Hi,
thank you for taking time to report this.

Relevant lines are:
5月 29 22:37:44 hostname mysqld_safe[7643]: Fatal error in defaults handling. 
Program aborted
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: [108B blob data]
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: Fatal error in defaults handling. 
Program aborted
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: [98B blob data]
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: Fatal error in defaults handling. 
Program aborted
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: Installation of system tables 
failed!  Examine the logs in
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: /var/lib/mysql for more information.
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: The problem could be conflicting 
information in an external
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: my.cnf files. You can ignore these 
by doing:
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]:     shell> 
/usr/bin/scripts/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=~/.my.cnf
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: You can also try to start the mysqld 
daemon with:
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]:     shell> /usr/sbin/mysqld 
--skip-grant --general-log &
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: and use the command line tool 
/usr/bin/mysql
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: to connect to the mysql database and 
look at the grant tables:
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]:     shell> /usr/bin/mysql -u root 
mysql
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]:     mysql> show tables;
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: Try 'mysqld --help' if you have 
problems with paths.  Using
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: --general-log gives you a log in 
/var/lib/mysql that may be helpful.
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: The latest information about 
mysql_install_db is available at
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: 
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/installing-system-tables-mysql_install_db
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: MariaDB is hosted on launchpad; You 
can find the latest source and
5月 29 22:38:05 hostname mysqld_safe[7739]: email lists at 
http://launchpad.net/maria

Could you provide us the mysql logs?
$ sudo cat /var/log/mysql/*

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1694276

Title:
  package mariadb-server-10.0 10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 failed to
  install/upgrade: 子进程 已安装 post-installation 脚本 返回错误状态 1

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