From:
Subject: Lessons For America From The White Rose
Duty to Warn:
Lessons For America From The White Rose
(The Heroic College Student Anti-War Anti-Fascist Resistance Movement in
Nazi Germany)
By Gary G. Kohls
Sixty-seven years ago, on February 18, 1943, three courageous, patriotic
German college students from Munich, the birthplace of the Nazi party, were
arrested by the Gestapo on charges of treason, a crime that was punishable
by death. The three, 22 year-old medical student Christoph Probst, 24
year-old Hans Scholl, also a medical student, and Hans' 21 year-old sister
Sophie, were part of a small group of university students whose code name
was The White Rose.
The White Rose group had seen the atrocities that were being committed, the
loss of freedom, the shredding of human rights and the fact that the war,
following the carnage on the Eastern Front, had already been lost. These
dissenters were also aware, as early as 1942, that hundreds of thousands of
Jews had already been murdered and that atrocities were being committed
against the Polish people.
They were also alarmed at the apathy and fear that they witnessed all around
them. There were no active resistance movements among the adults they knew.
They knew that Hitler's aggressive war-making and terrorist activities were
making Germany the most hated nation in the world and, because of their
altruism, their still-intact consciences and out of their sense of
patriotism, they felt that they had to do something.
Therefore they began, in late 1942, producing amazingly insightful,
well-written leaflets, informing their fellow Germans about the criminal
regime they were living under, which most Germans were tolerating without
objection. These heroic young people knew that they had to use underground
tactics because the liberal printing presses and other media that had tried
to alert the people years earlier had been smashed by the barbaric
right-wing Freikorps, the demoralized, demobilized, combat-traumatized
military veterans' militia groups that had formed all over Germany following
World War I, with orders to crush socialism, communism and the attempts at
bringing democracy to Germany. They had done their jobs well, but, when
their usefulness was over, they were betrayed and annihilated in 1934 ("The
Night of the Long Knives") certainly with the approval of the corporate
elite that had control over Hitler.
The only "crime" that the little White Rose group had committed was the
writing and circulating of a series of "subversive" leaflets whose purpose
was to awaken people to the atrocities that were being perpetrated by
Hitler's obedient followers and to motivate others to join the various
nonviolent resistance movements. They had also been guilty of having evaded
detection for so many months, humiliating the Gestapo in the process.
The Nazis thought that the White Rose story ended with the arrest and the
show trial, overseen by the notorious Roland Freisler, the shrieking Nazi
judge who had been assigned to the "People's Court" trials that the Nazis
deemed most important for propaganda purposes - to instill fear in the
people. Little did they know that the executions, by guillotine, only made
martyrs of these heroic resisters. Their inspiring lives and the spirit of
their courageous stand against tyranny lives on.
I have excerpted here some of the statements from the first three leaflets.
The texts of all six leaflets can be found online at:
http://www.whiterosesociety.org/WRS_pamphlets_home.html
It is highly recommended that freedom-lovers and anti-fascists read all six
leaflets. A wonderful movie about the White Rose movement, entitled Sophie
Scholl: The Final Days is essential viewing. The movie utilized newly
discovered documents of the interrogations of Sophie Scholl that had been
unavailable for previous films about the movement. The official trailer to
the German-made film is available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM5A4ETW_Io
Excerpts From The 1st Leaflet of the Resistance
(of The White Rose) - Fall 1942
"Nothing is so unworthy of a civilized nation as allowing itself to be
governed without opposition by an irresponsible clique that has yielded to
base instinct.
"It is certain that today every honest German is ashamed of his government.
"Who among us has any conception of the dimensions of shame that will befall
us and our children when one day the veil has fallen from our eyes and the
most horrible of crimes - crimes that infinitely outdistance every human
measure - reach the light of day?
"If the German people are already so corrupted and spiritually crushed that
they do not raise a hand.if they abandon the will to take decisive action
.if they are so devoid of all individuality, .turning into a spiritless and
cowardly mass - then, yes, they deserve their downfall.
"Goethe speaks of the Germans as a tragic people, like the Jews and the
Greeks, but today it would appear rather that they are a spineless,
will-less herd of hangers-on, who now - the marrow sucked out of their
bones.are waiting to be hounded to their destruction..[B]y means of gradual,
treacherous, systematic abuse, the system has put every man into a spiritual
prison. Only now, finding himself lying in fetters, has he become aware of
his fate.
"Only a few recognized the threat of ruin.
"If everyone waits until the other man makes a start.the last victim will
have been cast senselessly into the maw of the insatiable demon.
"Therefore every individual, conscious of his responsibility as a member of
Christian and Western civilization, must defend himself as best he can at
this late hour, he must work against the scourges of mankind, against
fascism and any similar system of totalitarianism.
"Offer resistance wherever you may be.forestall the spread of this atheistic
war machine before it is too late, before the last cities, like Cologne,
have been reduced to rubble, and before the nation's last young man has
given his blood on some battlefield for the hubris of a sub-human [ Hitler].
"Do not forget that every people deserves the regime it is willing to
endure!"
Excerpts from The Second Leaflet of the Resistance
(of The White Rose) - Fall 1942
"It is impossible to engage in intellectual discourse with (fascist)
philosophy...At its very inception this movement depended on the deception
and betrayal of one's fellow man; even at that time it was inwardly corrupt
and could support itself only by constant lies. After all, Hitler states in
an early edition of "his" book (a book written in the worst German I have
ever read, in spite of the fact that it has been elevated to the position of
the Bible in this nation of poets and thinkers): "It is unbelievable to what
extent one must betray a people in order to rule it."
"If at the start this cancerous growth in the nation was not particularly
noticeable, it was only because there were still enough forces at work that
operated for the good, so that it was kept under control. As it grew larger,
however, and finally.attained ruling power, the tumor broke open, as it
were, and infected the whole body.
"The greater part of its former opponents went into hiding. The German
intellectuals fled to their cellars; there, like plants struggling in the
dark, away from light and sun, gradually to choke to death. Now the end is
at hand. Now it is our task to find one another again, to spread information
from person to person, to keep a steady purpose, and to allow ourselves no
rest until the last man is persuaded of the urgent need of his struggle
against this system.
"We are not in a position to draw up a final judgment about the meaning of
our history. But if this catastrophe can be used to further the public
welfare, it will be only by virtue of the fact that we are cleansed by
suffering; that we yearn for the light in the midst of deepest night, summon
our strength, and finally help in shaking off the yoke which weighs on our
world.
".three hundred thousand Jews have been murdered in this country in the most
bestial way. Here we see the most frightful crime against human dignity, a
crime that is unparalleled in the whole of history.
".the entire Polish aristocratic youth is being annihilated. All male
offspring of the houses of the nobility between the ages of fifteen and
twenty were transported to concentration camps in Germany and sentenced to
forced labor, and all the girls of this age group were sent to Norway, into
the [houses of prostitution] for the SS!
"Why do German people behave so apathetically in the face of all these
abominable crimes? The German people slumber on in their dull, stupid sleep
and encourage these fascist criminals; they give them the opportunity to
carry on their depredations; and of course they do so.
"Is this a sign that the Germans are brutalized in their simplest human
feelings, that no chord within them cries out at the sight of such deeds,
that they have sunk into a fatal consciencelessness from which they will
never, never awake? It seems to be so, and will certainly be so, if the
German does not at last start up out of his stupor, if he does not protest
wherever and whenever he can against this clique of criminals.
"He must evidence not only sympathy; no, much more: a sense of complicity in
guilt. For through his apathetic behavior he gives these evil men the
opportunity to act as they do; he tolerates this "government" which has
taken upon itself such an infinitely great burden of guilt; indeed, he
himself is to blame for the fact that it came about at all!
"Each man wants to be exonerated of a guilt of this kind, each one continues
on his way with the most placid, the calmest conscience. But he cannot be
exonerated; he is guilty, guilty, guilty! It is not too late, however, to do
away with this most reprehensible of all miscarriages of government...
Now.our eyes have been opened, we know exactly who our adversary is.[I]t is
high time to root out this brown horde.
"Up until the outbreak of the war the larger part of the German people was
blinded; the Nazis did not show themselves in their true aspect. But now,
now that we have recognized them for what they are, it must be the sole and
first duty, the holiest duty of every German to destroy these beasts."
Excerpts From the Third Leaflet of The White Rose - February 1943
"But our present "state" is the dictatorship of evil. "Oh, we've known that
for a long time," I hear you object, "and it isn't necessary to bring that
to our attention again." But, I ask you, if you know that, why do you not
bestir yourselves, why do you allow these men who are in power to rob you
step by step, openly and in secret, of one domain of your rights after
another, until one day nothing, nothing at all will be left but a mechanized
state system presided over by criminals and drunks? Is your spirit already
so crushed by abuse that you forget it is your right - or rather, your moral
duty - to eliminate this system?
"Many, perhaps most, of the readers of these leaflets do not see clearly how
they can practice an effective opposition. We have no great number of
choices... The only one available is passive [but active] resistance. At all
points we must oppose [fascism], wherever it is open to attack. We must soon
bring this monster of a state to an end. A victory of fascist Germany in
this war would have immeasurable, frightful consequences.The defeat of the
Nazis must unconditionally be the first order of business.
"Sabotage in armament plants and war industries, sabotage at all gatherings,
rallies, public ceremonies, and organizations of the National Socialist
Party. Obstruction of the smooth functioning of the war machine (a machine
for war that goes on solely to shore up and perpetuate the Nazi Party and
its dictatorship). Sabotage in all publications, all newspapers, that are in
the pay of the [fascist] "government" and that defend its ideology...the
presses run continuously to manufacture any desired amount of paper
currency.Try to convince all your acquaintances, including those in the
lower social classes, of the senselessness of continuing, of the
hopelessness of this war; of our spiritual and economic enslavement at the
hands of the National Socialists; of the destruction of all moral and
religious values; and urge them to passive resistance!
"Aristotle [said in] Politics: "... and further, it is part [of the nature
of tyranny].that everywhere [the subjects] will be spied upon...and so it is
part of these tyrannical measures, to keep the subjects poor, in order to
pay the guards and soldiers, and so that they will be occupied with earning
their livelihood and will have neither leisure nor opportunity to engage in
conspiratorial acts.... Further, [to levy] such taxes on income as were
imposed in Syracuse, for under Dionysius the citizens gladly paid out their
whole fortunes in taxes within five years. Also, the tyrant is inclined
constantly to foment wars."
"Please duplicate and distribute!"
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