I'm the guy who helped merge the lcd filtering patch upstream. Tobias analysis 
is right, Cairo uses the lcdlegacy filter by default if nothing is specified in 
the Xrm database or in the Fontconfig configuration (which is what you have 
from a clean Ubuntu install).
Cairo uses the lcdlegacy filter by default in order to be compatible with what 
it did before. This means that people using unpatched Cairo (for instance 
Fedora users), won't notice a difference in behavior when Cairo is updated.

However, Debian/Ubuntu have patched Cairo for some times and there is a
difference between the old Debian/Ubuntu patch and what is now upstream.
That difference is about what filter is used by default
(oldDebian/Ubuntu patch used lcddefault by default).

What could be done to solve this issue is to modify Fontconfig
configuration to use the lcddefault filter by default. This way,
Ubunu/Debian users won't see a regression. I'll file a bug on Fontconfig
for this.

Another option is to modify gnome-settings-daemon and gtk+ so that they
can understand this new lcd filtering parameter, and change things
dynamically. This would also be the first thing to do before a UI can be
developed to modify the lcd filter (as Joe_Bishop mentioned in comment
#2). This is not trivial to do, so I'd go the Fontconfig way first.

For people interested, I wrote a wiki page some times ago explaining the
details about all of this, and what can be done next to integrate lcd
filtering dynamic changes and configuration inside Gnome:
http://freedesktop.org/wiki/ScreenFontSettings

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subpixel rendering in intrepid
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/264254
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