction of the wind. Most of the berg, however, is
hidden under the surface and it is by powerful currents,
invisible to the casual observer, and not by the wind, that
the mass of floating ice is being driven irresistibly toward
its goal." (Tridon, 1919, page 22)
(4) NOTE: the following is not a textbook but a popular publication
oriented toward musicians. See copy on books.google.com
for popular presentation that quotes Hall:
Music News, Volume 12, Issue 1, page 9 (newspaper) Column 1
Psychoanalysis and Music by Daniel Bonus & Edwin N Schoolman
https://books.google.com/books?id=SndFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA9&dq=iceberg+psychoanalysis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TH7aVID6K8TIsASe5oDgDg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=iceberg%20psychoanalysis&f=false
Quote Hall from 1898 article (uses quotes) and use 1/10-9/10
numbers.
(5) NOTE: Source is Psychological Bulletin.
Southard, E. E. (1917). General reviews and summaries: General
psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 14(6), 193.
https://books.google.com/books?id=LOYLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247&dq=iceberg+psychoanalysis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TH7aVID6K8TIsASe5oDgDg&ved=0CFoQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q=iceberg%20psychoanalysis&f=false
Hall is mentioned (not cited) as is iceberg by 1/8 is visible.
Page 247.
(6) NOTE: Source is American Journal of Psychology.
Barnes, H. E. (1919). Psychology and history: Some reasons for
predicting
their more active cooperation in the future. The American Journal
of Psychology,
30, 337
https://books.google.com/books?id=T3m3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360&dq=iceberg+psychoanalysis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TH7aVID6K8TIsASe5oDgDg&ved=0CF8Q6AEwDQ#v=onepage&q=iceberg%20psychoanalysis&f=false
Iceberg is mentioned but Hall is not cited (no one is) and no
numbers provided.
So, even early in the 20th century, Hall's use of the iceberg was
being
quoted/cited in psychoanalytically oriented publications,
psychological
journals, and the popular press -- the above is just a sample,
I'm sure that
a more motivated researcher can find more instances from this time
period.
But....
But...
But...
Was G. Stanley Hall the originator of the iceberg metaphor? Or
did he rely
upon someone else for it? Consider the following reference:
Hall, G. S. (1912). Founders of modern psychology. New York:
Appleton.
https://books.google.com/books?id=GB4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171&dq=Hall+%22Founders+of+modern+psychology%22+fechner+iceberg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YGfbVN2BD4qvyQTU_4DYCQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hall%20%22Founders%20of%20modern%20psychology%22%20fechner%20iceberg&f=false
This book is based on six lectures Hall gave at Columbia
University in 1912
and it is based on Hall's life from 1870 to 1882, of which six
were spent
in Germany, and he provides intellectual biographies of six German
psychologists who were influential in the development of a
scientific
psychology. Of most relevance is what Hall has to say about
Fechner,
part of which I quote below:
"To Fechner the soul was not unlike an iceberg which
is eight-ninths under the water's surface or threshold out
in a denser and darker medium, but the tides of which,
and not the wind above, determine its course, often in the
teeth of a gale. He measured what was above this threshold
only in order to draw inferences concerning what
was below it, but here this figure limps, for when the top
of the iceberg melts off the bottom of it does not go on
and down into the pelagic depths, nor does it become a
diffusive power. Jacobi said that the light kindled in his
heart went out when he took it to his head. Not so with
Fechner. He was a prose poet who supplemented science
by myth as Plato did, though not in his manner. He
strove to give the mansion which he built for the soul a
basis upon the solid ground of scientific fact. He was far
more interested in the post- than in the pre-existence of the
soul, and hence cared little for the developmental history
of the psyche, and never dreamed that psychogenesis
might become a new and higher dispensation of Darwinism.
Few men have ever been more independent or original
or trusted their own intuitions more implicitly than
he, or held their course more truly in the face of all contemporary
tendencies and opinions. He revered facts
like a true scientist, but revered the visions of his imagination
like a true soldier of the Holy Ghost. He borrowed
from all the great systems of his day and was held
captive by none, and certainly he found a new answer to
the old riddle of the Sphinx-if a man die, shall he live
again? Only a threshold separates this life from the next,
and the threshold that separates imperceptibility from perception
and ideas not in consciousness from those in the
fovea of attention is the same in kind as that which separates
existence here from that beyond the grave. Indeed,
there is no separation in either case, but only an unbroken
continuum. There is no real death but something
psychic wherever there is matter or energy. Matter is
not extinct but only sleeping, dreaming mind. He would
not lose sight of the whole in studying the parts, for each
without the other becomes unknown." (Pages 171-172).
So, did Hall come up with the iceberg metaphor or did he
borrow it from Fechner? For one view on the transmission
of ideas, see the following reference:
Sarup, G. (1978). Historical antecedents of psychology: The
recurrent issue of old wine in new bottles. American
Psychologist, 33(5), 478.
See especially Figure 1 on page 482.
Busy, busy, busy.
-Mike Palij
New York University
[email protected]
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